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Yao R, DiSpirito A, Jang H, McGarraugh CT, Nguyen VT, Shi L, Yao J. Virtual-point-based deconvolution for optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2024; 17:e202400078. [PMID: 38934081 PMCID: PMC11330737 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202400078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has been increasingly utilized for in vivo imaging of biological tissues, offering structural, functional, and molecular information. In OR-PAM, it is often necessary to make a trade-off between imaging depth, lateral resolution, field of view, and imaging speed. To improve the lateral resolution without sacrificing other performance metrics, we developed a virtual-point-based deconvolution algorithm for OR-PAM (VP-PAM). VP-PAM has achieved a resolution improvement ranging from 43% to 62.5% on a single-line target. In addition, it has outperformed Richardson-Lucy deconvolution with 15 iterations in both structural similarity index and peak signal-to-noise ratio on an OR-PAM image of mouse brain vasculature. When applied to an in vivo glass frog image obtained by a deep-penetrating OR-PAM system with compromised lateral resolution, VP-PAM yielded enhanced resolution and contrast with better-resolved microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony DiSpirito
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hongje Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Van Tu Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Cho S, Kim M, Ahn J, Kim Y, Lim J, Park J, Kim HH, Kim WJ, Kim C. An ultrasensitive and broadband transparent ultrasound transducer for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging in-vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1444. [PMID: 38365897 PMCID: PMC10873420 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Transparent ultrasound transducers (TUTs) can seamlessly integrate optical and ultrasound components, but acoustic impedance mismatch prohibits existing TUTs from being practical substitutes for conventional opaque ultrasound transducers. Here, we propose a transparent adhesive based on a silicon dioxide-epoxy composite to fabricate matching and backing layers with acoustic impedances of 7.5 and 4-6 MRayl, respectively. By employing these layers, we develop an ultrasensitive, broadband TUT with 63% bandwidth at a single resonance frequency and high optical transparency ( > 80%), comparable to conventional opaque ultrasound transducers. Our TUT maximises both acoustic power and transfer efficiency with maximal spectrum flatness while minimising ringdowns. This enables high contrast and high-definition dual-modal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging in live animals and humans. Both modalities reach an imaging depth of > 15 mm, with depth-to-resolution ratios exceeding 500 and 370, respectively. This development sets a new standard for TUTs, advancing the possibilities of sensor fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Cho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joongho Ahn
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonggeun Kim
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junha Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Park
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ham Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulhong Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Device Innovation Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Yu TF, Wang K, Yin L, Li WZ, Li CP, Zhang W, Tian J, He W. A molecular probe carrying anti-tropomyosin 4 for early diagnosis of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1321-1324. [PMID: 36453418 PMCID: PMC9838144 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.357907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo imaging of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury remains an important challenge. We injected porous Ag/Au@SiO2 bimetallic hollow nanoshells carrying anti-tropomyosin 4 as a molecular probe into mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and observed microvascular changes in the brain using photoacoustic imaging with ultrasonography. At each measured time point, the total photoacoustic signal was significantly higher on the affected side than on the healthy side. Twelve hours after reperfusion, cerebral perfusion on the affected side increased, cerebrovascular injury worsened, and anti-tropomyosin 4 expression increased. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion and later, perfusion on the affected side declined slowly and stabilized after 1 week; brain injury was also alleviated. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the brain injury tissue changes. The nanoshell molecular probe carrying anti-tropomyosin 4 has potential for use in early diagnosis of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and evaluating its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Yu
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Ping Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China,Correspondence to: Wen He, ; Jie Tian, .
| | - Wen He
- Department of Ultrasound, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Correspondence to: Wen He, ; Jie Tian, .
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4
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Mirg S, Turner KL, Chen H, Drew PJ, Kothapalli SR. Photoacoustic imaging for microcirculation. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12776. [PMID: 35793421 PMCID: PMC9870710 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcirculation facilitates the blood-tissue exchange of nutrients and regulates blood perfusion. It is, therefore, essential in maintaining tissue health. Aberrations in microcirculation are potentially indicative of underlying cardiovascular and metabolic pathologies. Thus, quantitative information about it is of great clinical relevance. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a capable technique that relies on the generation of imaging contrast via the absorption of light and can image at micron-scale resolution. PAI is especially desirable to map microvasculature as hemoglobin strongly absorbs light and can generate a photoacoustic signal. This paper reviews the current state of the art for imaging microvascular networks using photoacoustic imaging. We further describe how quantitative information about blood dynamics such as the total hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, and blood flow rate is obtained using PAI. We also discuss its importance in understanding key pathophysiological processes in neurovascular, cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and cancer research fields. We then discuss the current challenges and limitations of PAI and the approaches that can help overcome these limitations. Finally, we provide the reader with an overview of future trends in the field of PAI for imaging microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Mirg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin L. Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA,Graduate Program in Acoustics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Corresponding author: Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli, 325 CBE Building, State College, PA, 16802, USA,
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Li D, Humayun L, Vienneau E, Vu T, Yao J. Seeing through the Skin: Photoacoustic Tomography of Skin Vasculature and Beyond. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100039. [PMID: 34909735 PMCID: PMC8659408 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases are the most common human diseases and manifest in distinct structural and functional changes to skin tissue components such as basal cells, vasculature, and pigmentation. Although biopsy is the standard practice for skin disease diagnosis, it is not sufficient to provide in vivo status of the skin and highly depends on the timing of diagnosis. Noninvasive imaging technologies that can provide structural and functional tissue information in real time would be invaluable for skin disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation. Among the modern medical imaging technologies, photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) shows great promise as an emerging optical imaging modality with high spatial resolution, high imaging speed, deep penetration depth, rich contrast, and inherent sensitivity to functional and molecular information. Over the last decade, PAT has undergone an explosion in technical development and biomedical applications. Particularly, PAT has attracted increasing attention in skin disease diagnosis, providing structural, functional, metabolic, molecular, and histological information. In this concise review, we introduce the principles and imaging capability of various PA skin imaging technologies. We highlight the representative applications in the past decade with a focus on imaging skin vasculature and melanoma. We also envision the critical technical developments necessary to further accelerate the translation of PAT technologies to fundamental skin research and clinical impacts.
