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Tang WSW, Lau NXM, Krishnan MN, Chin YC, Ho CSH. Depression and Eye Disease-A Narrative Review of Common Underlying Pathophysiological Mechanisms and their Potential Applications. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3081. [PMID: 38892791 PMCID: PMC11172702 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13113081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Depression has been shown to be associated with eye diseases, including dry eye disease (DED), cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). This narrative review explores potential pathophysiological connections between depression and eye disease, as well as its potential correlations with ocular parameters. Methods: A literature search was conducted in August 2022 in PUBMED, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. Published articles related to the subject were consolidated and classified according to respective eye diseases and pathophysiological mechanisms. Results: The literature reviewed suggests that common pathophysiological states like inflammation and neurodegeneration may contribute to both depression and certain eye diseases, while somatic symptoms and altered physiology, such as disruptions in circadian rhythm due to eye diseases, can also influence patients' mood states. Grounded in the shared embryological, anatomical, and physiological features between the eye and the brain, depression is also correlated to changes observed in non-invasive ophthalmological imaging modalities, such as changes in the retinal nerve fibre layer and retinal microvasculature. Conclusions: There is substantial evidence of a close association between depression and eye diseases. Understanding the underlying concepts can inform further research on treatment options and monitoring of depression based on ocular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wymann Shao Wen Tang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nicole Xer Min Lau
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | | | - You Chuen Chin
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Raffles Medical Group, Singapore 188770, Singapore
| | - Cyrus Su Hui Ho
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Müller PL, Treis T, Tufail A, Holz FG. Progression, reliability, predicting parameters and sample size calculations for quantitative fundus autofluorescence measures in ABCA4-related retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:760-769. [PMID: 37286357 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate the progression of quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) measures and the potential as clinical trial endpoint in ABCA4-related retinopathy. METHODS In this longitudinal monocentre study, 64 patients with ABCA4-related retinopathy (age (mean±SD), 34.84±16.36 years) underwent serial retinal imaging, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and qAF (488 nm excitation) imaging using a modified confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope with a mean (±SD) review period of 20.32±10.90 months. A group of 110 healthy subjects served as controls. Retest variability, changes of qAF measures over time and its association with genotype and phenotype were analysed. Furthermore, individual prognostic feature importance was assessed, and sample size calculations for future interventional trials were performed. RESULTS Compared with controls, qAF levels of patients were significantly elevated. The test-retest reliability revealed a 95% coefficient of repeatability of 20.37. During the observation time, young patients, patients with a mild phenotype (morphological and functional) and patients with mild mutations showed an absolute and relative increase in qAF values, while patients with advanced disease manifestation (morphological and functional), and homozygous mutations at adulthood revealed a decrease in qAF. Considering these parameters, required sample size and study duration could significantly be reduced. CONCLUSION Under standardised settings with elaborated conditions towards operators and analysis to counterbalance variability, qAF imaging might be reliable, suitable for quantifying disease progression and constitutes a potential clinical surrogate marker in ABCA4-related retinopathy. Trial design based on patients' baseline characteristics and genotype has the potential to provide benefits regarding required cohort size and absolute number of visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp L Müller
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Makula Center, Südblick Eye Centers, Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Treis
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adnan Tufail
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Frank G Holz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Kunala K, Tang JAH, Bowles Johnson KE, Huynh KT, Parkins K, Kim HJ, Yang Q, Sparrow JR, Hunter JJ. Near Infrared Autofluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:27. [PMID: 38758638 PMCID: PMC11107951 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.5.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate the first near-infrared adaptive optics fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (NIR-AOFLIO) measurements in vivo of the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cellular mosaic and to visualize lifetime changes at different retinal eccentricities. Methods NIR reflectance and autofluorescence were captured using a custom adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope in 10 healthy subjects (23-64 years old) at seven eccentricities and in two eyes with retinal abnormalities. Repeatability was assessed across two visits up to 8 weeks apart. Endogenous retinal fluorophores and hydrophobic whole retinal extracts of Abca4-/- pigmented and albino mice were imaged to probe the fluorescence origin of NIR-AOFLIO. Results The RPE mosaic was resolved at all locations in five of seven younger subjects (<35 years old). The mean lifetime across near-peripheral regions (8° and 12°) was longer compared to near-foveal regions (0° and 2°). Repeatability across two visits showed moderate to excellent correlation (intraclass correlation: 0.88 [τm], 0.75 [τ1], 0.65 [τ2], 0.98 [a1]). The mean lifetime across drusen-containing eyes was longer than in age-matched healthy eyes. Fluorescence was observed in only the extracts from pigmented Abca4-/- mouse. Conclusions NIR-AOFLIO was repeatable and allowed visualization of the RPE cellular mosaic. An observed signal in only the pigmented mouse extract infers the fluorescence signal originates predominantly from melanin. Variations observed across the retina with intermediate age-related macular degeneration suggest NIR-AOFLIO may act as a functional measure of a biomarker for in vivo monitoring of early alterations in retinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karteek Kunala
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Janet A. H. Tang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Kristen E. Bowles Johnson
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Khang T. Huynh
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Keith Parkins
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Hye-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Qiang Yang
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Hunter
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Najjar RP, Prayag AS, Gronfier C. Melatonin suppression by light involves different retinal photoreceptors in young and older adults. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12930. [PMID: 38241677 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Age-related sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances may be due to altered nonvisual photoreception. Here, we investigated the temporal dynamics of light-induced melatonin suppression in young and older individuals. In a within-subject design study, young and older participants were exposed for 60 min (0030-0130 at night) to nine narrow-band lights (range: 420-620 nm). Plasma melatonin suppression was calculated at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min time intervals. Individual spectral sensitivity of melatonin suppression and photoreceptor contribution were predicted for each interval and age group. In young participants, melanopsin solely drove melatonin suppression at all time intervals, with a peak sensitivity at 485.3 nm established only after 15 min of light exposure. Conversely, in older participants, spectral light-driven melatonin suppression was best explained by a more complex model combining melanopsin, S-cone, and M-cone functions, with a stable peak (~500 nm) at 30, 45, and 60 min of light exposure. Aging is associated with a distinct photoreceptor contribution to melatonin suppression by light. While in young adults melanopsin-only photoreception is a reliable predictor of melatonin suppression, in older individuals this process is jointly driven by melanopsin, S-cone, and M-cone functions. These findings offer new prospects for customizing light therapy for older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Najjar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Visual Neurosciences Group, ASPIRE Research Program, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Visual Sciences and Ophthalmology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Innovation & Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhishek S Prayag
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Waking Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Różanowska MB. Lipofuscin, Its Origin, Properties, and Contribution to Retinal Fluorescence as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Damage to the Retina. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 38136230 PMCID: PMC10740933 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipofuscin accumulates with age as intracellular fluorescent granules originating from incomplete lysosomal digestion of phagocytosed and autophagocytosed material. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current understanding of the role of oxidative stress and/or lysosomal dysfunction in lipofuscin accumulation and its consequences, particularly for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Next, the fluorescence of lipofuscin, spectral changes induced by oxidation, and its contribution to retinal fluorescence are discussed. This is followed by reviewing recent developments in fluorescence imaging of the retina and the current evidence on the prognostic value of retinal fluorescence for the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the major blinding disease affecting elderly people in developed countries. The evidence of lipofuscin oxidation in vivo and the evidence of increased oxidative damage in AMD retina ex vivo lead to the conclusion that imaging of spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence may serve as a useful biomarker of oxidative damage, which can be helpful in assessing the efficacy of potential antioxidant therapies in retinal degenerations associated with accumulation of lipofuscin and increased oxidative stress. Finally, amendments to currently used fluorescence imaging instruments are suggested to be more sensitive and specific for imaging spectral characteristics of lipofuscin fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata B. Różanowska
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, Wales, UK;
- Cardiff Institute for Tissue Engineering and Repair (CITER), Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, Wales, UK
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Blue Light Exposure: Ocular Hazards and Prevention-A Narrative Review. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:755-788. [PMID: 36808601 PMCID: PMC9938358 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to blue light has seriously increased in our environment since the arrival of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and, in recent years, the proliferation of digital devices rich in blue light. This raises some questions about its potential deleterious effects on eye health. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update on the ocular effects of blue light and to discuss the efficiency of methods of protection and prevention against potential blue light-induced ocular injury. METHODS The search of relevant English articles was conducted in PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases until December 2022. RESULTS Blue light exposure provokes photochemical reactions in most eye tissues, in particular the cornea, the lens, and the retina. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that certain exposures to blue light (depending on the wavelength or intensity) can cause temporary or permanent damage to some structures of the eye, especially the retina. However, currently, there is no evidence that screen use and LEDs in normal use are deleterious to the human retina. Regarding protection, there is currently no evidence of a beneficial effect of blue blocking lenses for the prevention of eye diseases, in particular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In humans, macular pigments (composed of lutein and zeaxanthin) represent a natural protection by filtering blue light, and can be increased through increased intake from foods or food supplements. These nutrients are associated with lower risk for AMD and cataract. Antioxidants such as vitamins C, E, or zinc might also contribute to the prevention of photochemical ocular damage by preventing oxidative stress. CONCLUSION Currently, there is no evidence that LEDs in normal use at domestic intensity levels or in screen devices are retinotoxic to the human eye. However, the potential toxicity of long-term cumulative exposure and the dose-response effect are currently unknown.
