1
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Wu C, Ku C, Yu M, Yang J, Wu P, Huang C, Lu T, Huang J, Ishii S, Chen K. Near-Field Photodetection in Direction Tunable Surface Plasmon Polaritons Waveguides Embedded with Graphene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302707. [PMID: 37661570 PMCID: PMC10602515 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
2D materials have manifested themselves as key components toward compact integrated circuits. Because of their capability to circumvent the diffraction limit, light manipulation using surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is highly-valued. In this study, plasmonic photodetection using graphene as a 2D material is investigated. Non-scattering near-field detection of SPPs is implemented via monolayer graphene stacked under an SPP waveguide with a symmetric antenna. Energy conversion between radiation power and electrical signals is utilized for the photovoltaic and photoconductive processes of the gold-graphene interface and biased electrodes, measuring a maximum photoresponsivity of 29.2 mA W-1 . The generated photocurrent is altered under the polarization state of the input light, producing a 400% contrast between the maximum and minimum signals. This result is universally applicable to all on-chip optoelectronic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia‐Hung Wu
- College of PhotonicsNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University301 Gaofa 3rd RoadTainan71150Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Jen Ku
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical PhotonicsCollege of PhotonicsNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University301 Gaofa 3rd RoadTainan71150Taiwan
| | - Min‐Wen Yu
- College of PhotonicsNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University301 Gaofa 3rd RoadTainan71150Taiwan
| | - Jhen‐Hong Yang
- College of PhotonicsNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University301 Gaofa 3rd RoadTainan71150Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Yuan Wu
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Bin Huang
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300Taiwan
| | - Tien‐Chang Lu
- Department of PhotonicsCollege of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Jer‐Shing Huang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich‐Schiller‐Universität JenaHelmholtzweg 4D‐07743JenaGermany
- Research Center for Applied SciencesAcademia Sinica128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang DistrictTaipei11529Taiwan
- Department of ElectrophysicsNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityNo. 1001 Daxue Rd, East DistrictHsinchu30010Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)1‐1 NamikiTsukubaIbaraki305‐0044Japan
| | - Kuo‐Ping Chen
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical PhotonicsCollege of PhotonicsNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University301 Gaofa 3rd RoadTainan71150Taiwan
- Institute of Photonics TechnologiesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu300Taiwan
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2
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Xiong L, Li Y, Jung M, Forsythe C, Zhang S, McLeod AS, Dong Y, Liu S, Ruta FL, Li C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Fogler MM, Edgar JH, Shvets G, Dean CR, Basov DN. Programmable Bloch polaritons in graphene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe8087. [PMID: 33962941 PMCID: PMC8104864 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient control of photons is enabled by hybridizing light with matter. The resulting light-matter quasi-particles can be readily programmed by manipulating either their photonic or matter constituents. Here, we hybridized infrared photons with graphene Dirac electrons to form surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and uncovered a previously unexplored means to control SPPs in structures with periodically modulated carrier density. In these periodic structures, common SPPs with continuous dispersion are transformed into Bloch polaritons with attendant discrete bands separated by bandgaps. We explored directional Bloch polaritons and steered their propagation by dialing the proper gate voltage. Fourier analysis of the near-field images corroborates that this on-demand nano-optics functionality is rooted in the polaritonic band structure. Our programmable polaritonic platform paves the way for the much-sought benefits of on-the-chip photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yutao Li
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Carlos Forsythe
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Yinan Dong
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Song Liu
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Frank L Ruta
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Casey Li
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- The Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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3
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Reddy H, Wang K, Kudyshev Z, Zhu L, Yan S, Vezzoli A, Higgins SJ, Gavini V, Boltasseva A, Reddy P, Shalaev VM, Meyhofer E. Determining plasmonic hot-carrier energy
distributions via single-molecule transport
measurements. Science 2020; 369:423-426. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hot carriers in plasmonic nanostructures,
generated via plasmon decay, play key roles in
applications such as photocatalysis and in
photodetectors that circumvent bandgap
limitations. However, direct experimental
quantification of steady-state energy
distributions of hot carriers in nanostructures
has so far been lacking. We present transport
measurements from single-molecule junctions,
created by trapping suitably chosen single
molecules between an ultrathin gold film
supporting surface plasmon polaritons and a
scanning probe tip, that can provide
quantification of plasmonic hot-carrier
distributions. Our results show that Landau
damping is the dominant physical mechanism of
hot-carrier generation in nanoscale systems with
strong confinement. The technique developed in
this work will enable quantification of plasmonic
hot-carrier distributions in nanophotonic and
plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Reddy
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
USA
| | - Zhaxylyk Kudyshev
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907, USA
- Center for Science of Information,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
| | - Linxiao Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
USA
| | - Shen Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
USA
| | - Andrea Vezzoli