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Key Words
- ACD, allergy contact dermatitis
- AR-PAM, acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy
- CSC, cryogen spray cooling
- CSVV, cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis
- CTC, circulating tumor cell
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- NIR, near-infrared
- OR-PAM, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy
- PA, photoacoustic
- PACT, photoacoustic computed tomography
- PAM, photoacoustic microscopy
- PAT, photoacoustic tomography
- PWS, port-wine stain
- RSOM, raster-scan optoacoustic mesoscopy
- THb, total hemoglobin concentration
- sO2, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiwei Li
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lucas Humayun
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emelina Vienneau
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Mokrousov MD, Thompson W, Ermilov SA, Abakumova T, Novoselova MV, Inozemtseva OA, Zatsepin TS, Zharov VP, Galanzha EI, Gorin DA. Indocyanine green dye based bimodal contrast agent tested by photoacoustic/fluorescence tomography setup. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3181-3195. [PMID: 34221653 PMCID: PMC8221961 DOI: 10.1364/boe.419461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal imaging systems are in high demand for preclinical research, experimental medicine, and clinical practice. Combinations of photoacoustic technology with other modalities including fluorescence, ultrasound, MRI, OCT have been already applied in feasibility studies. Nevertheless, only the combination of photoacoustics with ultrasound in a single setup is commercially available now. A combination of photoacoustics and fluorescence is another compelling approach because those two modalities naturally complement each other. Here, we presented a bimodal contrast agent based on the indocyanine green dye (ICG) as a single signalling compound embedded in the biocompatible and biodegradable polymer shell. We demonstrate its remarkable characteristics by imaging using a commercial photoacoustic/fluorescence tomography system (TriTom, PhotoSound Technologies). It was shown that photoacoustic signal of the particles depends on the amount of dye loaded into the shell, while fluorescence signal depends on the total amount of dye per particle. For the first time to our knowledge, a commercial bimodal photoacoustic/fluorescence setup was used for characterization of ICG doped polymer particles. Additionally, we conducted cell toxicity studies for these particles as well as studied biodistribution over time in vivo and ex vivo using fluorescent imaging. The obtained results suggest a potential for the application of biocompatible and biodegradable bimodal contrast agents as well as the integrated photoacoustic/fluorescence imaging system for preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim D. Mokrousov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Weylan Thompson
- PhotoSound Technologies, 9511 Town Park Dr, Houston, TX 77036, USA
| | | | - Tatiana Abakumova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | - Marina V. Novoselova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
| | | | - Timofei S. Zatsepin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
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Al Mukaddim R, Weichmann AM, Mitchell CC, Varghese T. Enhancement of in vivo cardiac photoacoustic signal specificity using spatiotemporal singular value decomposition. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210037RR. [PMID: 33876591 PMCID: PMC8054608 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) can be used to infer molecular information about myocardial health non-invasively in vivo using optical excitation at ultrasonic spatial resolution. For clinical and preclinical linear array imaging systems, conventional delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming is typically used. However, DAS cardiac PA images are prone to artifacts such as diffuse quasi-static clutter with temporally varying noise-reducing myocardial signal specificity. Typically, multiple frame averaging schemes are utilized to improve the quality of cardiac PAI, which affects the spatial and temporal resolution and reduces sensitivity to subtle PA signal variation. Furthermore, frame averaging might corrupt myocardial oxygen saturation quantification due to the presence of natural cardiac wall motion. In this paper, a spatiotemporal singular value decomposition (SVD) processing algorithm is proposed to reduce DAS PAI artifacts and subsequent enhancement of myocardial signal specificity. AIM Demonstrate enhancement of PA signals from myocardial tissue compared to surrounding tissues and blood inside the left-ventricular (LV) chamber using spatiotemporal SVD processing with electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiratory signal (ECG-R) gated in vivo murine cardiac PAI. APPROACH In vivo murine cardiac PAI was performed by collecting single wavelength (850 nm) photoacoustic channel data on eight healthy mice. A three-dimensional (3D) volume of complex PAI data over a cardiac cycle was reconstructed using a custom ECG-R gating algorithm and DAS beamforming. Spatiotemporal SVD was applied on a two-dimensional Casorati matrix generated using the 3D volume of PAI data. The singular value spectrum (SVS) was then filtered to remove contributions from diffuse quasi-static clutter and random noise. Finally, SVD processed beamformed images were derived using filtered SVS and inverse SVD computations. RESULTS Qualitative comparison with DAS and minimum variance (MV) beamforming shows that SVD processed images had better myocardial signal specificity, contrast, and target detectability. DAS, MV, and SVD images were quantitatively evaluated by calculating contrast ratio (CR), generalized contrast-to-noise ratio (gCNR), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Quantitative evaluations were done at three cardiac time points (during systole, at end-systole (ES), and during diastole) identified from co-registered ultrasound M-Mode image. Mean CR, gCNR, and SNR values of SVD images at ES were 245, 115.15, and 258.17 times higher than DAS images with statistical significance evaluated with one-way analysis of variance. