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Chen YH, Wise F. Unified and vector theory of Raman scattering in gas-filled hollow-core fiber across temporal regimes. APL PHOTONICS 2024; 9:030902. [PMID: 38533268 PMCID: PMC10961736 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Raman scattering has found renewed interest owing to the development of gas-filled hollow-core fibers, which constitute a unique platform for exploration of novel ultrafast nonlinear phenomena beyond conventional solid-core-fiber and free-space systems. Much progress has been made through models for particular interaction regimes, which are delineated by the relation of the excitation pulse duration to the time scales of the Raman response. However, current experimental settings are not limited to one regime, prompting the need for tools spanning multiple regimes. Here, we present a theoretical framework that accomplishes this goal. The theory allows us to review recent progress with a fresh perspective, makes new connections between distinct temporal regimes of Raman scattering, and reveals new degrees of freedom for controlling Raman physics. Specific topics that are addressed include transient Raman gain, the interplay of electronic and Raman nonlinearities in short-pulse propagation, and interactions of short pulses mediated by phonon waves. The theoretical model also accommodates vector effects, which have been largely neglected in prior works on Raman scattering in gases. The polarization dependence of transient Raman gain and vector effects on pulse interactions via phonon waves is investigated with the model. Throughout this Perspective, theoretical results are compared to the results of realistic numerical simulations. The numerical code that implements the new theory is freely available. We hope that the unified theoretical framework and numerical tool described here will accelerate the exploration of new Raman-scattering phenomena and enable new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Chen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Frank Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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2
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Akhoundi F, Peyghambarian N. Single-cavity dual-wavelength all-fiber femtosecond laser for multimodal multiphoton microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2761-2767. [PMID: 32499958 PMCID: PMC7249830 DOI: 10.1364/boe.389557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A single-cavity dual-wavelength all-fiber femtosecond laser is designed to generate 1030 nm wavelength for high resolution multiphoton imaging and 1700 nm wavelength for long penetration depth imaging. Considering two-photon and three-photon microscopy (2PM and 3PM), the proposed laser provides the single-photon wavelength equivalent to 343 nm, 515 nm, 566 nm and 850 nm, that can be employed to excite a wide variety of intrinsic fluorophores, dyes, and fluorescent proteins. Generating two excitation wavelengths from a single laser reduces the footprint and cost significantly compared to having two separate lasers. Furthermore, an all-reflective microscope is designed to eliminate the chromatic aberration while employing two excitation wavelengths. The compact all-fiber alignment-free laser design makes the overall size of the microscope appropriate for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Akhoundi
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - N. Peyghambarian
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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3
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Jiao H, Feng L, Wang J, Wang K, Yang Z. Transmissive single-beam-splitter resonator optic gyro based on a hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3016-3019. [PMID: 28957233 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a transmissive single-beam-splitter resonator optic gyro based on a hollow-core photonic-crystal fiber (HCPCF), which is a new regime of resonator fiber optical gyro based on an HCPCF, a hollow-core resonator fiber optical gyro (HC-RFOG), for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. We evaluate the transfer function of this novel transmissive single-beam-splitter resonator, and the resonance characteristics are simulated to optimize the element parameters. We utilize a micro-optical coupler formed by pairs of lenses and one filter to realize this novel resonator. Our approach yields a fineness of 12 and a transmittance of about 5%. Based on this novel resonator, we construct a HC-RFOG, and we simulate and analyze the effects of polarization noise on the gyro system. In addition, an effective method to suppress polarization noise is employed, and the efficacy of this method is confirmed by experiments. A bias stability of 1.3°/h is successfully demonstrated, which is the best result reported to date, to the best of our knowledge, for RFOGs based on an HCPCF resonator.