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Simon J. Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Vikram Gavini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
USA
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907, USA
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
USA
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
48109, USA
| | - Vladimir M. Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
47907, USA
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
USA
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4
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Huang T, Xu G, Pan J, Cheng Z, Shum PP, Brambilla G. Theoretical study of bicharacteristic waveguide for fundamental-mode phase-matched SHG from MIR to NIR. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:15236-15250. [PMID: 31163722 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.015236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a bicharacteristic waveguide (BW) is proposed for fundamental-mode phase-matched second harmonic generation (SHG) from mid-infrared (MIR) to near-infrared (NIR). The required phase matching condition (PMC) is satisfied between the fundamental plasmonic mode at 3100 nm and the photonic mode at 1550 nm. With 1 W pump power, the SHG conversion efficiency of 4.173% can be obtained in 90.3 μm length waveguide. Moreover, the SHG conversion can be enhanced by using a microring resonator (MRR). By optimizing the MRR, the SHG conversion efficiency is increased to 8.30%. The proposed waveguide can also provide a promising platform for upconversion detection. By using an on-chip cascaded configuration, a gas sensor with the capability of MIR absorption and NIR detection is proposed. It is found that the detection limit (DL) can reach 1.04 nmol/L with 100 mW pump power, which shows significant enhancement compared with direct MIR absorption and detection.
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5
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Ding F, Deshpande R, Bozhevolnyi SI. Bifunctional gap-plasmon metasurfaces for visible light: polarization-controlled unidirectional surface plasmon excitation and beam steering at normal incidence. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17178. [PMID: 30839542 PMCID: PMC6060058 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Integration of multiple diversified functionalities into a single, planar and ultra-compact device has become an emerging research area with fascinating possibilities for realization of very dense integration and miniaturization in photonics that requires addressing formidable challenges, particularly for operation in the visible range. Here we design, fabricate and experimentally demonstrate bifunctional gap-plasmon metasurfaces for visible light, allowing for simultaneous polarization-controlled unidirectional surface plasmon polariton (SPP) excitation and beam steering at normal incidence. The designed bifunctional metasurfaces, consisting of anisotropic gap-plasmon resonator arrays, produce two different linear phase gradients along the same direction for respective linear polarizations of incident light, resulting in distinctly different functionalities realized by the same metasurface. The proof-of-concept fabricated metasurfaces exhibit efficient (>25% on average) unidirectional (extinction ratio >20 dB) SPP excitation within the wavelength range of 600-650 nm when illuminated with normally incident light polarized in the direction of the phase gradient. At the same time, broadband (580-700 nm) beam steering (30.6°-37.9°) is realized when normally incident light is polarized perpendicularly to the phase gradient direction. The bifunctional metasurfaces developed in this study can enable advanced research and applications related to other distinct functionalities for photonics integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Rucha Deshpande
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Sergey I Bozhevolnyi
- SDU Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
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6
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Sain B, Kaner R, Prior Y. Phase-controlled propagation of surface plasmons. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17072. [PMID: 30167206 PMCID: PMC6061902 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Directional emission of electromagnetic radiation can be achieved using a properly shaped single antenna or a phased array of individual antennas. Control of the individual phases within an array enables scanning or other manipulations of the emission, and it is this property of phased arrays that makes them attractive in modern systems. Likewise, the propagation of surface plasmons at the interface between metal films and dielectric materials can be determined by shaping the individual surface nanostructures or via the phase control of individual elements in an array of such structures. Here, we demonstrate control of the propagation of surface plasmons within a linear array of nanostructures. The generic situation of plasmonic surface propagation that is different on both sides of a metal film provides a unique opportunity for such control: plasmons propagating on the slower side feed into the side with the faster propagation, creating a phased array of interfering antennas and thus controlling the directionality of the wake fields. We further show that by shaping the individual nanoantennas, we can generate an asymmetric propagation geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudeb Sain
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roy Kaner
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yehiam Prior
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Ma Z, Cai W, Wang L, Xiang Y, Ren M, Zhang X, Xu J. Unidirectional excitation of graphene plasmons in Au-graphene composite structures by a linearly polarized light beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:4680-4687. [PMID: 28380739 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.004680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Controllable manipulation of propagating surface plasmon polaritons is critical in plasmonics and important for nanophotonic applications. Here, we demonstrate theoretically that graphene plasmons (GPs) can be unidirectionally excited in an Au-graphene composite structure by a linearly polarized optical wave at the wavelength of 10.2 µm. The unidirectional ratio can reach as large as 900 with the incidence angle at 37.7° off normal, which is obtained by the angular spectrum of GPs. Moreover, the physical mechanism behind the unidirectional excitation is revealed to be the interference between anti-symmetric and symmetric amplitude distributions of GPs, which are induced by the gold rod antenna under the normal and grazing illuminations, respectively.