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that significantly better-quality images can be realized using spatiotemporal SVD processing for in vivo murine cardiac PAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Al Mukaddim
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of ECE, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- Address all correspondence to Rashid Al Mukaddim,
| | - Ashley M. Weichmann
- Small Animal Imaging and Radiotherapy Facility, UW Carbone Cancer Center, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Carol C. Mitchell
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Tomy Varghese
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, Department of ECE, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
- University of Wisconsin–Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Physics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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Dangi A, Agrawal S, Datta GR, Srinivasan V, Kothapalli SR. Towards a Low-Cost and Portable Photoacoustic Microscope for Point-of-Care and Wearable Applications. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2020; 20:6881-6888. [PMID: 32601522 PMCID: PMC7323929 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2019.2935684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Several breakthrough applications in biomedical imaging have been reported in the recent years using advanced photoacoustic microscopy imaging systems. While two photon and other optical microscopy systems have recently emerged in portable and wearable form, there is much less work reported on the portable and wearable photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) systems. Working towards this goal, we report our studies on a low-cost and portable photoacoustic microscopy system that uses a custom fabricated 2.5 mm diameter ring ultrasound transducer integrated with a fiber-coupled laser diode. The ultrasound transducer is centered at 17.25 MHz, and shows ~ 45% and ~ 100% fractional bandwidths for ultrasound pulse-echo and photoacoustic A-line signals respectively. To achieve overall system portability, besides the imaging head, other backend imaging system components need to be readily portable as well. In this direction, we have studied the potential use of compact pre-amplifiers, scanning stages and microcontroller based data acquisition and reconstruction for photoacoustic imaging. The portable PAM system is validated by imaging phantoms embedded with light absorbing targets. Future directions that will likely help achieve a completely portable and wearable photoacoustic microscopy system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Dangi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Sumit Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Gaurav Ramesh Datta
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Visweshwar Srinivasan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA and Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Baik JW, Kim JY, Cho S, Choi S, Kim J, Kim C. Super Wide-Field Photoacoustic Microscopy of Animals and Humans In Vivo. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:975-984. [PMID: 31484110 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2938518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic-resolution photoacoustic micro-scopy (AR-PAM) is an emerging biomedical imaging modality that combines superior optical sensitivity and fine ultrasonic resolution in an optical quasi-diffusive regime (~1-3 mm in tissues). AR-PAM has been explored for anatomical, functional, and molecular information in biological tissues. Heretofore, AR-PAM systems have suffered from a limited field-of-view (FOV) and/or slow imaging speed, which have precluded them from routine preclinical and clinical applications. Here, we demonstrate an advanced AR-PAM system that overcomes both limitations of previous AR-PAM systems. The new AR-PAM system demonstrates a super wide-field scanning that utilized a 1-axis water-proofing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanner integrated with two linear stepper motor stages. We achieved an extended FOV of 36 ×80 mm2 by mosaicking multiple volumetric images of 36 ×2.5 mm2 with a total acquisition time of 224 seconds. For one volumetric data (i.e., 36 ×2.5 mm2), the B-scan imaging speed over the short axis (i.e., 2.5 mm) was 83 Hz in humans. The 3D volumetric image was also provided by using MEMS mirror scanning along the X-axis and stepper-motor scanning along the Y-axis. The super-wide FOV mosaic image was realized by registering and merging all individual volumetric images. Finally, we obtained multi-plane whole-body in-vivo PA images of small animals, illustrating distinct multi-layered structures including microvascular networks and internal organs. Importantly, we also visualized microvascular networks in human fingers, palm, and forearm successfully. This advanced MEMS-AR-PAM system could potentially enable hitherto not possible wide preclinical and clinical applications.