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Quantitative Autofluorescence in Non-Neovascular Age Related Macular Degeneration. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020560. [PMID: 36831096 PMCID: PMC9952913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative autofluorescence (qAF8) level is a presumed surrogate marker of lipofuscin content in the retina. We investigated the changes in the qAF8 levels in non-neovascular AMD. In this prospective cohort study, Caucasians aged ≥50 years with varying severity of non-neovascular AMD in at least one eye and Snellen visual acuity ≥6/18 were recruited. The qAF8 levels were analysed in the middle eight segments of the Delori pattern (HEYEX software, Heidelberg, Germany). The AMD categories were graded using both the Beckman classification and multimodal imaging (MMI) to include the presence of subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD). A total of 353 eyes from 231 participants were analyzed. Compared with the age-matched controls, the qAF8 values decreased in the eyes with AMD (adjusted % difference = -19.7% [95% CI -28.8%, -10.4%]; p < 0.001) and across the AMD categories, (adjusted % differences; Early, -13.1% (-24.4%, -1%), p = 0.04; intermediate AMD (iAMD), -22.9% (-32.3%, -13.1%), p < 0.001; geographic atrophy -25.2% (-38.1%, -10.4%), p = 0.002). On MMI, the qAF8 was reduced in the AMD subgroups relative to the controls, (adjusted % differences; Early, -5.8% (-18.9%, 8.3%); p = 0.40; iAMD, -26.7% (-36.2%, -15.6%); p < 0.001; SDD, -23.7% (-33.6%, -12.2%); p < 0.001; atrophy, -26.7% (-39.3%, -11.3%), p = 0.001). The qAF8 levels declined early in AMD and were not significantly different between the severity levels of non-neovascular AMD, suggesting the early and sustained loss of function of the retinal pigment epithelium in AMD.
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Berlin A, Clark ME, Swain TA, Fischer NA, McGwin G, Sloan KR, Owsley C, Curcio CA. Impact of the Aging Lens and Posterior Capsular Opacification on Quantitative Autofluorescence Imaging in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:23. [PMID: 36239964 PMCID: PMC9586138 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.10.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate quantitative autofluorescence (qAF8) in patients with and without early or intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD); to determine the impact of the aged crystalline lens and posterior capsular opacification (PCO). Methods In phakic and pseudophakic eyes ≥60 years, AMD status was determined by the Beckman system. PCO presence and severity was extracted from clinical records. qAF8 was calculated using custom FIJI plugins. Differences in qAF8, stratified by lens status, PCO severity, and AMD status, were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results In 210 eyes of 115 individuals (mean age = 75.7 ± 6.6 years), qAF8 was lower in intermediate AMD compared to early AMD (P = 0.05). qAF8 did not differ between phakic and pseudophakic eyes (P = 0.8909). In phakic (n = 83) and pseudophakic (n = 127) eyes considered separately, qAF8 did not differ by AMD status (P = 0.0936 and 0.3494, respectively). Qualitative review of qAF images in phakic eyes illustrated high variability. In pseudophakic eyes, qAF8 did not differ with PCO present versus absent (54.5% vs. 45.5%). Review of implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs) revealed that 43.9% were blue-filter IOLs. Conclusions qAF8 was not associated with AMD status, up to intermediate AMD, considering only pseudophakic eyes to avoid noisy images in phakic eyes. In pseudophakic eyes, qAF8 was not affected by PCO. Because blue-filter IOLs may reduce levels of exciting light for qAF8, future studies investigating qAF in eyes with different IOL types are needed. Translational Relevance To reduce variability in observational studies and clinical trials requiring qAF8, pseudophakic participants without blue-filter IOLs or advanced PCO should be preferentially enrolled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Berlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mark E. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Thomas A. Swain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nathan A. Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gerald McGwin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Sloan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cynthia Owsley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christine A. Curcio
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Schweitzer D, Haueisen J, Klemm M. Suppression of natural lens fluorescence in fundus autofluorescence measurements: review of hardware solutions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5151-5170. [PMID: 36425615 PMCID: PMC9664869 DOI: 10.1364/boe.462559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO), a technique for investigating metabolic changes in the eye ground, can reveal the first signs of diseases related to metabolism. The fluorescence of the natural lens overlies the fundus fluorescence. Although the influence of natural lens fluorescence can be somewhat decreased with mathematical models, excluding this influence during the measurement by using hardware enables more exact estimation of the fundus fluorescence. Here, we analyze four 1-photon excitation hardware solutions to suppress the influence of natural lens fluorescence: aperture stop separation, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, combined confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and aperture stop separation, and dual point confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. The effect of each principle is demonstrated in examples. The best suppression is provided by the dual point principle, realized with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. In this case, in addition to the fluorescence of the whole eye, the fluorescence of the anterior part of the eye is detected from a non-excited spot of the fundus. The intensity and time-resolved fluorescence spectral data of the fundus are derived through the subtraction of the simultaneously measured fluorescence of the excited and non-excited spots. Advantages of future 2-photon fluorescence excitation are also discussed. This study provides the first quantitative evaluation of hardware principles to suppress the fluorescence of the natural lens during measurements of fundus autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Schweitzer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - J. Haueisen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, POB 100565, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - M. Klemm
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, POB 100565, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
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Abstract
In our tendency to discuss the objective properties of the external world, we may fail to notice that our subjective perceptions of those properties differ between individuals. Variability at all levels of the color vision system creates diversity in color perception, from discrimination to color matching, appearance, and subjective experience, such that each of us lives in a unique perceptual world. In this review, I discuss what is known about individual differences in color perception and its determinants, particularly considering genetically mediated variability in cone photopigments and the paradoxical effects of visual environments in both contributing to and counteracting individual differences. I make the case that, as well as being of interest in their own right and crucial for a complete account of color vision, individual differences can be used as a methodological tool in color science for the insights that they offer about the underlying mechanisms of perception. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Bosten
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom;
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Brekelmans J, Dickman MM, Verma S, Arba‐Mosquera S, Goldschmidt R, Goz A, Brandis A, Berendschot TT, Saelens IE, Marcovich AL, Scherz A, Nuijts RM. Excimer laser-assisted corneal epithelial pattern ablation for corneal cross-linking. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:422-430. [PMID: 34533277 PMCID: PMC9291225 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To determine corneal cross‐linking (CXL) efficacy and chromophore penetration after excimer laser‐assisted patterned de‐epithelialization. Methods Two‐hundred‐twenty porcine eyes were de‐epithelialized ex vivo, either fully (mechanical; n = 88) or patterned (excimer laser; n = 132). Consecutively, corneas were impregnated with hypo‐ or hyperosmolar riboflavin (RF; n = 20, RF‐D; n = 40, respectively) or water‐soluble taurine (WST11; n = 40, and WST‐D; n = 40, respectively), or kept unimpregnated (n = 80). Sixty corneas were subsequently irradiated, inducing CXL, with paired contralateral eyes serving as controls. Outcome measurements included strip extensiometry to assess CXL efficacy, and spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy to determine stromal chromophore penetration. Results All tested chromophores induced significant CXL (p < 0.001), ranging from 7.6% to 14.6%, with similar stiffening for all formulations (p = 0.60) and both de‐epithelialization methods (p = 0.56). Light transmittance was significantly lower (p < 0.001) after full compared with patterned de‐epithelialization. Stromal chromophore penetration was comparable between fully and patterned de‐epithelialized samples, with full penetration in RD and RF‐D samples and penetration depths measuring 591.7 ± 42.8 µm and 592.9 ± 63.5 µm for WST11 (p = 0.963) and 504.2 ± 43.2 µm and 488.8 ± 93.1 µm for WST‐D (p = 0.669), respectively. Conclusions Excimer laser‐assisted patterned de‐epithelialization allows for effective CXL. Stromal chromophore concentration is, however, reduced, which may have safety implications given the need for sufficient UVA attenuation in RF/UVA CXL. The different safety profile of near‐infrared (NIR) may allow safe WST11/NIR CXL even with reduced stromal chromophore concentration values. In vivo studies are needed to evaluate the benefits and further assess safety of excimer laser‐assisted patterned de‐epithelialization for corneal CXL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Brekelmans
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Health the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Mor M. Dickman
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Shwetabh Verma
- Department of Research and Development SCHWIND Eye‐Tech‐Solutions Kleinostheim Germany
- Experimental Radiation Oncology University Medical Center Mannheim Heidelberg Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR) Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
- Central Institute for Computer Engineering (ZITI) Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Samuel Arba‐Mosquera
- Department of Research and Development SCHWIND Eye‐Tech‐Solutions Kleinostheim Germany
| | - Ruth Goldschmidt
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Health the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Alexandra Goz
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Health the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology Kaplan Medical Center Rehovot Israel
| | - Alexander Brandis
- Department of Biological Services the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Tos T.J.M. Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle E.Y. Saelens
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Arie L. Marcovich
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Health the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
- Department of Ophthalmology Kaplan Medical Center Rehovot Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant Science and Environmental Health the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot Israel
| | - Rudy M.M.A. Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht the Netherlands