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8
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Gong Y, Joly AG, El-Khoury PZ, Hess WP. Polarization-Directed Surface Plasmon Polariton Launching. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:49-54. [PMID: 27936754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relative intensities of propagating surface plasmons (PSPs) simultaneously launched from opposing edges of a symmetric trench structure etched into a silver thin film may be controllably varied by tuning the linear polarization of the driving field. This is demonstrated through transient multiphoton photoemission electron microscopy measurements performed using a pair of spatially separated phase-locked femtosecond pulses. Our measurements are rationalized using finite-difference time domain simulations, which reveal that the coupling efficiency into the PSP modes is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the localized surface plasmon fields excited at the trench edges. Our combined experimental and computational results allude to the interplay between localized and propagating surface plasmon modes in the trench; strong coupling to the localized modes at the edges correlates to weak coupling to the PSP modes. Polarization-directed PSP launching measurements reveal an optimal PSP contrast ratio of 4.2 using a 500 nm wide trench.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gong
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alan G Joly
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Wayne P Hess
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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9
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Song XY, Zhang Z, Liao H, Li Z, Sun C, Chen J, Gong Q. Efficient unidirectional launching of surface plasmons by a cascade asymmetric-groove structure. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:6777-6782. [PMID: 26955752 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the unidirectional launching efficiency of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is crucial in plasmonics. Here, we demonstrate that this efficiency may be improved by cascading subwavelength unidirectional SPP launching units. A unidirectional SPP launching efficiency of at least 46% and an extinction ratio of 40 are experimentally demonstrated using a cascade asymmetric-groove structure. Meanwhile, the device is ultracompact, and has a lateral dimension of only 1.1 μm. The proposed structure also presents a broadband response and is easy to fabricate. This high-performance wavelength-scale unidirectional SPP launcher represents an important development in practical SPP sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yang Song
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huimin Liao
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Chengwei Sun
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. and State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Ansell D, Radko IP, Han Z, Rodriguez FJ, Bozhevolnyi SI, Grigorenko AN. Hybrid graphene plasmonic waveguide modulators. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8846. [PMID: 26554944 PMCID: PMC5227092 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique optical and electronic properties of graphene make possible the fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices. One of the most exciting graphene characteristics is the tunability by gating which allows one to realize active optical devices. While several types of graphene-based photonic modulators have already been demonstrated, the potential of combining the versatility of graphene with subwavelength field confinement of plasmonic waveguides remains largely unexplored. Here we report fabrication and study of hybrid graphene-plasmonic waveguide modulators. We consider several types of modulators and identify the most promising one for telecom applications. The modulator working at the telecom range is demonstrated, showing a modulation depth of >0.03 dB μm(-1) at low gating voltages for an active device area of just 10 μm(2), characteristics which are already comparable to those of silicon-based waveguide modulators while retaining the benefit of further device miniaturization. Our proof-of-concept results pave the way towards on-chip realization of efficient graphene-based active plasmonic waveguide devices for optical communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ansell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - I P Radko
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Z Han
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - F J Rodriguez
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S I Bozhevolnyi
- Centre for Nano Optics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - A N Grigorenko
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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11