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Iskander-Rizk S, van der Steen AFW, van Soest G. Photoacoustic imaging for guidance of interventions in cardiovascular medicine. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:16TR01. [PMID: 31048573 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab1ede] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Imaging guidance is paramount to procedural success in minimally invasive interventions. Catheter-based therapies are the standard of care in the treatment of many cardiac disorders, including coronary artery disease, structural heart disease and electrophysiological conditions. Many of these diseases are caused by, or effect, a change in vasculature or cardiac tissue composition, which can potentially be detected by photoacoustic imaging. This review summarizes the state of the art in photoacoustic imaging approaches that have been proposed for intervention guidance in cardiovascular care. All of these techniques are currently in the preclinical phase. We will conclude with an outlook towards clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophinese Iskander-Rizk
- Department of Cardiology, Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Abstract
Fuelled by innovation, optical microscopy plays a critical role in the life sciences and medicine, from basic discovery to clinical diagnostics. However, optical microscopy is limited by typical penetration depths of a few hundred micrometres for in vivo interrogations in the visible spectrum. Optoacoustic microscopy complements optical microscopy by imaging the absorption of light, but it is similarly limited by penetration depth. In this Review, we summarize progress in the development and applicability of optoacoustic mesoscopy (OPAM); that is, optoacoustic imaging with acoustic resolution and wide-bandwidth ultrasound detection. OPAM extends the capabilities of optical imaging beyond the depths accessible to optical and optoacoustic microscopy, and thus enables new applications. We explain the operational principles of OPAM, its placement as a bridge between optoacoustic microscopy and optoacoustic macroscopy, and its performance in the label-free visualization of tissue pathophysiology, such as inflammation, oxygenation, vascularization and angiogenesis. We also review emerging applications of OPAM in clinical and biological imaging.
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12
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Mukaddim RA, Rodgers A, Hacker TA, Heinmiller A, Varghese T. Real-Time in Vivo Photoacoustic Imaging in the Assessment of Myocardial Dynamics in Murine Model of Myocardial Ischemia. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2155-2164. [PMID: 30064849 PMCID: PMC6135705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an evolving real-time imaging modality that combines the higher contrast of optical imaging with the higher spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. We utilized dual-wavelength PAI for the diagnosis and monitoring of myocardial ischemia by assessing variations in blood oxygen saturation estimated in a murine model. The use of high-frequency ultrasound in conjunction with PAI enabled imaging of anatomic and functional changes associated with ischemia. Myocardial ischemia was established in eight mice by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD). Longitudinal results reveal that PAI is sensitive to acute myocardial ischemia, with a rapid decline in blood oxygen saturation (p ˂ 0.001) observed after LAD ligation (30 min: 33.05 ± 6.80%, 80 min: 36.59 ± 5.22%, 120 min: 36.70 ± 9.46%, 24 h: 40.55 ± 13.04%) compared with baseline (87.83 ± 5.73%). Variation in blood oxygen saturation was found to be linearly correlated with ejection fraction (%), fractional shortening (%) and stroke volume (µL), with Pearson's correlation coefficient values of 0.66, 0.67 and 0.77, respectively (p ˂ 0.001). Our results indicate that PAI has the potential for real-time diagnosis and monitoring of acute myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Al Mukaddim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Allison Rodgers
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Tomy Varghese
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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13
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Li M, Tang Y, Yao J. Photoacoustic tomography of blood oxygenation: A mini review. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2018; 10:65-73. [PMID: 29988848 PMCID: PMC6033062 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a hybrid imaging modality that combines rich contrast of optical excitation and deep penetration of ultrasound detection. With its unique optical absorption contrast mechanism, PAT is inherently sensitive to the functional and molecular information of biological tissues, and thus has been widely used in preclinical and clinical studies. Among many functional capabilities of PAT, measuring blood oxygenation is arguably one of the most important applications, and has been widely performed in photoacoustic studies of brain functions, tumor hypoxia, wound healing, and cancer therapy. Yet, the complex optical conditions of biological tissues, especially the strong wavelength-dependent optical attenuation, have long hurdled the PAT measurement of blood oxygenation at depths beyond a few millimeters. A variety of PAT methods have been developed to improve the accuracy of blood oxygenation measurement, using novel laser illumination schemes, oxygen-sensitive fluorescent dyes, comprehensive mathematic models, or prior information provided by complementary imaging modalities. These novel methods have made exciting progress, while several challenges remain. This concise review aims to introduce the recent developments in photoacoustic blood oxygenation measurement, compare each method's advantages and limitations, highlight their representative applications, and discuss the remaining challenges for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junjie Yao
- Photoacoustic Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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14
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Zafar H, Leahy M, Wijns W, Kolios M, Zafar J, Johnson N, Sharif F. Photoacoustic cardiovascular imaging: a new technique for imaging of atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaque detection. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aab640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Zheng PP, Li J, Kros JM. Breakthroughs in modern cancer therapy and elusive cardiotoxicity: Critical research-practice gaps, challenges, and insights. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:325-376. [PMID: 28862319 PMCID: PMC5763363 DOI: 10.1002/med.21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, five cancer treatment modalities have been defined. The three traditional modalities of cancer treatment are surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy, and the two modern modalities include molecularly targeted therapy (the fourth modality) and immunotherapy (the fifth modality). The cardiotoxicity associated with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is well known. Similar adverse cardiac events are resurging with the fourth modality. Aside from the conventional and newer targeted agents, even the most newly developed, immune‐based therapeutic modalities of anticancer treatment (the fifth modality), e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy, have unfortunately led to potentially lethal cardiotoxicity in patients. Cardiac complications represent unresolved and potentially life‐threatening conditions in cancer survivors, while effective clinical management remains quite challenging. As a consequence, morbidity and mortality related to cardiac complications now threaten to offset some favorable benefits of modern cancer treatments in cancer‐related survival, regardless of the oncologic prognosis. This review focuses on identifying critical research‐practice gaps, addressing real‐world challenges and pinpointing real‐time insights in general terms under the context of clinical cardiotoxicity induced by the fourth and fifth modalities of cancer treatment. The information ranges from basic science to clinical management in the field of cardio‐oncology and crosses the interface between oncology and onco‐pharmacology. The complexity of the ongoing clinical problem is addressed at different levels. A better understanding of these research‐practice gaps may advance research initiatives on the development of mechanism‐based diagnoses and treatments for the effective clinical management of cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Pin Zheng
- Cardio-Oncology Research Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Zhou Y, Yao J, Wang LV. Tutorial on photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:61007. [PMID: 27086868 PMCID: PMC4834026 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.6.061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has become one of the fastest growing fields in biomedical optics. Unlike pure optical imaging, such as confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy, PAT employs acoustic detection to image optical absorption contrast with high-resolution deep into scattering tissue. So far, PAT has been widely used for multiscale anatomical, functional, and molecular imaging of biological tissues. We focus on PAT’s basic principles, major implementations, imaging contrasts, and recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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17
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Sivasubramanian K, Pramanik M. High frame rate photoacoustic imaging at 7000 frames per second using clinical ultrasound system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:312-23. [PMID: 26977342 PMCID: PMC4771451 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic tomography, a hybrid imaging modality combining optical and ultrasound imaging, is gaining attention in the field of medical imaging. Typically, a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is used to excite the tissue and generate photoacoustic signals. But, such photoacoustic imaging systems are difficult to translate into clinical applications owing to their high cost, bulky size often requiring an optical table to house such lasers. Moreover, the low pulse repetition rate of few tens of hertz prevents them from being used in high frame rate photoacoustic imaging. In this work, we have demonstrated up to 7000 Hz photoacoustic imaging (B-mode) and measured the flow rate of a fast moving object. We used a ~140 nanosecond pulsed laser diode as an excitation source and a clinical ultrasound imaging system to capture and display the photoacoustic images. The excitation laser is ~803 nm in wavelength with ~1.4 mJ energy per pulse. So far, the reported 2-dimensional photoacoustic B-scan imaging is only a few tens of frames per second using a clinical ultrasound system. Therefore, this is the first report on 2-dimensional photoacoustic B-scan imaging with 7000 frames per second. We have demonstrated phantom imaging to view and measure the flow rate of ink solution inside a tube. This fast photoacoustic imaging can be useful for various clinical applications including cardiac related problems, where the blood flow rate is quite high, or other dynamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459 Singapore
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18
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Li H, Zhang P, Smaga LP, Hoffman RA, Chan J. Photoacoustic Probes for Ratiometric Imaging of Copper(II). J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15628-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Roger Adams
Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Pamela Zhang
- Roger Adams
Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lukas P. Smaga
- Roger Adams
Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ryan A. Hoffman
- Roger Adams
Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Roger Adams
Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Abstract
AbstractSince its first demonstration of functional imaging in small animals about a decade ago, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) has quickly become one of the fastest growing biomedical imaging modalities. Combining optical excitation with acoustic detection, PAT can provide detailed images of tissues deep in the body. While PAT technology continues to improve significantly, substantial efforts have also been made to develop multimodal PAT systems. These systems not only provide complementary information for more comprehensive characterization of tissue, they also generate data that can be used to further improve PAT reconstruction. This review will present current progress in multimodal PAT imaging, focusing on the technical aspects of integration and its applications in biomedicine.
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20
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Liu W, Schultz KM, Zhang K, Sasman A, Gao F, Kume T, Zhang HF. In vivo corneal neovascularization imaging by optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:81-86. [PMID: 25013754 PMCID: PMC4083229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization leads to blurred vision, thus in vivo visualization is essential for pathological studies in animal models. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging can delineate microvasculature and hemodynamics noninvasively, which is suitable for investigating corneal neovascularization. In this study, we demonstrate in vivo imaging of corneal neovascularization in the mouse eye by optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM), where corneal neovascularization is induced by deliberate alkali burn injuries in C57BL6/J inbred mice corneas on the left eye. We used OR-PAM to image five mice with corneal alkali burn injuries; the uninjured eyes (right eye) in these mice are then used as the controls. Corneal images acquired by OR-PAM with and without alkali burn injury are compared, clear signs of corneal neovascularization are present in the OR-PAM images of injured eyes; the OR-PAM results are also confirmed by postmortem fluorescence-labeled confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Schultz
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Amy Sasman
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Fengli Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Corresponding author at: Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Tel.: +13126954965.