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Wood JM, Atchison DA, Black AA, Larue GS. Low levels of refractive blur increase the risk of colour misperception of red train signals. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:872-878. [PMID: 35366354 PMCID: PMC9320842 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Red signals signify danger in a range of situations, including train operations. Importantly, misperception of a red signal as yellow can have serious safety implications. This study investigated the effects of lens blur on incorrect colour perception of red signals, which has been implicated in previous train crashes. Methods Participants included 15 young (26.6 ± 4.6 years) and 15 older (55.8 ± 3.1 years) visually normal adults. Red and yellow wayside train signals were simulated for two brightness levels (dim, bright) using a custom‐built projection system. The effect of blur (best‐corrected refraction [No Blur], +0.25 DS, +0.50 DS, +0.75 DS, +1.00 DS, +1.25 DS) on the number of incorrect colour perception responses of the signals was recorded. The order of conditions was randomised between participants. Results For incorrect responses to the red signal, there were significant main effects of blur (p < 0.001) and signal brightness (p < 0.001) and a significant interaction between blur and brightness (p < 0.001). The effects of blur were greater for the dim compared to the bright signals, with significantly higher colour misperceptions for the dim signal for +0.50 DS blur and higher, compared with No Blur. Colour misperceptions of the yellow signals were low compared with that of the red signals, with only +1.25 DS blur resulting in a significantly higher number of incorrect responses than No Blur (p < 0.001). There were no effects of age for the red or yellow colour misperceptions (p > 0.19). Conclusions Low levels of blur (+0.50 DS to +1.25 DS) resulted in a significant misperception of the red signals as orange‐yellow, particularly for dim signals. The findings have implications for vision testing and refractive correction of train drivers to minimise the possibility of colour misperception of red train signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Wood
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David A Atchison
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex A Black
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grégoire S Larue
- Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Renzi-Hammond LM, Hammond BR. Blue-light filtering intraocular implants and darker irises reduce the behavioral effects of higher-order ocular aberrations. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:753-758. [PMID: 35179418 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2025844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Higher order ocular aberrations (e.g., entopic scatter) arising from cornea and lens, decreases retinal image contrast by dispersing part of the image-forming optics over a broad retinal surface. Selective filtering of the light that is most susceptible to aberration (high-energy "blue" light) may reduce some of the behavioral effects. This was tested by comparing the performance of a blue-light filtering (BLF) vs a clear intraocular lens implant (IOL). MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 participants with IOL (BLF: AlconSN60AT; clear: AlconSA60AT; N = 98 test eyes; M = 67.33 ± 7.48 years; 58.8% Female; 25.5% non-White) were recruited. Our outcome measure was based on the minimum resolvable distance between two points of light (two-point thresholds), formed using broadband xenon or isolated short-wave energy (425 nm). Iris color was measured by visual inspection and comparison against standard images. RESULTS In the broadband condition, patients with BLF IOL had smaller two-point thresholds (M = 17.17 ± 5.71 mm; F[1,48]=2.60; p = 0.045) than clear controls (M = 20.93 ± 10.22 mm). Similar improvements were found in the short-wave condition (MBLF=17.02 ± 5.30; Mclear=21.42 ± 10.99; p = 0.04). In the contralateral broadband comparison, eyes with the BLF had significantly smaller two-point thresholds (M = 18.10 ± 10.47 mm; t=-2.90, p < 0.001) than the clear IOL (M = 20.89 ± 10.61 mm). Similar effects were seen in the short-wave condition (MBLF=18.23 ± 9.88; Mclear=21.06 ± 10.47; p = 0.001). Darker iris color was related to reduced scatter across IOL types, in both shortwave (F[2,48]=4.62, p = 0.02) and broadband (F[2,48]=5.27, p = 0.009) conditions. CONCLUSIONS Anterior screening, be it by a darker iris or a BLF IOL, is directly related to decreases in two-point light thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Renzi-Hammond
- Institute of Gerontology; Department of Health Promotion and Behavior; University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; United States;
| | - Billy R Hammond
- Vision Sciences Laboratory; Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program; Department of Psychology; University of Georgia; Athens, GA 30602; United States;
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Beach JM, Rizvi M, Lichtenfels CB, Vince R, More SS. Topical Review: Studies of Ocular Function and Disease Using Hyperspectral Imaging. Optom Vis Sci 2022; 99:101-113. [PMID: 34897230 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Advances in imaging technology over the last two decades have produced significant innovations in medical imaging. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is one of these innovations, enabling powerful new imaging tools for clinical use and greater understanding of tissue optical properties and mechanisms underlying eye disease.Hyperspectral imaging is an important and rapidly growing area in medical imaging, making possible the concurrent collection of spectroscopic and spatial information that is usually obtained from separate optical recordings. In this review, we describe several mainstream techniques used in HSI, along with noteworthy advances in optical technology that enabled modern HSI techniques. Presented also are recent applications of HSI for basic and applied eye research, which include a novel method for assessing dry eye syndrome, clinical slit-lamp examination of corneal injury, measurement of blood oxygen saturation in retinal disease, molecular changes in macular degeneration, and detection of early stages of Alzheimer disease. The review also highlights work resulting from integration of HSI with other imaging tools such as optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence microscopy and discusses the adaptation of HSI for clinical work where eye motion is present. Here, we present the background and main findings from each of these reports along with specific references for additional details.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Beach
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Madeeha Rizvi
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Caitlin B Lichtenfels
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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15
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Aging of visual mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 273:257-273. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Eissfeldt A, Zandi B, Herzog A, Khanh TQ. Quantifying observer metamerism of LED spectra which chromatically mimic natural daylight. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38168-38184. [PMID: 34808875 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
When LEDs are used to mimic daylight, a side-by-side comparison of the chromaticity difference between the LED spectrum and natural daylight will be perceived differently by individual observers. The magnitude of this effect depends on the LED light's spectral power distribution and can be assessed by using individual observer functions. To minimize the computational effort, an observer metamerism index can be utilized. Here, we compare three methods from the literature to define an observer metamerism index by carrying out a correlation analysis, in which reference spectra of the whole daylight range (1600 K to 88000 K) are used together with an empirical study. The recommended metric is based on a principal component analysis of 1000 individual observers' color matching functions to define a deviate observer. Using the proposed metamerism index significantly simplifies the calculation of the observer metamerism evaluation. Thus, this metric can be applied in spectral optimization pipelines, which are embedded in smart and adaptive multi-primary LED luminaires.
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Wang X, Song Z, Li H, Liu K, Sun Y, Liu X, Wang M, Yang Y, Su S, Li Z. Short-wavelength blue light contributes to the pyroptosis of human lens epithelial cells (hLECs). Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108786. [PMID: 34624334 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of short-wavelength blue light (SWBL) on cultured human lens epithelial cells (hLECs). The pathogenesis of cataracts after SWBL exposure is discussed. METHODS HLE-B3 hLECs were randomly divided into 3 groups: the NC group, which was grown in a dark incubator; the acetyl (Ac)-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethyl ketone (AC-YVAD-CMK) treatment group; and the SWBL exposure group. After SWBL (2500 lux) irradiation (for 8, 16, 24, and 32 h), caspase-1 and gasdermin D (GSDMD) expression levels in HLE-B3 hLECs were examined using ELISA, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting analyses. Double-positive staining of hLECs for activated and inhibited caspase-1 was used to determine pyroptosis in HLE-B3 hLECs. RESULTS SWBL led to hLEC death, but a caspase-1 inhibitor suppressed cell death. The flow cytometry results also confirmed the dose-dependent effect of SWBL irradiation on the pyroptotic death of hLECs. Caspase-1 and GSDMD expression levels in all hLEC groups changed with blue light exposure times (8, 16, 24, and 32 h) and were higher in the AC-YVAD-CMK and SWBL exposure groups than in the NC group. The immunofluorescence results revealed higher GSDMD-N expression in the cell membrane of both the AC-YVAD-CMK and SWBL exposure groups than in the NC group. CONCLUSIONS Based on the data, SWBL induces pyroptotic programmed cell death by activating the GSDMD signalling axis in HLE-B3 hLECs. These results provide new insights into the exploitation of new candidates for the prevention of cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zhaowei Song
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Huazhang Li
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Yuexing Yang
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Sheng Su
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China.
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Preciado OU, Martin A, Manzano E, Smet KAG, Hanselaer P. CAM18sl brightness prediction for unrelated saturated stimuli including age effects. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:29257-29274. [PMID: 34615039 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modelling the influence of age on the perception of brightness of visual stimuli is an important topic for indoor and outdoor lighting. As people get older, the transmittance of the ocular media becomes lower, especially in the blue wavelength region. This paper reports on an experimental study aiming to evaluate how the brightness perception of red and blue stimuli is affected by the age of the observer. A matching experiment has been set up in which both young (25 years old on average) and older (70 years old on average) adult observers had to match the brightness of a blue stimulus with the brightness of a red stimulus, both surrounded by a dark background (unrelated stimuli). A significant difference in brightness perception between the two groups of observers was found. In particular, older people report a decrease in brightness perception for the blue stimuli compared to younger people. The results show that the brightness correlate of the colour appearance model CAM18sl (applied with zero luminance background) adequately predicts the matching results of young observers, but failed to predict the results obtained by the older observers. As CAM18sl is built on cone fundamentals which include the transmittance of the ocular media and consider the age of the observer as an input parameter, the authors developed the idea to substitute the cone fundamentals for a young observer by the cone fundamentals for a 70 years old observer. This updated CAM18sl performed very well for the older observer as well, on condition that the transmittance of the ocular media is isolated and kept out of the normalization of the cone fundamentals.