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Sun C, Chen J, Yao W, Li H, Gong Q. Manipulating surface-plasmon-polariton launching with quasi-cylindrical waves. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11331. [PMID: 26061592 PMCID: PMC4462146 DOI: 10.1038/srep11331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Launching the free-space light to the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in a broad bandwidth is of importance for the future plasmonic circuits. Based on the interference of the pure SPP component, the bandwidths of the unidirectional SPP launching is difficult to be further broadened. By greatly manipulating the SPP intensities with the quasi-cylindrical waves (Quasi-CWs), an ultra-broadband unidirectional SPP launcher is experimentally realized in a submicron asymmetric slit. In the nano-groove of the asymmetric slit, the excited Quasi-CWs are not totally damped, and they can be scattered into the SPPs along the metal surface. This brings additional interference and thus greatly manipulates the SPP launching. Consequently, a broadband unidirectional SPP launcher is realized in the asymmetric slit. More importantly, it is found that this principle can be extended to the three-dimensional subwavelength plasmonic waveguide, in which the excited Quasi-CWs in the aperture could be effectively converted to the tightly guided SPP mode along the subwavelength plasmonic waveguide. In the large wavelength range from about 600 nm to 1300 nm, the SPP mode mainly propagates to one direction along the plasmonic waveguide, revealing an ultra-broad (about 700 nm) operation bandwidth of the unidirectional SPP launching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Sun
- 1] State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- 1] State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- 1] State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2] Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China
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12
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Chen J, Sun C, Li H, Gong Q. Ultra-broadband unidirectional launching of surface plasmon polaritons by a double-slit structure beyond the diffraction limit. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13487-13493. [PMID: 25204379 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02938k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) launchers, which can couple the free space light to the SPPs on the metal surface, are among the key elements for the plasmonic devices and nano-photonic systems. Downscaling the SPP launchers below the diffraction limit and directly delivering the SPPs to the desired subwavelength plasmonic waveguides are of importance for high-integration plasmonic circuits. By designing a submicron double-slit structure with different slit widths, an ultra-broadband (>330 nm) unidirectional SPP launcher is realized theoretically and experimentally based on the different phase delays of SPPs propagating along the metal surface and the near-field interfering effect. More importantly, the broadband and unidirectional properties of the SPP launcher are still maintained when the slit length is reduced to a subwavelength scale. This can make the launcher occupy only a very small area of <λ(2)/10 on the metal surface. Such a robust unidirectional SPP launcher beyond the diffraction limit can be directly coupled to a subwavelength plasmonic waveguide efficiently, leading to an ultra-tight SPP source, especially as a subwavelength localized guided SPP source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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13
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Merlo JM, Ye F, Burns MJ, Naughton MJ. Leakage radiation microscope for observation of non-transparent samples. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:22895-22904. [PMID: 25321760 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.022895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a leakage radiation microscope technique that can be used to extend the leakage radiation microscopy to optically non-transparent samples. In particular, two experiments are presented, first to demonstrate that acquired images with our configuration correspond to the leakage radiation phenomenon and second, to show possible applications by directly imaging a plasmonic structure that previously could only be imaged with a near-field scanning optical microscope. It is shown that the measured surface plasmon wavelength and propagation length agree with theoretically-calculated values. This configuration opens the possibility to study important effects where samples are optically non-transparent, as in plasmonic cavities and single hole plasmonic excitation, without the use of time-consuming near-field scanning optical microscopy.
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14
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Luk TS, Fofang NT, Cruz-Campa JL, Frank I, Campione S. Surface plasmon polariton enhanced ultrathin nano-structured CdTe solar cell. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22 Suppl 5:A1372-A1379. [PMID: 25322192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.0a1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate numerically that two-dimensional arrays of ultrathin CdTe nano-cylinders on Ag can serve as an effective broadband anti-reflection structure for solar cell applications. Such devices exhibit strong absorption properties, mainly in the CdTe semiconductor regions, and can produce short-circuit current densities of 23.4 mA/cm(2), a remarkable number in the context of solar cells given the ultrathin dimensions of our nano-cylinders. The strong absorption is enabled via excitation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) under plane wave incidence. In particular, we identified the key absorption mechanism as enhanced fields of the SPP standing waves residing at the interface of CdTe nano-cylinders and Ag. We compare the performance of Ag, Au, and Al substrates, and observe significant improvement when using Ag, highlighting the importance of using low-loss metals. Although we use CdTe here, the proposed approach is applicable to other solar cell materials with similar absorption properties.