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA. Tel.: +18474912946.
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21
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Yao J, Wang LV. Sensitivity of photoacoustic microscopy. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:87-101. [PMID: 25302158 PMCID: PMC4182819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005. Integrating optical excitation and acoustic detection, PAM has broken through both the optical diffusion and optical diffraction limits. PAM has 100% relative sensitivity to optical absorption (i.e., a given percentage change in the optical absorption coefficient yields the same percentage change in the photoacoustic amplitude), and its ultimate detection sensitivity is limited only by thermal noise. Focusing on the engineering aspects of PAM, this Review discusses the detection sensitivity of PAM, compares the detection efficiency of different PAM designs, and summarizes the imaging performance of various endogenous and exogenous contrast agents. It then describes representative PAM applications with high detection sensitivity, and outlines paths to further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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22
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Vionnet L, Gateau J, Schwarz M, Buehler A, Ermolayev V, Ntziachristos V. 24-MHz scanner for optoacoustic imaging of skin and burn. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:535-45. [PMID: 24216682 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2013.2289930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging uniquely visualizes optical contrast in high resolution and comes with very attractive characteristics for clinical imaging applications. In this paper, we showcase the performance of a scanner based on a 24 MHz center-frequency 128 element array, developed for applications in dermatology. We perform system characterization to examine the imaging performance achieved. We then showcase its imaging ability on healthy tissue and cancer. Finally, we image burns and human lesions in vivo and gain insights on the benefits and challenges of this approach as it is considered for diagnostic and treatment follow-up applications in dermatology and beyond.
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23
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Yao J, Wang LV. Photoacoustic Microscopy. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2013; 7:10.1002/lpor.201200060. [PMID: 24416085 PMCID: PMC3887369 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a hybrid in vivo imaging technique that acoustically detects optical contrast via the photoacoustic effect. Unlike pure optical microscopic techniques, PAM takes advantage of the weak acoustic scattering in tissue and thus breaks through the optical diffusion limit (~1 mm in soft tissue). With its excellent scalability, PAM can provide high-resolution images at desired maximum imaging depths up to a few millimeters. Compared with backscattering-based confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography, PAM provides absorption contrast instead of scattering contrast. Furthermore, PAM can image more molecules, endogenous or exogenous, at their absorbing wavelengths than fluorescence-based methods, such as wide-field, confocal, and multi-photon microscopy. Most importantly, PAM can simultaneously image anatomical, functional, molecular, flow dynamic and metabolic contrasts in vivo. Focusing on state-of-the-art developments in PAM, this Review discusses the key features of PAM implementations and their applications in biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Yao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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24
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Ma R, Söntges S, Shoham S, Ntziachristos V, Razansky D. Fast scanning coaxial optoacoustic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:1724-31. [PMID: 22808441 PMCID: PMC3395494 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.001724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid nature of optoacoustic imaging might impose limitations on concurrent placement of optical and ultrasonic detection components, especially in high resolution microscopic applications that require dense arrangements and miniaturization of components. This hinders optimal deployment of the optical excitation and ultrasonic detection paths, leading to reduction of imaging speed and spatial resolution performance. We suggest a compact coaxial design for optoacoustic microscopy that allows optimizing both the light illumination and ultrasonic detection parameters of the imaging system. System performance is showcased in phantoms and in vivo imaging of microvasculature, achieving real time operation in two dimensions and penetration of 6 mm into optically dense human tissues.
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25
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Taruttis A, Claussen J, Razansky D, Ntziachristos V. Motion clustering for deblurring multispectral optoacoustic tomography images of the mouse heart. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:016009. [PMID: 22352659 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.1.016009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac imaging in small animals is a valuable tool in basic biological research and drug discovery for cardiovascular disease. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) represents an emerging imaging modality capable of visualizing specific tissue chromophores at high resolution and deep in tissues in vivo by separating their spectral signatures. Whereas single-wavelength images can be acquired by multielement ultrasound detection in real-time imaging, using multiple wavelengths at separate times can lead to image blurring due to motion during acquisition. Therefore, MSOT imaging of the heart results in degraded resolution because of the heartbeat. In this work, we applied a clustering algorithm, k-means, to automatically separate a sequence of single-pulse images at multiple excitation wavelengths into clusters corresponding to different stages of the cardiac cycle. We then performed spectral unmixing on each cluster to obtain images of tissue intrinsic chromophores at different cardiac stages, showing reduced sensitivity to motion compared to signal averaging without clustering. We found that myocardium images of improved resolution and contrast can be achieved using MSOT motion clustering correction. The correction method presented could be generally applied to other MSOT imaging applications prone to motion artifacts, for example, by respiration and heartbeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Taruttis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universtität München, Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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26
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Telenkov S, Alwi R, Mandelis A, Worthington A. Frequency-domain photoacoustic phased array probe for biomedical imaging applications. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:4560-2. [PMID: 22139242 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.004560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a frequency-domain biomedical photoacoustic imaging system that utilizes a continuous-wave laser source with a custom intensity modulation pattern, ultrasonic phased array for signal detection, and processing coupled with a beam-forming algorithm for reconstruction of photoacoustic correlation images. Sensitivity to optical contrast was demonstrated using tissue-mimicking phantoms and in-vivo tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Telenkov
- Center for Advanced Diffusion Wave Technologies, MIE, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada.