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INVESTIGATING A GROWTH PREDICTION MODEL IN ADVANCED AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION WITH SOLITARY GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY USING QUANTITATIVE AUTOFLUORESCENCE. Retina 2021; 40:1657-1664. [PMID: 31584560 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate geographic atrophy (GA) progression using quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) in eyes with solitary GA. METHODS Forty-three eyes of 26 patients (age 79.7 ± 7.2 years; 28 women; 16 pseudophakic) underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and qAF imaging at baseline and after 12 months. The junctional zone (AJZ) and a nonaffected 300-µm-wide control area (AC) were delineated on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scans and transferred to the qAF image. Linear mixed models were calculated to investigate the association between GA progression and qAF, age, and baseline GA area. Mixed model analyses of variance were used to investigate differences in qAF between areas. RESULTS Quantitative autofluorescence of the three inferior sections of both the AJZ (P = 0.028; P = 0.014 and P = 0.032) and the AC (P = 0.043; P = 0.02 and P = 0.028) were significantly associated with GA progression after 12 months. However, qAF measurements were not associated with GA progression in the overall model (P > 0.05). Mean qAF was significantly lower in the AJZ and growth area (AG12) than in the AC (both P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION The authors report a statistically significant association between GA growth area and qAF measurements at specific retinal locations and a significant difference in qAF between the GA border and unaffected areas outside the lesion. Quantitative autofluorescence measurements may be limitedly useful for predicting GA progression.
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Uprety S, Zele AJ, Feigl B, Cao D, Adhikari P. Optimizing methods to isolate melanopsin-directed responses. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2021; 38:1051-1064. [PMID: 34263761 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.423343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic melanopsin photoresponse may initiate visual signals that differ in spatiotemporal characteristics from the cone-opsin- and rhodopsin-mediated signals. Applying the CIE standard observer functions in silent-substitution methods can require individual differences in photoreceptor spectral sensitivities and pre-receptoral filtering to be corrected; failure to do so can lead to the intrusion of more sensitive cone processes with putative melanopsin-directed stimuli. Here we evaluate heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) and photoreceptor-directed temporal white noise as techniques to limit the effect of these individual differences. Individualized luminous efficiency functions (V(λ)) were compared to the CIE standard observer functions. We show that adapting chromaticities used in silent-substitution methods can deviate by up to 54% in luminance when estimated with the individual and standard observer functions. These deviations lead to inadvertent cone intrusions in the visual functions measured with melanopsin-directed stimuli. To eliminate the intrusions, individual HFP corrections are sufficient at low frequencies (∼1Hz) but temporal white noise is also required at higher frequencies to desensitize penumbral cones. We therefore recommend the selective application of individualized observer calibration and/or temporal white noise in silent-substitution paradigms when studying melanopsin-directed photoresponses.
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21
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Influence of lens opacities and cataract severity on quantitative fundus autofluorescence as a secondary outcome of a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12685. [PMID: 34135449 PMCID: PMC8209039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92309-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of age-related lens opacities and advanced cataract, quantified by LOCS III grading, on quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) measurements in patients before and after cataract surgery. Images from a randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of femtosecond-laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) on retinal thickness were analyzed post-hoc. One-hundred and twenty eyes from 60 consecutive patients with age-related cataract were included and assessed with qAF and optical coherence tomography (OCT) before, 1, 3 and 6 weeks after cataract surgery (randomized 1:1 to FLACS or phacoemulsification). LOCS III grading was performed before surgery. Pre- to post-surgical qAF values, as well as the impact of LOCS III gradings, surgery technique, gender, axial length and age on post-surgery qAF values was investigated using generalized linear mixed models. For this analysis, 106 eyes from 53 patients were usable. No difference in qAF was found between FLACS and phacoemulsification (p > 0.05) and results were pooled for the total cohort. Mean pre-surgical qAF was 89.45 ± 44.9 qAF units, with a significant mean increase of 178.4–191.6% after surgery (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between the three follow-up visits after surgery (p > 0.05). Higher LOCS III cortical opacity quantifications were associated with a significantly greater increase in qAF after surgery (estimate: 98.56, p = 0.006) and nuclear opacities showed a trend toward an increased change (estimate: 48.8, p = 0.095). Considerable interactions were identified between baseline qAF and cortical opacities, nuclear opacities and posterior subcapsular opacities, as well as nuclear opacities and cortical opacities (p = 0.012, p = 0.064 and p = 0.069, respectively). Quantitative autofluorescence signals are significantly reconstituted after cataract surgery and LOCS III gradings are well associated with post-surgical qAF values. Careful consideration of age-related lens opacities is vital for the correct interpretation of qAF, especially in retinal diseases affecting the elderly. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03465124.
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Reiter GS, Hacker V, Told R, Schranz M, Krotka P, Schlanitz FG, Sacu S, Pollreisz A, Schmidt-Erfurth U. LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN QUANTITATIVE AUTOFLUORESCENCE DURING PROGRESSION FROM INTERMEDIATE TO LATE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina 2021; 41:1236-1241. [PMID: 33084296 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively investigate the development of quantitative autofluorescence (qAF) during progression from intermediate to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Quantitative autofluorescence images from patients with intermediate AMD were acquired every three months with a Spectralis HRA + OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) using a built-in autofluorescence reference. The association between changes in longitudinal qAF and progression toward late AMD was assessed using Cox regression models with time-dependent covariates. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one eyes of 71 patients were included, and 653 qAF images were acquired. Twenty-one eyes of 17 patients converted to late AMD (median follow-up: 21 months; 12 eyes: atrophic AMD; nine eyes: neovascular AMD). The converting patients' mean age was 74.6 ± 4.4 years. Eleven eyes in the converting group (52.4%) were pseudophakic. The presence of an intraocular lens did not affect the qAF regression slopes (P > 0.05). The median change for atrophic AMD was -2.34 qAF units/3 months and 0.78 qAF units/3 months for neovascular AMD. A stronger decline in qAF was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing atrophic AMD (hazard ratio = 1.022, P < 0.001). This association, however, was not present in the group progressing toward neovascular AMD (hazard ratio = 1.001, P = 0.875). CONCLUSION The qAF signal declines with progression to atrophy, contrary to developing neovascularization. Quantitative autofluorescence may allow identification of patients at risk of progressing to late AMD and benefits individualized patient care in intermediate AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor S Reiter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Hacker
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Told
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schranz
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavla Krotka
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferdinand G Schlanitz
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Sacu
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gaynes BI, Zaffer A, Yousefzai R, Chazaro-Cortes M, Colletta K, Kletzel SL, Jost MB, Park Y, Chawla J, Albert MV, Xiao T. Variable abnormality of the melanopsin-derived portion of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and parkinsonism features. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:349-356. [PMID: 33945034 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ascertain and quantify abnormality of the melanopsin-derived portion of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and parkinsonism features based on a statistical predictive modeling strategy for PLR classification. METHODS Exploratory cohort analysis of pupillary kinetics in non-disease controls, PD subjects, and subjects with parkinsonism features using chromatic pupillometry. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve interpretation of pupillary changes consistent with abnormality of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) was employed using a thresholding algorithm to discriminate pupillary abnormality between study groups. RESULTS Twenty-eight subjects were enrolled, including 17 PD subjects (age range 64-85, mean 70.65) and nine controls (age range 48-95, mean 63.89). Two subjects were described as demonstrating parkinsonism symptoms due to presumed Lewy body dementia and motor system atrophy (MSA) respectively. On aggregate analysis, PD subjects demonstrated abnormal but variable pupillary dynamics suggestive of ipRGC abnormality. Subjects with parkinsonism features did not demonstrate pupillary changes consistent with ipRGC abnormality. There was no relationship between levodopa equivalent dosage or PD severity and ipRGC abnormality. The pupillary test sensitivity in predicting PD was 0.75 and likelihood ratio was 1.2. CONCLUSIONS ipRGC deficit is demonstrated in PD subjects; however, the degree and constancy of abnormality appear variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce I Gaynes
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, USA. .,Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jasvinder Chawla
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, USA.,Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Mark V Albert
- Biomedical Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Ting Xiao
- Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Hammond BR, Buch J, Sonoda L, Renzi-Hammond L. The Effects of a Senofilcon A Contact Lens With and Without a Photochromic Additive on Positive Dysphotopsia Across Age. Eye Contact Lens 2021; 47:265-270. [PMID: 33878065 PMCID: PMC8059875 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The visual effects of wearing a photochromic contact lens (test) were directly compared with a nonphotochromic contact lens (control). Positive dysphotopsia (halos, starbursts) and intraocular scatter (behaviorally determined) were assessed. Both younger and middle-aged subjects were evaluated to examine the influence of age. METHODS Fifty-four subjects (18-62 years) were tested using a contralateral design. Subjects were fit with a photochromic contact lens on one eye and a nonphotochromic contact lens on the other eye, randomly assigned. Testing occurred with and without photochromic activation (darkened) by use of a violet activator (365 nm, half-bandwidth 20 nm). The extent of dysphotopsia (halos and spokes) was measured using an aperture (∼4 mm) that created a bright point source of light 45 inches from the plane of the eye. Between the point source and subject, a centering precision caliper was used to measure lateral spread. Two-point thresholds were determined by measuring the minimum distance between two points of broadband xenon light. RESULTS The photochromic contact lens produced smaller halo diameters than the control contact lens, both activated (41% on average) and inactivated (21% on average), and age strata was a significant factor (P<0.001) with the older group showing a greater reduction. The photochromic contact lens produced smaller starburst diameters than the control contact lens, both activated (37% on average) and inactivated (23% on average), and age strata was a significant factor (P=0.001) with the older group showing a greater reduction. The two-point thresholds were reduced (25% activated, 9% inactivated) on average but the age effect was not significant (P<0.10). CONCLUSIONS The senofilcon A lens with photochromic additive reduced the extent of positive dysphotopsia compared with the same lens without the additive, regardless whether the lens was activated or not. The visual benefit was greatest with the older subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy R Hammond