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15
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Ultra-broadband and efficient surface plasmon polariton launching through metallic nanoslits of subwavelength period. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5914. [PMID: 25081812 PMCID: PMC4118183 DOI: 10.1038/srep05914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-broadband, efficient and unidirectional surface plasmon polariton (SPP) launching is of great concern in plasmonic devices and circuits. To address this challenge, a novel method adopting deep-subwavelength slits of subwavelength period (λSPP/4 ~ λSPP/3) in a thick metal film and under backside illumination is proposed. A new band pattern featuring broadband and wide angular characteristics, which is due to the coupling of the zeroth-order SPP resonance at the superstrate-metal interface and the first-order SPP resonance at the metal-substrate interface, is observed for the first time in the dispersion diagram. Unidirectional SPP launching efficiency of ~50%, ultra-broad bandwidth of up to 780 nm, covering the entire optical fiber communication bands, and relatively wide angular range of 7° are achieved. This remarkable efficient, ultra-broadband and wide angular performance is demonstrated by carefully designed experiments in the near infrared regime, showing good agreement with numerical results.
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16
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Bouillard JSG, Dickson W, Wurtz GA, Zayats AV. Near-field hyperspectral optical imaging. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:619-29. [PMID: 24677625 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview presents an overview of near-field hyperspectral imaging and discusses its applications. Based on a fibre-tip probe, the hyperspectral near-field optical microscope allows the simultaneous acquisition of near-field images over a broad spectral range (400 to 1000 nm), enabling the recovery of local spectroscopic information, which is essential for understanding the resonant interaction of light with nanostructured objects because the far-field and near-field spectral responses can differ significantly, as is the case for plasmonic nanostructures. The optical information is collected through local interactions with the evanescent fields at the surface of the sample; therefore, the approach provides spectroscopic information with nanoscale spatial resolution. Several applications of spectroscopic near-field microscopy are described for the visualisation of plasmonic modes in metallic nanostructures and near-field fluorescence spectroscopy.
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17
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Yang J, Xiao X, Hu C, Zhang W, Zhou S, Zhang J. Broadband surface plasmon polariton directional coupling via asymmetric optical slot nanoantenna pair. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:704-709. [PMID: 24460121 DOI: 10.1021/nl403954h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) coupling is a basic subject for plasmonic study and applications. Optical nanoantennas enable downscaling of the SPP coupling to subwavelength scales. In this study, asymmetric optical slot nanoantenna pairs composed of two optical slot nanoantennas with different lengths are proposed for SPP directional coupling. Broadband unidirectional launching of SPPs is achieved, and the extinction ratio obtained experimentally reaches up to 44. The bandwidth is larger than 157 nm. Furthermore, SPP direction-selective radiation is demonstrated using the asymmetric optical slot nanoantenna pairs. A novel plasmonic display device showing the propagation direction of SPPs is achieved by employing asymmetric optical slot nanoantenna pairs without any electric device. Asymmetric optical slot nanoantenna pairs have large potential in the directional control of SPP launching and radiation and can be very useful in compact optical circuits and other photonic integrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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18
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Zhang X, Li Z, Chen J, Yue S, Gong Q. A dichroic surface-plasmon-polariton splitter based on an asymmetric T-shape nanoslit. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:14548-14554. [PMID: 23787642 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.014548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric T-shape nanoslit in a metal film is proposed to act as an efficient dichroic surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) splitter, which is composed of a single nanoslit in immediate contacting with two nanogrooves with different widths. Simulations show that, due to the interferences of SPPs in the upper part of the asymmetric T-shape nanoslit, the generated SPPs propagating to the left and right directions on the front metal surface can be manipulated nearly independently by altering the right and left groove widths, respectively. Based on such effects, a dichroic SPP splitter is demonstrated and the splitting wavelengths can easily be adjusted. High splitting ratios of 31:1 and 1:12 at splitting wavelengths of 680 nm and 884 nm are numerically presented with a device's lateral dimension of only 1200 nm. Further experimental results match the simulations well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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19
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A submicron broadband surface-plasmon-polariton unidirectional coupler. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1918. [PMID: 23728422 PMCID: PMC3669946 DOI: 10.1038/srep01918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The manipulation of light propagation is a basic subject in optics and has many important applications. With the development of nano-optics, this area has been downscaled to wavelength or even subwavelength scales. One of the most efficient ways to control light propagation is to exploit interference effects. Here, by manipulating the interference between two nanogrooves on a metal surface, we realize a submicron broadband surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) unidirectional coupler. More importantly, we find an anomalous bandwidth shrinking behavior in the proposed SPP unidirectional coupler as the groove separation is down to a subwavelength scale of one-quarter of the SPP wavelength. This abnormal behavior is well explained by considering the contribution of the near-field quasi-cylindrical waves in addition to the interference of propagating SPPs and the dispersion effects of individual grooves. Such near-field effects provide new opportunities for the design of ultracompact optical devices.