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4
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Fernández A, Grüner-Nielsen L, Andreana M, Stadler M, Kirchberger S, Sturtzel C, Distel M, Zhu L, Kautek W, Leitgeb R, Baltuska A, Jespersen K, Verhoef A. Optimizing pulse compressibility in completely all-fibered Ytterbium chirped pulse amplifiers for in vivo two photon laser scanning microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3526-3537. [PMID: 28856032 PMCID: PMC5560822 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple and completely all-fiber Yb chirped pulse amplifier that uses a dispersion matched fiber stretcher and a spliced-on hollow core photonic bandgap fiber compressor is applied in nonlinear optical microscopy. This stretching-compression approach improves compressibility and helps to maximize the fluorescence signal in two-photon laser scanning microscopy as compared with approaches that use standard single mode fibers as stretcher. We also show that in femtosecond all-fiber systems, compensation of higher order dispersion terms is relevant even for pulses with relatively narrow bandwidths for applications relying on nonlinear optical effects. The completely all-fiber system was applied to image green fluorescent beads, a stained lily-of-the-valley root and rat-tail tendon. We also demonstrated in vivo imaging in zebrafish larvae, where we simultaneously measure second harmonic and fluorescence from two-photon excited red-fluorescent protein. Since the pulses are compressed in a fiber, this source is especially suited for upgrading existing laser scanning (confocal) microscopes with multiphoton imaging capabilities in space restricted settings or for incorporation in endoscope-based microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/387, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Grüner-Nielsen
- Danish Optical Fiber Innovation, Åvendingen 22A, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark
| | - M Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Stadler
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Kirchberger
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Sturtzel
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Distel
- St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung e.V., Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Zhu
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/387, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - W Kautek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Baltuska
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/387, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - K Jespersen
- NKT Photonics A/S, Blokken 84, 3460 Birkerød, Denmark
| | - A Verhoef
- Photonics Institute, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/387, 1040 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medizinische Universität Wien, Währinger Gürtel 18-20/4L, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Du T, Fan F, Tam AMW, Sun J, Chigrinov VG, Sing Kwok H. Complex Nanoscale-Ordered Liquid Crystal Polymer Film for High Transmittance Holographic Polarizer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7191-7195. [PMID: 26457810 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A special design of a complex-ordered liquid crystal polymer film is developed into a holographic polarizer. The holographic polarizer shows over 90% transmittance, which provides a simple solution to make LEDs polarized. Furthermore, the holographic polarizer exhibits intensity and polarization maintenance properties, which could be further developed for photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Du
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory for Micro-/Nano-Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Alwin Ming Wai Tam
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jiatong Sun
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Vladimir G Chigrinov
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Sing Kwok
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
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6
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Light PS, Anstie JD, Benabid F, Luiten AN. Hermetic optical-fiber iodine frequency standard. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2703-2706. [PMID: 26076241 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have built an optical-frequency standard based on interrogating iodine vapor that has been trapped within the hollow core of a hermetically sealed kagome-lattice photonic crystal fiber. A frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser locked to a hyperfine component of the P(142)37-0 I2127 transition using modulation transfer spectroscopy shows a frequency stability of 3×10(-11) at 100 s. We discuss the impediments in integrating this all-fiber standard into a fully optical-fiber-based system, and suggest approaches that could improve performance of the frequency standard substantially.
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7
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Verhoef AJ, Jespersen K, Andersen TV, Grüner-Nielsen L, Flöry T, Zhu L, Baltuška A, Fernández A. High peak-power monolithic femtosecond ytterbium fiber chirped pulse amplifier with a spliced-on hollow core fiber compressor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:16759-16766. [PMID: 25090494 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.016759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a monolithic Yb-fiber chirped pulse amplifier that uses a dispersion matched fiber stretcher and a spliced-on hollow core photonic bandgap fiber compressor. For an output energy of 77 nJ, 220 fs pulses with 92% of the energy contained in the main pulse, can be obtained with minimal nonlinearities in the system. 135 nJ pulses are obtained with 226 fs duration and 82 percent of the energy in the main pulse. Due to the good dispersion match of the stretcher to the hollow core photonic bandgap fiber compressor, the duration of the output pulses is within 10% of the Fourier limited duration.