- Department of Psychology (B.R.H.), Vision Sciences Laboratory, Behavioral and Brain Sciences Program, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA; Johnson and Johnson Vision Care, Inc (L.S.), Jacksonville, FL; and Department of Health Promotion and Behavior (L.R.-H.), Human Biofactors Laboratory, Institute of Gerontology, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Xia L, Chen H, Dong J, Luo S, Feng L. Decline of Orientation and Direction Sensitivity in the Aging Population. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643414. [PMID: 33897356 PMCID: PMC8064032 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the aging population is growing, our knowledge regarding age-related deterioration of visual perception remains limited. In the present study, we investigated the effects of aging on orientation and direction sensitivity in a healthy population using a weighted up–down adaptive method to improve the efficiency and reliability of the task. A total of 57 healthy participants aged 22–72 years were included and divided into old and young groups. Raw experimental data were processed using a psychometric method to determine the differences between the two groups. In the orientation task, the threshold of the discrimination angle and bias (i.e., the difference between the perceived midpoint from the logistic function and the reference point) was increased, while the lapsing rate (i.e., 1—the maximum logistic function) did not significantly change in the old group compared with the young group. In the motion direction task, the threshold, bias, and lapsing rate were significantly increased in the old group compared with the young group. These results suggest that the decreased ability of old participants in discrimination of stimulus orientation and motion direction could be related to the impaired function of visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - He Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiong Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Sha Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Lixia Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Hefei, China
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Eto T, Ohashi M, Nagata K, Shin N, Motomura Y, Higuchi S. Crystalline lens transmittance spectra and pupil sizes as factors affecting light-induced melatonin suppression in children and adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:900-910. [PMID: 33772847 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the contributions of ocular crystalline lens transmittance spectra and pupil size on age-related differences in the magnitude of light-induced melatonin suppression at night. The first aim was to demonstrate that spectral lens transmittance in children can be measured in vivo with a Purkinje image-based system. The second aim was to test the hypothesis that the magnitude of melatonin suppression in children is enhanced by larger pupils and higher lens transmittance of short wavelengths. METHODS Fourteen healthy children and 14 healthy adults participated in this study. The experiment was conducted for two nights in our laboratory. On the first night, the participants spent time under dim light conditions (<10 lux) until one hour after their habitual bedtime (BT+1.0). On the second night, the participants spent time under dim light conditions until 30 min before their habitual bedtime (BT-0.5). They were then exposed to LED light for 90 min up to BT+1.0. Individual pupil sizes were measured between BT and BT+1.0 for both conditions. Lens transmittance spectra were measured in vivo using the Purkinje image-based system during the daytime. Non-visual photoreception was calculated from lens transmittance and pupil size. This was taken as an index of the influence of age-related ocular changes on the non-visual photopigment melanopsin. RESULTS Measured lens transmittance in children was found to be higher than for adults, especially in the short wavelength region (p < 0.001). Pupil size in children was significantly larger than that of adults under both dim (p = 0.003) and light (p < 0.001) conditions. Children's non-visual photoreception was 1.48 times greater than that of adults, which was very similar to the finding that melatonin suppression was 1.52 times greater in children (n = 9) than adults (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS Our Purkinje image-based system can measure children's lens transmittance spectra in vivo. Lens transmittance and pupil size may contribute to differences in melatonin suppression between primary school children and middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Eto
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ohashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nagata
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nakyeong Shin
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Motomura
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Tabashum T, Zaffer A, Yousefzai R, Colletta K, Jost MB, Park Y, Chawla J, Gaynes B, Albert MV, Xiao T. Detection of Parkinson's Disease Through Automated Pupil Tracking of the Post-illumination Pupillary Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:645293. [PMID: 33842509 PMCID: PMC8026862 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.645293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, but it is often diagnosed after the majority of dopaminergic cells are already damaged. It is critical to develop biomarkers to identify the disease as early as possible for early intervention. PD patients appear to have an altered pupillary response consistent with an abnormality in photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells. Tracking the pupil size manually is a tedious process and offline automated systems can be prone to errors that may require intervention; for this reason in this work we describe a system for pupil size estimation with a user interface to allow rapid adjustment of parameters and extraction of pupil parameters of interest for the present study. We implemented a user-friendly system designed for clinicians to automate the process of tracking the pupil diameter to measure the post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR), permit manual corrections when needed, and continue automation after correction. Tracking was automated using a Kalman filter estimating the pupil center and diameter over time. The resulting system was tested on a PD classification task in which PD subjects are known to have similar responses for two wavelengths of light. The pupillary response is measured in the contralateral eye to two different light stimuli (470 and 610 nm) for 19 PD and 10 control subjects. The measured Net PIPR indicating different responsiveness to the wavelengths was 0.13 mm for PD subjects and 0.61 mm for control subjects, demonstrating a highly significant difference (p < 0.001). Net PIPR has the potential to be a biomarker for PD, suggesting further study to determine clinical validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thasina Tabashum
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Adnaan Zaffer
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Raman Yousefzai
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Kalea Colletta
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Mary Beth Jost
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States
| | - Youngsook Park
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States
| | | | - Bruce Gaynes
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Mark V Albert
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Ting Xiao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
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28
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Müller PL, Gliem M, McGuinnes M, Birtel J, Holz FG, Charbel Issa P. Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in ABCA4-Related Retinopathy -Functional Relevance and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:340-350. [PMID: 32891696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate lipofuscin-related quantitative autofluorescence measures and their association with demographic characteristics, retinal structure, retinal function and genotype in ABCA4-related retinopathy (Stargardt disease 1). DESIGN Cross-sectional study with age-matched healthy control subjects. METHODS A total of 77 patients with ABCA4-related retinopathy and 110 control subjects underwent quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) imaging using a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope equipped with an internal fluorescent reference to measure qAF as surrogate for lipofuscin accumulation. Measures of qAF were correlated with demographic characteristics, structural alterations on optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence imaging, retinal function assessed by full-field electroretinography (ERG) and fundus-controlled perimetry, and genotype. RESULTS Most patients (76.6%) had qAF levels >95% prediction interval of the age-related control group, with best discrimination between cases and control subjects in younger patients. Reduced discrimination based on qAF measures was associated with mild disease, more advanced disease with dark flecks, or older age because of the physiological age-related increase in qAF and a ceiling effect in patients. Nullizygous patients presented with high qAF levels earlier in life compared with those with at least 1 milder ABCA4 variant. Within the sectors of qAF measurements, at approximately 7-9° eccentricity, increased qAF without flecks or with only bright flecks was associated with topographically related preserved retinal thickness and fundus-controlled perimetry results, and with normal full-field ERG recordings. All 3 parameters were increasingly abnormal with the development of dark flecks and decreasing qAF. CONCLUSIONS The accumulation of lipofuscin depends on the severity of ABCA4 variants, precedes other structural changes, and may remain without clinically relevant effect on retinal function.
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Kuze M, Negishi K, Koyasu T, Kondo M, Tsubota K, Ayaki M. Cataract type and pupillary response to blue and white light stimuli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1828. [PMID: 33469062 PMCID: PMC7815835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the pupil reaction to blue and white light stimulation in 70 eyes with cataract and in 38 eyes with a selective blue-light filtering intra-ocular lens. The diameter of the pupil before stimulation was set as baseline (BPD) and, after a stimulus duration of 1 s, the post-illumination pupillary response (PIPR) was measured using an electronic pupillometer. The BPD showed no significant difference among three grades of nuclear sclerosis (NS). In contrast, the PIPRs differed significantly among the NS grades eyes including with and without subcapsular cataract (SC) and IOL eyes for white light (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test), but not for blue light. Subcapsular opacity did not affect the BPD or PIPR in all cataract grades for either light stimulus. The tendency of larger PIPR in the pseudophakic eyes than the cataract eyes for both lights, however significant difference was found only for white light (p < 0.05 for white light, p > 0.05 for blue light). Our study demonstrates retention of the PIPR for blue light, but not for white light in cataract eyes. We also confirmed that the pupillary response in pseudohakic eyes with a selective blue light-filtering intra ocular lens was greater than that in cataractous eyes for white light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Kuze
- Division of Ophthalmology, Matsusaka Central General Hospital, Matsusaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ayaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Di Nicolantonio M, Rossi E, Deli A, Marano A. The human centric lighting approach for the design of Age-Friendly products. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2020.1742400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio Rossi
- Lincoln School of Design, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Aldo Deli
- Department of Architecture, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Antonio Marano
- Department of Architecture, University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
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31
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Eto T, Teikari P, Najjar RP, Nishimura Y, Motomura Y, Kuze M, Higuchi S. A Purkinje image-based system for an assessment of the density and transmittance spectra of the human crystalline lens in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16445. [PMID: 33020575 PMCID: PMC7536217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for rapid and objective assessment of ocular lens density and transmittance is needed for research and clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Purkinje image-based technique can be used for objective and accurate quantification of spectral density and transmittance of ocular media (the mainly crystalline lens) in visible light. Twenty-six individuals (10 young, 9 middle-aged and 7 older individuals) participated in this study. Spectral lens density was evaluated by detecting the intensity of the IVth Purkinje image for different wavelengths. Subsequently, optical density index (ODI), the area under the curve in the lens density spectrum, was calculated and ODIs were compared with clinical lens opacification scales assessed subjectively using a slit lamp. Spectral lens transmittance was estimated from the lens density spectrum. Lens densities were higher in the short wavelength region of the visible spectrum across all age groups. ODI was highly correlated with the clinical opacification scale, while lens transmittance decreased with aging. Our results showed that spectral transmittance of the human crystalline lens can be easily estimated from optical density spectra evaluated objectively and rapidly using the Purkinje image-based technique. Our results provide clinicians and scientists with an accurate, rapid and objective technique for quantification of lens transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Eto
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Petteri Teikari
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Visual Neuroscience, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond P Najjar
- Department of Visual Neuroscience, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences ACP (EYE-ACP), SingHealth and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Motomura
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan
| | - Manami Kuze
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Matsusaka Central General Hospital, Matsusaka, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan.