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20
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Rodríguez-Fortuño FJ, Marino G, Ginzburg P, O'Connor D, Martínez A, Wurtz GA, Zayats AV. Near-field interference for the unidirectional excitation of electromagnetic guided modes. Science 2013; 340:328-30. [PMID: 23599487 DOI: 10.1126/science.1233739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Wave interference is a fundamental manifestation of the superposition principle with numerous applications. Although in conventional optics, interference occurs between waves undergoing different phase advances during propagation, we show that the vectorial structure of the near field of an emitter is essential for controlling its radiation as it interferes with itself on interaction with a mediating object. We demonstrate that the near-field interference of a circularly polarized dipole results in the unidirectional excitation of guided electromagnetic modes in the near field, with no preferred far-field radiation direction. By mimicking the dipole with a single illuminated slit in a gold film, we measured unidirectional surface-plasmon excitation in a spatially symmetric structure. The surface wave direction is switchable with the polarization.
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21
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Han Z, Bozhevolnyi SI. Radiation guiding with surface plasmon polaritons. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:016402. [PMID: 23249644 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/1/016402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic (EM) modes propagating along metal-dielectric interfaces, in which surface collective excitations of free electrons in the metal are coupled to evanescent EM fields in the dielectric. Various SPP modes can be supported by flat and curved, single and multiple surfaces, exhibiting remarkable properties, including the possibility of concentrating EM fields beyond the diffraction limit, i.e. on the nanoscale, while enhancing local field strengths by several orders of magnitude. This unique feature of SPP modes, along with the ever-increasing demands for miniaturization of photonic components and circuits, generates an exponentially growing interest in SPP-mediated radiation guiding and SPP-based waveguide components. Here we review the current status of this rapidly developing field, starting with a brief presentation of the main planar SPP modes along with the techniques employed for their excitation and manipulation by sets of nanoparticles. We then describe in detail various SPP-based waveguide configurations that ensure two-dimensional mode confinement in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction and compare their characteristics. Excitation of SPP waveguide modes and recent progress in the development of SPP-based waveguide components are also discussed, concluding with our outlook on challenges and possible future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Han
- Institute of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, DK-5230 Denmark
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22
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Bouillard JS, Vilain S, Dickson W, Wurtz GA, Zayats AV. Broadband and broadangle SPP antennas based on plasmonic crystals with linear chirp. Sci Rep 2012; 2:829. [PMID: 23170197 PMCID: PMC3501754 DOI: 10.1038/srep00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic technology relies on the coupling of light to surface electromagnetic modes on smooth or structured metal surfaces. While some applications utilise the resonant nature of surface polaritons, others require broadband characteristics. We demonstrate unidirectional and broadband plasmonic antennas with large acceptance angles based on chirped plasmonic gratings. Near-field optical measurements have been used to visualise the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons by such aperiodic structures. These weakly aperiodic plasmonic crystals allow the formation of a trapped rainbow-type effect in a two-dimensional geometry as surface polaritons of different frequencies are coherently excited in different locations over the plasmonic structure. Both the crystal's finite size and the finite lifetime of plasmonic states are crucial for the generation of broadband surface plasmon polaritons. This approach presents new opportunities for building unidirectional, broadband and broad-angle plasmonic couplers for sensing purposes, information processing, photovoltaic applications and shaping and manipulating ultrashort optical pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Bouillard
- Nano-optics and Near-field Spectroscopy Laboratory, Department of Physics, King's College London , Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom.