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8
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Tu H, Boppart SA. Coherent fiber supercontinuum for biophotonics. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2013; 7:10.1002/lpor.201200014. [PMID: 24358056 PMCID: PMC3864867 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biophotonics and nonlinear fiber optics have traditionally been two independent fields. Since the discovery of fiber-based supercontinuum generation in 1999, biophotonics applications employing incoherent light have experienced a large impact from nonlinear fiber optics, primarily because of the access to a wide range of wavelengths and a uniform spatial profile afforded by fiber supercontinuum. However, biophotonics applications employing coherent light have not benefited from the most well-known techniques of supercontinuum generation for reasons such as poor coherence (or high noise), insufficient controllability, and inadequate portability. Fortunately, a few key techniques involving nonlinear fiber optics and femtosecond laser development have emerged to overcome these critical limitations. Despite their relative independence, these techniques are the focus of this review, because they can be integrated into a low-cost portable biophotonics source platform. This platform can be shared across many different areas of research in biophotonics, enabling new applications such as point-of-care coherent optical biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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9
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Zhu T, Xiao F, Xu L, Liu M, Deng M, Chiang KS. Pressure-assisted low-loss fusion splicing between photonic crystal fiber and single-mode fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:24465-24471. [PMID: 23187209 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.024465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate low-loss splicing between a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and a single-mode fiber (SMF) with a conventional electric-arc fusion splicer, where nitrogen gas (N2) with a proper pressure is pumped into the air holes of the PCF to control the air-hole collapse ratio so as to optimize the mode-field match at the joint. The method is applicable to both solid-core and hollow-core PCFs. With this method, we achieve a splice loss (measured at 1550 nm) of ~0.40 dB for a solid-core PCF and ~1.05 dB for a hollow-core PCF. The method could find wide applications in the fabrication of PCF-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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10
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Tu H, Liu Y, Lægsgaard J, Sharma U, Siegel M, Kopf D, Boppart SA. Scalar generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation-quantified continuum generation in an all-normal dispersion photonic crystal fiber for broadband coherent optical sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:27872-84. [PMID: 21197060 PMCID: PMC3213763 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.027872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We quantitatively predict the observed continuum-like spectral broadening in a 90-mm weakly birefringent all-normal dispersion-flattened photonic crystal fiber pumped by 1041-nm 229-fs 76-MHz pulses from a solid-state Yb:KYW laser. The well-characterized continuum pulses span a bandwidth of up to 300 nm around the laser wavelength, allowing high spectral power density pulse shaping useful for various coherent control applications. We also identify the nonlinear polarization effect that limits the bandwidth of these continuum pulses, and therefore report the path toward a series of attractive alternative broadband coherent optical sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Liu X, Laegsgaard J, Turchinovich D. Highly-stable monolithic femtosecond Yb-fiber laser system based on photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:15475-83. [PMID: 20720927 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.015475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A self-starting, passively stabilized, monolithic all-polarization- maintaining femtosecond Yb-fiber master oscillator / power amplifier with very high operational and environmental stability is demonstrated. The system is based on the use of two different photonic crystal fibers. One is used in the oscillator cavity for dispersion balancing and nonlinear optical limiting, and another one is used for low-nonlinearity final pulse recompression. The chirped-pulse amplification and recompression of the 232-fs, 45-pJ/pulse oscillator output yields a final direct fiber-end delivery of 7.3-nJ energy pulses of around 297 fs duration. Our laser shows exceptional stability. No Q-switched modelocking events were detected during 4-days long observation. An average fluctuation of only 7.85 x 10(-4) over the mean output power was determined as a result of more than 6-hours long measurement. The laser is stable towards mechanical disturbances, and maintains stable modelocking in the temperature range of at least 10 - 40 (0)C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- DTU Fotonik - Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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Nielsen K, Rasmussen HK, Adam AJL, Planken PC, Bang O, Jepsen PU. Bendable, low-loss Topas fibers for the terahertz frequency range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:8592-8601. [PMID: 19434192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.008592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new class of polymer photonic crystal fibers for low-loss guidance of THz radiation. The use of the cyclic olefin copolymer Topas, in combination with advanced fabrication technology, results in bendable THz fibers with unprecedented low loss and low material dispersion in the THz regime.We demonstrate experimentally how the dispersion may be engineered by fabricating both high- and low-dispersion fibers with zero-dispersion frequency in the regime 0.5-0.6 THz. Near-field, frequency-resolved characterization with high spatial resolution of the amplitude and phase of the modal structure proves that the fiber is single-moded over a wide frequency range, and we see the onset of higher-order modes at high frequencies as well as indication of microporous guiding at low frequencies and high porosity of the fiber. Transmission spectroscopy demonstrates low-loss propagation (< 0.1 dB/cm loss at 0.6 THz) over a wide frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Nielsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Fotonik-Department of Photonics Engineering, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Turchinovich D, Liu X, Laegsgaard J. Monolithic all-PM femtosecond Yb-fiber laser stabilized with a narrow-band fiber Bragg grating and pulse-compressed in a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:14004-14. [PMID: 18773011 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.014004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on an environmentally stable self-starting monolithic (i.e. without any free-space coupling) all-polarization-maintaining (PM) femtosecond Yb-fiber laser, stabilized against Q-switching by a narrow-band fiber Bragg grating and modelocked using a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror. The laser output is compressed in a spliced-on hollow-core PM photonic crystal fiber, thus providing direct end-of-the-fiber delivery of pulses of around 370 fs duration and 4 nJ energy with high mode quality. Tuning the pump power of the end amplifier of the laser allows for the control of output pulse bandwidth and duration. Our experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Turchinovich
- Department of Photonics Engineering, DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
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