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Abstract
We as a couple spent 50 years working in visual psychophysics of color vision, temporal vision, and luminance adaptation. We sought collaborations with ophthalmologists, anatomists, physiologists, physicists, and psychologists, aiming to relate visual psychophysics to the underlying physiology of the primate retina. This review describes our journey and reflections in exploring the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Pokorny
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;,
| | - Vivianne C. Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA;,
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33
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Greenstein VC, Lima de Carvalho JR, Parmann R, Amaro-Quireza L, Lee W, Hood DC, Tsang SH, Sparrow JR. Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in HCQ Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:41. [PMID: 32976563 PMCID: PMC7521180 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.11.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy, analyses by quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) and near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIR-AF) were compared to results obtained by recommended screening tests. Methods Thirty-one patients (28 females, 3 males) were evaluated with standard automated perimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT); 28 also had multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Measurement of short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF) by qAF involved the use of an internal fluorescent reference and intensity measurements in eight concentric segments at 7° to 9° eccentricity. For semiquantitative analysis of NIR-AF, intensities were acquired along a vertical axis through the fovea. Results Four of 15 high-dose (total dose >1000 g, daily dose >5.0 mg/kg) patients and one of 16 low-dose (total dose <1000 g, daily dose 4.4 mg/kg) patients were diagnosed with HCQ-associated retinopathy based on abnormal 10-2 visual fields, SD-OCT, and SW-AF imaging. Three of the high-dose patients also had abnormal mfERG results. Of the five patients exhibiting retinopathy, two had qAF color-coded images revealing higher intensities inferior, nasal, and lateral to the fovea. The abnormal visual fields also exhibited superior-inferior differences. Mean NIR-AF gray-level intensities were increased in four high-dose patients with no evidence of retinopathy. In two patients with retinopathy, NIR-AF intensity within the parafovea was below the normal range. One high-dose patient (6.25 mg/kg) had only abnormal mfERG results. Conclusions These findings indicate that screening for HCQ retinopathy should take into consideration superior-inferior differences in susceptibility to HCQ retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivienne C. Greenstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Rait Parmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Luz Amaro-Quireza
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Donald C. Hood
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Deparment of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stephen H. Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Janet R. Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
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Reichel C, Berlin A, Radun V, Tarau IS, Hillenkamp J, Kleefeldt N, Sloan KR, Ach T. Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in Systemic Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine Therapy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:42. [PMID: 32934892 PMCID: PMC7463177 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of systemic chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) on outer retinal health using quantitative fundus autofluorescence (QAF) imaging. Methods For this prospective, cross-sectional study, 44 CQ/HCQ patients and 25 age-matched controls underwent multimodal retinal imaging including QAF (488 nm) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in addition to the recommended CQ/HCQ screening procedures. Custom written FIJI plugins enabled detailed QAF analysis and correlation with retinal thickness and comparison to the healthy controls. Results Out of 44 patients, 29 (mean age 43.5 ± 12.2, range 22–59 years) exposed to CQ/HCQ (mean cumulative dose 724.2 ± 610.4 g, median 608.0 g, range 18.6–2171.0 g) met eligibility criteria. Four of these 29 patients had bull's-eye maculopathy (BEM). Mean QAF values were significantly higher in CQ/HCQ patients than in healthy controls. QAF increase started early after treatment onset, remained high even years after treatment cessation, and was not accompanied by pathologies in the other screening methods, including retinal thicknesses (except in BEM patients). Conclusions QAF might be a useful tool in retinal imaging and in verifying systemic CQ/HCQ intake. The early onset and preserved high levels of QAF parallel findings of CQ deposition in the retina in animal models. Whether QAF can be used as a screening tool to detect early CQ/HCQ related maculopathy is the subject of long-term ongoing studies. Translation Relevance Experimental QAF imaging in systemic CQ/HCQ therapy monitoring might be a useful tool to indicate the drug or its metabolites and to detect metabolic retinal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Reichel
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Berlin
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victoria Radun
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ioana-Sandra Tarau
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jost Hillenkamp
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Kleefeldt
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Ophthalmology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Thomas Ach
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Ophthalmology, Würzburg, Germany.,University Hospital Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, Bonn, Germany
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35
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Ba-Ali S, Brøndsted AE, Andersen HU, Jennum P, Lund-Andersen H. Pupillary light responses in type 1 and type 2 diabetics with and without retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:477-484. [PMID: 31943805 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the function of rod/cones and melanopsin in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with and without non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). METHODS We performed pupillometry on 22 healthy controls and four diabetic groups: 12 T1DM patients without NPDR and 12 with moderate NPDR, and 16 T2DM patients without NPDR and 12 with moderate NPDR. Monocular stimulations of 20 seconds with red (λ = 633 nm) and blue light (λ = 463 nm) at ~15 log quanta/cm2 /second were performed. The primary outcome was the melanopsin-mediated late redilation phase of postillumination pupillary light response (PIPRL ate ) to blue light. The secondary outcomes were the mixed rod/cone and melanopsin responses, that is maximal pupil constriction and the early redilation phase of PIPR (PIPRE arly ). RESULTS Late redilation phase of PIPR (PIPRL ate ) to blue and red light stimuli was not significantly different between healthy control and the four diabetic groups (n.s.). The maximal pupil contractions to blue light stimulus were significantly reduced in T1DM patients as well as in T2DM patients with NPDR (p ≤ 0.02), whereas for red light stimuli, the maximal pupil constriction was only reduced in T2DM with NPDR (p < 0.01). Early redilation phase of PIPR (PIPRE arly ) to blue and red light stimuli was not significantly different between healthy controls and diabetic patients (n.s.). CONCLUSION Neither the PIPRE arly nor the PIPRL ate was significantly reduced in diabetics with or without NPDR compared to healthy controls. The reduced maximal pupil constrictions in diabetics with NPDR indicate decreased mixed rod/cone and melanopsin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakoor Ba-Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Poul Jennum
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Centre for Sleep Medicine, Neurophysiology Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lund-Andersen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Centre, Gentofte, Denmark
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36
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Kleefeldt N, Bermond K, Tarau IS, Hillenkamp J, Berlin A, Sloan KR, Ach T. Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence: Advanced Analysis Tools. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:2. [PMID: 32855849 PMCID: PMC7422829 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.8.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To use multimodal retinal images (including quantitative fundus autofluorescence [QAF]) for spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT)-based image registration and alignment. For each age decade of healthy adults, normative fine-grained QAF retinal maps are generated and advanced methods for QAF image analysis are applied. Methods Multimodal retinal images were obtained from 103 healthy subjects (age 19–77 years; unremarkable retina/macula, age-appropriate clear optic media). Custom written FIJI plugins enabled: (1) determination of the fovea in SD-OCT and the edge of the optic disc in infrared (IR) images; (2) alignment and superimposition of multimodal retinal images based on foveal and optic disc position; (3) plotting of normative QAF retinal maps for each decade; and (4) comparison of individual retinas with normative retinas of different decades using newly introduced analysis patterns (QAF97, freehand tool). Results SD-OCT based image registration enables easy image registration, alignment, and analysis of different modalities (QAF, IR, and SD-OCT here reported). In QAF, intensities significantly increase with age with two major inclines between the third/fourth and seventh/eighth decades. With aging, the parafoveal area of maximum QAF intensity slightly shifts from temporal-superior to temporal. Compared with standard QAF analysis, refined QAF analysis patterns reveal a more detailed analysis of QAF, especially in the diseased retina. Conclusions Age-related QAF normative retinal maps can be used to directly compare and classify individual's QAF intensities. Advanced QAF analysis tools will further help to interpret autofluorescence changes in normal aging and in the diseased retina in a multimodal imaging setting. Translational Relevance Advanced methods for QAF analysis link basic findings with clinical observations in normal aging and in the diseased macula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Kleefeldt
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bermond
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ioana-Sandra Tarau
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jost Hillenkamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Berlin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth R Sloan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Thomas Ach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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ElGohary SH, Azab SA, Metwally MK, Hassan NS. Numerical Computational Study of Photoacoustic Signals from Eye Models to Detect Diabetic Retinopathy. Open Biomed Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874120702014010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:
Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is essential in clinical ophthalmology as it may prevent sight degradation. In this paper, a complete Photoacoustic (PA) analysis is implemented to detect DR in three different eye models representing a healthy eye as well as two abnormal eyes exhibiting Non-Proliferative Retinopathy (NPDR), and Proliferative Retinopathy (PDR)
Methods & Materials:
Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the interaction of a 0.8 ns duration laser pulse with eye tissues at 750 nm wavelength. Thermal, structural and acoustical analyses were performed using the Finite Element Method (FEM).
Results:
The results showed that there is a significant change in the amplitude of the detected PA signal for abnormal eye tissues in the retina (P < 0.05) as compared to healthy eye tissues. The maximum amplitude of the received PA signal in the NPDR and the PDR eye models is 5% and 33%, respectively, which are greater than those observed in the healthy eye.