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23
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Sonnefraud Y, Kerman S, Di Martino G, Lei DY, Maier SA. Directional excitation of surface plasmon polaritons via nanoslits under varied incidence observed using leakage radiation microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:4893-4902. [PMID: 22418295 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.004893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are excited at the interface between a thin gold film and air via the illumination of nanoslits etched into the film. The coupling efficiency to the two propagation directions away from the slits is determined by leakage radiation microscopy, when the angle of incidence of the pump beam is changed from 0° to 20°. We find that preferential coupling of SPPs into one direction can be achieved for non-normal incidence in the case of single slits and slit pairs. The proportion of SPP excited into one direction can be in excess of 90%. We further provide a simple model of the process, and directly compare the performances of the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Sonnefraud
- Experimental Solid State Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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24
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Chen J, Li Z, Lei M, Yue S, Xiao J, Gong Q. Broadband unidirectional generation of surface plasmon polaritons with dielectric-film-coated asymmetric single-slit. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:26463-26469. [PMID: 22274231 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.026463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A dielectric-film-coated asymmetric single nanoslit is proposed to realize broadband unidirectional generation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Due to the tight field confinements by the dielectric film and the deep groove in the asymmetric single slit, the transmittance of the SPPs in the groove to the left side considerably decreases. This greatly suppresses the left-propagating SPP generation efficiency for a broad bandwidth. Meanwhile, the right-propagating SPP generation efficiency has a flat spectra range because of the low transmittance, too. So the unidirectional SPP generation with bandwidth of >100 nm around λ = 750 nm is experimentally achieved for the device lateral dimension of only 865 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
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25
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Radko IP, Fiutowski J, Tavares L, Rubahn HG, Bozhevolnyi SI. Organic nanofiber-loaded surface plasmon-polariton waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:15155-15161. [PMID: 21934877 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.015155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of organic nanofibers, composed of self-assembled organic molecules, as a dielectric medium for dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguides at near-infrared wavelengths. We successfully exploit a metallic grating coupler to excite the waveguiding mode and characterize dispersion properties of such waveguides using leakage-radiation microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya P Radko
- Institute of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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26
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Cakmak AO, Colak E, Serebryannikov AE, Ozbay E. Unidirectional transmission in photonic-crystal gratings at beam-type illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:22283-22298. [PMID: 20941129 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.022283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Unidirectional transmission is studied theoretically and experimentally for the gratings with one-side corrugations (non-symmetric gratings), which are based on two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of alumina rods. The unidirectional transmission appears at a fixed angle of incidence as a combined effect of the peculiar dispersion features of the photonic crystal and the properly designed corrugations. It is shown that the basic unidirectional transmission characteristics, which are observed at a plane-wave illumination, are preserved at Gaussian-beam and horn antenna illuminations. The main attention is paid to the single-beam unidirectional regime, which is associated with the strong directional selectivity arising due to the first negative diffraction order. An additional degree of freedom for controlling the transmission of the electromagnetic waves is obtained by making use of the asymmetric corrugations at the photonic crystal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Ozgur Cakmak
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
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27
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Devaux E, Laluet JY, Stein B, Genet C, Ebbesen T, Weeber JC, Dereux A. Refractive micro-optical elements for surface plasmons: from classical to gradient index optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:20610-20619. [PMID: 20940955 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the propagation of surface plasmons along a metal-dielectric interface is a key feature for the development of surface plasmon based circuits. We have designed various two-dimensional refractive dielectric optical elements for surface plasmons (SP) and characterized their capacity to route SP, using near- or far-field techniques. We first present basic devices analogous to usual optical components and the associated challenges for SP optics. We then use a metamaterial approach to locally vary the refractive index and fabricate gradient index structures for SP circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Devaux
- Laboratoire des Nanostructures, ISIS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS (UMR7006), 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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