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27
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Abstract
Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) has recently been developed to enable visualization of optical contrast and tissue biomarkers, with resolution and speed representative of ultrasound. In the implementation described here, MSOT enables operation in real-time mode by capturing single cross-sectional images in <1 ms from living small animals (e.g., mice) and other tissues of similar dimensions. At the core of the method is illumination of the object using multiple wavelengths in order to resolve spectrally distinct biomarkers over background tissue chromophores. The system allows horizontal placement of a mouse in the imaging chamber and three-dimensional scanning of the entire body without the need to immerse the mouse in water. Here we provide a detailed description of the MSOT scanner components, system calibration, selection of image reconstruction algorithms and animal handling. Overall, the entire protocol can be completed within 15-30 min for acquisition of a whole-body multispectral data set from a living mouse.
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28
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Taruttis A, Herzog E, Razansky D, Ntziachristos V. Real-time imaging of cardiovascular dynamics and circulating gold nanorods with multispectral optoacoustic tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:19592-602. [PMID: 20940855 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.019592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic visualization of functional and molecular features of cardiovascular disease is emerging as an important tool in basic research and clinical translation of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. We showcase the application of Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) techniques to noninvasively image different aspects of the mouse cardiovascular system macroscopically in real-time and in vivo, an unprecedented ability compared to optical or optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging approaches documented so far. In particular, we demonstrate imaging of the carotid arteries, the aorta and the cardiac wall. We further demonstrate the ability to dynamically visualize circulating gold nanorods that can be used to enhance contrast and be extended to molecular imaging applications. We discuss the potential of this imaging ability in cardiovascular disease (CVD) research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Taruttis
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
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29
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Ntziachristos V, Razansky D. Molecular imaging by means of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT). Chem Rev 2010; 110:2783-94. [PMID: 20387910 DOI: 10.1021/cr9002566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
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30
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Kim C, Favazza C, Wang LV. In vivo photoacoustic tomography of chemicals: high-resolution functional and molecular optical imaging at new depths. Chem Rev 2010; 110:2756-82. [PMID: 20210338 PMCID: PMC2872199 DOI: 10.1021/cr900266s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chulhong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899
| | - Christopher Favazza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899
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31
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Fronheiser MP, Ermilov SA, Brecht HP, Conjusteau A, Su R, Mehta K, Oraevsky AA. Real-time optoacoustic monitoring and three-dimensional mapping of a human arm vasculature. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:021305. [PMID: 20459227 PMCID: PMC2859082 DOI: 10.1117/1.3370336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We present our findings from a real-time laser optoacoustic imaging system (LOIS). The system utilizes a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser; a standard 128-channel ultrasonic linear array probe; custom electronics and custom software to collect, process, and display optoacoustic (OA) images at 10 Hz. We propose that this system be used during preoperative mapping of forearm vessels for hemodialysis treatment. To demonstrate the real-time imaging capabilities of the system, we show OA images of forearm vessels in a volunteer and compare our results to ultrasound images of the same region. Our OA images show blood vessels in high contrast. Manipulations with the probe enable us to locate and track arteries and veins of a forearm in real time. We also demonstrate the ability to combine a series of OA image slices into a volume for spatial representation of the vascular network. Finally, we use frame-by-frame analysis of the recorded OA video to measure dynamic changes of the crossection of the ulnar artery.