Conclusion:
These results may provide insights into using PA imaging to detect DR.
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Yan FF, Hou F, Lu H, Yang J, Chen L, Wu Y, Chen G, Huang CB. Aging affects gain and internal noise in the visual system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6768. [PMID: 32317655 PMCID: PMC7174411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual functions decline with age, but how aging degrades visual functions remains controversial. In the current study, the mechanisms underlying age-related visual declines were examined psychophysically. We developed an efficient method to quickly explore contrast sensitivity as a function of nine spatial frequencies at three levels of external noise in both young and old subjects. Fifty-two young and twenty-six old subjects have been screened for ophthalmological and mental diseases and participated in the experiment. Contrast sensitivity varied significantly with spatial frequency, age, and level of external noise. By adopting a nonlinear observer model, we decomposed contrast sensitivity into inefficiencies in internal additive noise, internal multiplicative noise, perceptual template gain, and/or system non-linearity. Model analysis revealed that aging impacts both internal additive noise and perceptual template gain, and such age-related degradation is tuned to spatial frequency, which is also a good predictor to discriminate old from young. The quick characterization of contrast sensitivity functions at different noise levels and the accompanying analysis developed in the current study may have profound application in other clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Hou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ge Chen
- School of Art and Design, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chang-Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Lima de Carvalho JR, Kim HJ, Ueda K, Zhao J, Owji AP, Yang T, Tsang SH, Sparrow JR. Effects of deficiency in the RLBP1-encoded visual cycle protein CRALBP on visual dysfunction in humans and mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6767-6780. [PMID: 32188692 PMCID: PMC7212638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in retinaldehyde-binding protein 1 (RLBP1), encoding the visual cycle protein cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP), cause an autosomal recessive form of retinal degeneration. By binding to 11-cis-retinoid, CRALBP augments the isomerase activity of retinoid isomerohydrolase RPE65 (RPE65) and facilitates 11-cis-retinol oxidation to 11-cis-retinal. CRALBP also maintains the 11-cis configuration and protects against unwanted retinaldehyde activity. Studying a sibling pair that is compound heterozygous for mutations in RLBP1/CRALBP, here we expand the phenotype of affected individuals, elucidate a previously unreported phenotype in RLBP1/CRALBP carriers, and demonstrate consistencies between the affected individuals and Rlbp1/Cralbp−/− mice. In the RLBP1/CRALBP-affected individuals, nonrecordable rod-specific electroretinogram traces were recovered after prolonged dark adaptation. In ultrawide-field fundus images, we observed radially arranged puncta typical of RLBP1/CRALBP-associated disease. Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) revealed hyperreflective aberrations within photoreceptor-associated bands. In short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF) images, speckled hyperautofluorescence and mottling indicated macular involvement. In both the affected individuals and their asymptomatic carrier parents, reduced SW-AF intensities, measured as quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF), indicated chronic impairment in 11-cis-retinal availability and provided information on mutation severity. Hypertransmission of the SD-OCT signal into the choroid together with decreased near-infrared autofluorescence (NIR-AF) provided evidence for retinal pigment epithelial cell (RPE) involvement. In Rlbp1/Cralbp−/− mice, reduced 11-cis-retinal levels, qAF and NIR-AF intensities, and photoreceptor loss were consistent with the clinical presentation of the affected siblings. These findings indicate that RLBP1 mutations are associated with progressive disease involving RPE atrophy and photoreceptor cell degeneration. In asymptomatic carriers, qAF disclosed previously undetected visual cycle deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Keiko Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Aaron P Owji
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032 .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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40
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King-Smith PE, Mauger TF, Begley CG, Tankam P. Optical Analysis and Reappraisal of the Peripheral Light Focusing Theory of Nasal Pterygia Formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:42. [PMID: 32106293 PMCID: PMC7329627 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pterygia are much more common nasally than temporally. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major risk factor. Coroneo proposed that the nasal preference is caused by the “peripheral light focusing effect,” (PLF), in which UV at an oblique angle passes through temporal cornea and is concentrated on and damages nasal limbal stem cells. This study evaluates whether the PLF is sufficient to explain the nasal preference. Methods Whereas Coroneo and colleagues derived the maximum PLF intensity gain (UV concentration factor) as a function of incident angle (i.e., different nasal limbal positions were used for different incident angles) the current analysis derived intensity gain at a fixed position such at the nasal corneo-limbal junction (CLJ). This provided a measure of the total PLF irradiation at this position, which was compared to total direct irradiation of nasal and temporal limbus at the corresponding positions (e.g., CLJs). In Part 1, analysis was performed like that of Coroneo, using horizontally incident UV; in Part 2, the analysis was extended to include incident rays above and below the horizontal. Results In both part 1 and part 2 of the study, the limbal UV irradiation of the nasal limbus from the PLF was not sufficient to explain the strong nasal location preference of pterygia. Conclusions The analysis calls into question the PLF explanation of nasal location preference. Other explanations of the nasal preference, and of pterygium pathogenesis, should be considered, such as temporal to nasal tear flow carrying substances such as cytokines to the nasal limbus.
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Montés-Micó R, Charman WN. Pharmacological Strategies for Presbyopia Correction. J Refract Surg 2019; 35:803-814. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20191010-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lima de Carvalho JR, Paavo M, Chen L, Chiang J, Tsang SH, Sparrow JR. Multimodal Imaging in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2012-2022. [PMID: 31070670 PMCID: PMC6735800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In patients diagnosed with Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD), quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF), near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIR-AF), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were used to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms. Methods Fourteen patients heterozygous for BEST1 mutations were recruited. qAF was analyzed using short-wavelength fundus autofluorescence (SW-AF) images. Mean gray levels (GL) were determined in nonlesion areas (7 to 9° eccentricity) and adjusted by GL measured in an internal fluorescent reference. NIR-AF images (787 nm; sensitivity of 96) were captured and saved in non-normalized mode. Horizontal SD-OCT images also were acquired and BVMD was staged according to the OCT findings. Results In the pre-vitelliform stage, NIR-AF imaging revealed an area of reduced fluorescence, whereas in the vitelliruptive stage, puncta of elevated NIR-AF signal were present. In both SW-AF and NIR-AF images, the vitelliform lesion in the atrophic stage was marked by reduced signal. At all stages of BVMD, nonlesion qAF was within the 95% confidence intervals for healthy eyes. Similarly, the NIR-AF intensity measurements outside the vitelliform lesion were comparable to the healthy control eye. SD-OCT scans revealed a fluid-filled detachment between the ellipsoid zone and the hyperreflectivity band attributable to RPE/Bruch's membrane. Conclusions NIR-AF imaging can identify the pre-vitelliform stage of BVMD. Mutations in BEST1 are not associated with increased levels of SW-AF outside the vitelliform lesion. Elevated SW-AF within the fluid-filled lesion likely reflects the inability of RPE to phagocytose outer segments due to separation of RPE from photoreceptor cells, together with progressive photoreceptor cell impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Empresa Brasileira de Servicos Hospitalares (EBSERH) - Hospital das Clinicas de Pernambuco (HCPE), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maarjaliis Paavo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of PuTuo District, Shanghai, China
| | - John Chiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
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Adhikari P, Feigl B, Zele AJ. The flicker Pupil Light Response (fPLR). Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:29. [PMID: 31637109 PMCID: PMC6798322 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.5.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The photoreceptor classes driving the flicker pupil light response (fPLR) to monochromatic sinusoidal temporal modulation are largely unknown. Here, we determine the photoreceptor inputs to the fPLR. METHODS The 0.5-Hz fPLR was measured in healthy observers using a Maxwellian view (41° diameter) pupillometer at five narrowband wavelengths (short: 409 nm; intermediate: 462, 507, 530 nm; and long: 592 nm) over ∼10 log units of irradiance spanning scotopic to photopic levels (5.6 to 15.6 log quanta·cm-2·s-1; -6.9 to 3.6 log cd·m-2). The relative photoreceptor contributions to the fPLR were then derived from these amplitude-irradiance functions using a criterion fPLR. RESULTS The fPLR amplitude is small (≤ 3.9 ± 3.1%; mean ± SEM) below 8.0 log quanta·cm-2·s-1 then increases with retinal irradiance in accordance with a Hill function that asymptotes between 13.0 to 15.0 log quanta·cm-2·s-1 (wavelength dependent). The Hill slope is steepest for the intermediate wavelengths. Further increases in irradiance (>15.0 log quanta·cm-2·s-1) produce a distinct suppression of the fPLR for the intermediate wavelengths. The fPLR phase delay shows a linear decrease with increasing irradiance. The spectral sensitivity of the fPLR is dominated by inner retinal melanopsin ganglion cell and outer retinal rod photoreceptor inputs to the afferent pupil control pathway; the relative melanopsin : rhodopsin weighting decreases with the transition from photopic to scotopic lighting. CONCLUSIONS The fPLR can be used as a marker of melanopsin and rod interactions during the flicker stimulation and to quantify their contributions to the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR). TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE These irradiance and wavelength responses will be useful in standardizing the measurements of the fPLR using chromatic pupillometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Adhikari
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Zele
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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Lessons learned from quantitative fundus autofluorescence. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100774. [PMID: 31472235 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) is an approach that is built on a confocal scanning laser platform and used to measure the intensity of the inherent autofluorescence of retina elicited by short-wavelength (488 nm) excitation. Being non-invasive, qAF does not interrupt tissue architecture, thus allowing for structural correlations. The spectral features, cellular origin and topographic distribution of the natural autofluorescence of the fundus indicate that it is emitted from retinaldehyde-adducts that form in photoreceptor cells and accumulate, under most conditions, in retinal pigment epithelial cells. The distributions and intensities of fundus autofluorescence deviate from normal in many retinal disorders and it is widely recognized that these changing patterns can aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of retinal disease. The standardized protocol employed by qAF involves the normalization of fundus grey levels to a fluorescent reference installed in the imaging instrument. Together with corrections for magnification and anterior media absorption, this approach facilitates comparisons with serial images and images acquired within groups of patients. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of the principles and practice of qAF and we highlight recent efforts to elucidate retinal disease processes by combining qAF with multi-modal imaging.
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Reiter GS, Told R, Baratsits M, Hecht A, Schlanitz FG, Sacu S, Schmidt‐Erfurth U. Repeatability and reliability of quantitative fundus autofluorescence imaging in patients with early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e526-e532. [PMID: 30549203 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantification of fundus autofluorescence has only recently become available. We report our findings on the evaluation of the repeatability and reliability of quantitative fundus autofluorescence (qAF) measurements in patients with early and intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD), using the first approved and commercially available instrument. METHODS A total of 43 eyes of 22 patients (aged between 52 and 84 years) diagnosed with early and intermediate AMD were included. All eyes were imaged at day 1, 3 months and 6 months using a modified scanning laser ophthalmoscope, equipped with an internal fluorescent reference. Mean qAF values were calculated for the fovea and for each concentric ring of the Delori pattern. Repeatability and reliability were calculated using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation (ICC). RESULTS The mean patient age was 73.5 ± 7.9 years. Sixteen patients (73%) were female. qAF repeatability of the eight segments in the middle ring of the Delori pattern (qAFM 8 ) for between sessions was ±8.2%. Agreement at 3- and 6-month follow-up in eyes without retinal changes was ±8.3% and ±9.8%, respectively. Reliability of qAFM 8 was high for all images acquired [ICC = 0.98 (CI: 0.96-0.99), 0.97 (0.93-0.99) and 0.98 (0.92-0.99)]. Agreement at 3- and 6-month follow-up in eyes with retinal changes was ±18.1% and ±20.2%, respectively. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was slightly lower in eyes with retinal changes at 0.93 (0.84-0.97) and 0.96 (0.91-0.98), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative autofluorescence shows excellent repeatability and reliability as well as follow-up agreement in patients with early and intermediate AMD without retinal changes. This is relevant when conducting longitudinal studies using qAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Sebastian Reiter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Vienna Trial Center (VTC) Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Reinhard Told
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Vienna Trial Center (VTC) Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Magdalena Baratsits
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Vienna Trial Center (VTC) Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Alexander Hecht
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Vienna Trial Center (VTC) Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Ferdinand Georg Schlanitz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Vienna Trial Center (VTC) Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Stefan Sacu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Vienna Trial Center (VTC) Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt‐Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry Vienna Trial Center (VTC) Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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Reiter GS, Told R, Schlanitz FG, Bogunovic H, Baumann L, Sacu S, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Pollreisz A. Impact of Drusen Volume on Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in Early and Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:1937-1942. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Sebastian Reiter
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Told
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Georg Schlanitz
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hrvoje Bogunovic
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Baumann
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Sacu
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kelbsch C, Strasser T, Chen Y, Feigl B, Gamlin PD, Kardon R, Peters T, Roecklein KA, Steinhauer SR, Szabadi E, Zele AJ, Wilhelm H, Wilhelm BJ. Standards in Pupillography. Front Neurol 2019; 10:129. [PMID: 30853933 PMCID: PMC6395400 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the methodology including recording conditions, stimulus characteristics, as well as suitable parameters of evaluation. Since the description of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) there has been an increased interest and broader application of pupillography in ophthalmology as well as other fields including psychology and chronobiology. Color pupillography plays an important role not only in research but also in clinical observational and therapy studies like gene therapy of hereditary retinal degenerations and psychopathology. Stimuli can vary in size, brightness, duration, and wavelength. Stimulus paradigms determine whether rhodopsin-driven rod responses, opsin-driven cone responses, or melanopsin-driven ipRGC responses are primarily elicited. Background illumination, adaptation state, and instruction for the participants will furthermore influence the results. This standard recommends a minimum set of variables to be used for pupillography and specified in the publication methodologies. Initiated at the 32nd International Pupil Colloquium 2017 in Morges, Switzerland, the aim of this manuscript is to outline standards in pupillography based on current knowledge and experience of pupil experts in order to achieve greater comparability of pupillographic studies. Such standards will particularly facilitate the proper application of pupillography by researchers new to the field. First we describe general standards, followed by specific suggestions concerning the demands of different targets of pupil research: the afferent and efferent reflex arc, pharmacology, psychology, sleepiness-related research and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Kelbsch
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Strasser
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, AL, United States
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul D. Gamlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Randy Kardon
- Neuro-Ophthalmology Division, University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, LA, United States
| | - Tobias Peters
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathryn A. Roecklein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stuart R. Steinhauer
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, VISN 4 MIRECC, University Drive C, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elemer Szabadi
- Developmental Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Zele
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helmut Wilhelm
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Barbara J. Wilhelm
- Pupil Research Group, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Makhotkina NY, Berendschot TTJM, van den Biggelaar FJHM, Weik ARH, Nuijts RMMA. Comparability of subjective and objective measurements of nuclear density in cataract patients. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:356-363. [PMID: 29575599 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between subjective and objective measurements of lens density and the energy of phacoemulsification. SETTING University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS The study population included 69 patients. Nuclear opalescence (NO) was graded with the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). Thereafter, lens density was measured objectively with Scheimpflug imaging, anterior segment optical coherent tomography and spectral fundus reflectometry (SFR). Cumulative dissipative energy (CDE) and total ultrasound time (US t.t.) of the phacoemulsification were noted. The relationship between the different measurement techniques and energy of phacoemulsification was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficients. RESULTS We found moderate to strong correlations between LOCS III and objective measurements of the lens density (rho's from 0.53 to 0.78, p < 0.05) and a moderate correlation between three objective measurement techniques (rho's between 0.29 and 0.57, p < 0.05). There was a moderate correlation between CDE, US t.t. and lens density measurements (rho's from 0.29 to 0.55, p < 0.05), and the highest correlation was found between CDE and NO scores. Exclusion of patients with advanced cortical and posterior subcapsular opacities improved the correlation between SFR and lens density measurements but not the correlation with the energy of phacoemulsification. CONCLUSION Lens Opacities Classification System III has shown the highest correlation with phacoemulsification energy and may be a preferred technique for prediction of use of phacoemulsification energy. Advanced cortical and posterior opacities may interfere with the quality of objective measurements but do not affect the correlation between lens density measurements and phacoemulsification energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Y. Makhotkina
- University Eye Clinic; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alexander R. H. Weik
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht the Netherlands
| | - Rudy M. M. A. Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht the Netherlands
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Joyce DS, Feigl B, Kerr G, Roeder L, Zele AJ. Melanopsin-mediated pupil function is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7796. [PMID: 29773814 PMCID: PMC5958070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by non-motor symptoms including sleep and circadian disruption. Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGC) transmit light signals to brain areas controlling circadian rhythms and the pupil light reflex. To determine if non-motor symptoms observed in PD are linked to ipRGC dysfunction, we evaluated melanopsin and rod/cone contributions to the pupil response in medicated participants with PD (n = 17) and controls (n = 12). Autonomic tone was evaluated by measuring pupillary unrest in darkness. In the PD group, there is evidence for an attenuated post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) amplitude and reduced pupil constriction amplitude, and PIPR amplitudes did not correlate with measures of sleep quality, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, disease severity, or medication dosage. Both groups exhibited similar pupillary unrest. We show that melanopsin- and the rod/cone-photoreceptor contributions to the pupil control pathway are impaired in people with early-stage PD who have no clinically observable ophthalmic abnormalities. Given that ipRGCs project to brain targets involved in arousal, sleep and circadian rhythms, ipRGC dysfunction may underpin some of the non-motor symptoms observed in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Joyce
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Visual Science Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Medical Retina Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graham Kerr
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Movement Neuroscience Program, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luisa Roeder
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Movement Neuroscience Program, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew J Zele
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
- Visual Science Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia.
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Efficient Characterization and Classification of Contrast Sensitivity Functions in Aging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5045. [PMID: 28698553 PMCID: PMC5505956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The contrast sensitivity function (CSF), delineating contrast sensitivity over a wide range of spatial frequencies, provides a comprehensive characterization of spatial vision and a sensitive test for many physiological and pathological processes. A precise CSF measurement tool for the aging population is of great theoretical and practical importance. In the current study, we tested whether the assumptions of the newly developed quick CSF method were valid and whether it can rapidly, reliably, and effectively evaluate CSFs in the aging population. The quick CSF method combines Bayesian adaptive inference with an information gain strategy to directly estimate four parameters that define the observer’s CSF. Eighteen young and twenty-five old observers participated in the evaluation of the quick CSF method. All observers were screened for ophthalmological and mental diseases. Our results showed that the CSFs derived from the quick CSF method well matched with those from the traditional Ψ method, with excellent test-retest reliability. More importantly, the quick CSF method can accurately detect the difference of CSFs between the young and old groups. Aging significantly degrades contrast sensitivity. The quick CSF method demonstrates great potentials for both laboratory research and clinical applications in the aging population.
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