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32
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Song L, Maslov K, Shung KK, Wang LV. Ultrasound-array-based real-time photoacoustic microscopy of human pulsatile dynamics in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:021303. [PMID: 20459225 PMCID: PMC2850586 DOI: 10.1117/1.3333545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With a refined ultrasound-array-based real-time photoacoustic microscopy (UA-PAM) system, we demonstrate the feasibility of noninvasive in vivo imaging of human pulsatile dynamics. The system, capable of real-time B-scan imaging at 50 Hz and high-speed 3-D imaging, is validated by imaging the subcutaneous microvasculature in rats and humans. After the validation, a human artery around the palm-wrist area is imaged, and its pulsatile dynamics, including the arterial pulsatile motion and changes in hemoglobin concentration, is monitored with 20-ms B-scan imaging temporal resolution. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of real-time photoacoustic imaging of human physiological dynamics. Our results show that UA-PAM can potentially enable many new possibilities for studying functional and physiological dynamics in both preclinical and clinical imaging settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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33
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Tao C, Liu X. Reconstruction of high quality photoacoustic tomography with a limited-view scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:2760-2766. [PMID: 20174105 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.002760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work is to resolve the limited-view problem of photoacoustic tomography (PAT). We report a two-loop iteration method to inverse the photoacoustic sources from the measured photoacoustic signals. PAT reconstruction with this method does not depend on the detection path. Therefore, the proposed method can provide recognizable image even when the detector only scans a small angle (about 20 degrees approximately 30 degrees). The comparison with the delay-and-sum method shows the advantage of the proposed method in reconstructing image from incomplete data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tao
- Key Lab of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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Hu S, Wang LV. Photoacoustic imaging and characterization of the microvasculature. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:011101. [PMID: 20210427 PMCID: PMC2821418 DOI: 10.1117/1.3281673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (optoacoustic) tomography, combining optical absorption contrast and highly scalable spatial resolution (from micrometer optical resolution to millimeter acoustic resolution), has broken through the fundamental penetration limit of optical ballistic imaging modalities-including confocal microscopy, two-photon microscopy, and optical coherence tomography-and has achieved high spatial resolution at depths down to the diffusive regime. Optical absorption contrast is highly desirable for microvascular imaging and characterization because of the presence of endogenous strongly light-absorbing hemoglobin. We focus on the current state of microvascular imaging and characterization based on photoacoustics. We first review the three major embodiments of photoacoustic tomography: microscopy, computed tomography, and endoscopy. We then discuss the methods used to characterize important functional parameters, such as total hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, and blood flow. Next, we highlight a few representative applications in microvascular-related physiological and pathophysiological research, including hemodynamic monitoring, chronic imaging, tumor-vascular interaction, and neurovascular coupling. Finally, several potential technical advances toward clinical applications are suggested, and a few technical challenges in contrast enhancement and fluence compensation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
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Ma R, Taruttis A, Ntziachristos V, Razansky D. Multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) scanner for whole-body small animal imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:21414-26. [PMID: 19997381 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.021414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A major difficulty arising from whole-body optoacoustic imaging is the long acquisition times associated with recording signals from multiple spatial projections. The acquired signals are also generally weak and the signal-to-noise-ratio is low, problems often solved by signal averaging, which complicates acquisition and increases acquisition times to an extent that makes many in vivo applications challenging or even impossible. Herein we present a fast acquisition multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) scanner for whole-body visualization of molecular markers in small animals. Multi-wavelength illumination offers the possibility to resolve exogenously administered fluorescent probes, biomarkers, and other intrinsic and exogenous chromophores. The system performance is determined in phantom experiments involving molecular probes and validated by imaging of small animals of various scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Technical University of Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
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Abstract
Photoacoustics has been broadly studied in biomedicine, for both human and small animal tissues. Photoacoustics uniquely combines the absorption contrast of light or radio frequency waves with ultrasound resolution. Moreover, it is non-ionizing and non-invasive, and is the fastest growing new biomedical method, with clinical applications on the way. This review provides a brief recap of recent developments in photoacoustics in biomedicine, from basic principles to applications. The emphasized areas include the new imaging modalities, hybrid detection methods, photoacoustic contrast agents and the photoacoustic Doppler effect, as well as translational research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Li
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Song L, Kim C, Maslov K, Shung KK, Wang LV. High-speed dynamic 3D photoacoustic imaging of sentinel lymph node in a murine model using an ultrasound array. Med Phys 2009; 36:3724-9. [PMID: 19746805 DOI: 10.1118/1.3168598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive photoacoustic sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping with high spatial resolution has the potential to improve the false negative rate and eliminate the use of radioactive tracers in SLN identification. In addition, the demonstrated high spatial resolution may enable physicians to replace SLN biopsy with fine needle aspiration biopsy, and thus reduce the risk of associated morbidity. The primary goal of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of high-speed 3D photoacoustic imaging of the uptake and clearance dynamics of Evans blue dye in SLNs. The photoacoustic imaging system was developed with a 30 MHz ultrasound array and a kHz repetition rate laser system. It acquires one 3D photoacoustic image of 166 B-scan frames in 1 s, with axial, lateral, and elevational resolutions of 25, 70, and 200 microm, respectively. With optic-fiber based light delivery, the entire system is compact and is convenient to use. Upon injection of Evans blue, a blue dye currently used in clinical SLN biopsy, SLNs in mice and rats were accurately and noninvasively mapped in vivo using our imaging system. In our experiments, the SLNs were found to be located at approximately 0.65 mm below the skin surface in mice and approximately 1.2 mm in rats. In some cases, lymph vessels and lymphatic valves were also imaged. The dye dynamics--accumulation and clearance--in SLNs were quantitatively monitored by sequential 3D imaging with temporal resolution of as high as approximately 6 s. The demonstrated capability suggests that high-speed 3D photoacoustic imaging should facilitate the understanding of the dynamics of various dyes in SLNs and potentially help identify SLNs with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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