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Lin T, Wei X, Lai J, Xie M. Transmit Beamforming Design Based on Multi-Receiver Power Suppression for STAR Digital Array. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:622. [PMID: 38257714 PMCID: PMC10819750 DOI: 10.3390/s24020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) array system provides higher radiation gain and data rate compared to traditional radio system. Because of the various mutual couplings between each pair of transmit and receive elements, it is a great challenge to suppress the incident self-interference power at multiple receive elements, which is usually much higher than the desired signal of interest (SoI) power and causes the saturation of receive links and the distortion of the digital SoI. In this paper, we propose an optimized method for transmit beamforming based on radiation power constraints and transmit power control. Through adaptive transmit beamforming, high isolation between the transmit array and each receive link is achieved, minimizing the self-interference power at each receiving element. This method effectively reduces the self-interference power, avoiding distortion of the SoI digital signal caused by limited-bit analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Simulation results demonstrate that this optimized transmit beamforming method can achieve more than 100 dB effective isotropic isolation (EII) on a 32-element two-dimensional phased array designed in HFSS, reducing the maximum incident self-interference power at the receive channels by approximately 35 dB, while effectively controlling the attenuation of the transmit gain. We also present the advantages in receive subarray isolation and lower ADCs digits under the transmit ABF method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xizhang Wei
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
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2
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Chen B, Wang W, Liu J, Ji J. Dual-Polarized Metal Vivaldi Array Using Independent Structural Elements. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:315. [PMID: 38257408 PMCID: PMC10818343 DOI: 10.3390/s24020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this letter, a dual-polarized metal Vivaldi phased array antenna composed of independent structural elements is proposed, covering 6-18 GHz. By designing Vivaldi elements with a flexible and complementary structure, arrays of arbitrary shapes and scales can be constructed. The resonance caused by structural discontinuity is critically studied and eliminated to ensure good performance across the entire band. The antenna elements are fed by 50-Ohm SSMP connectors and manufactured from 2A12 aluminum alloy. An array prototype consisting of 8 × 8 dual-polarized metal has been fabricated and tested with active transmit/receive (T/R) modules to demonstrate the design concept. The array exhibits excellent beam-scanning characteristics in both the E-plane and H-plane, within the scanning range without grating lobes, which shows good agreement with the simulated results. The measured gain results are within the range of 15.2 to 24.8 dBi, and the aperture efficiencies are greater than 91% in the entire operating band. The wideband antenna technology involved in this study can effectively help increase the capacity of communication systems and meets the intentions of the Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Equipment, Beijing 100854, China
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3
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Li D, Yang J, Zhao J, Dong Y, Li H, Li T, Wang H, Hu B, Zhou Y, Li F, Yang R. Single-Layer Wide-Angle Scanning Linear Phased Arrays Based on Multimode Microstrip Patch Elements. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 15:3. [PMID: 38276831 PMCID: PMC10820321 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel single-layer microstrip patch element designed to achieve a wide beamwidth, in order to address the growing demand for wide-angle scanning capabilities in modern phased array systems. The proposed element, comprising a slot-etched circular patch and an array of metallized holes arranged in square rings, offers a unique approach to beam shaping. By carefully adjusting parameters such as the slot structure and feeding position, our element is engineered to simultaneously excite both the TM01 and TM21 modes, a key feature that contributes to its wide beamwidth characteristics. Through the constructive interference of these modes, our element demonstrates a remarkable 3 dB beamwidth of approximately 150° in both principal planes, showcasing its potential for wide-angle scanning applications. To validate the practical performance of this proposed element, two linear phased arrays are manufactured and experimentally evaluated. The simulation results confirm the wide-angle scanning capability of the antennas in both the E-plane and H-plane. Furthermore, the experimental assessment demonstrates that these linear phased arrays can effectively generate scanning beams within a frequency range of 25 GHz to 28 GHz, covering a wide angular range from -60° to 60°, while maintaining a gain loss within 3 dB. This innovative design approach not only offers a promising solution for achieving a wide beamwidth in microstrip patch elements, but also holds significant potential for the development of cost-effective phased arrays with wide-angle scanning capabilities, making it a valuable contribution to the advancement of phased array technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China;
| | - Jie Yang
- Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; (Y.D.); (F.L.); (R.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China; (T.L.); (H.W.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yongzhen Dong
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; (Y.D.); (F.L.); (R.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China; (T.L.); (H.W.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Tianming Li
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China; (T.L.); (H.W.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China; (T.L.); (H.W.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China; (T.L.); (H.W.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yihong Zhou
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, China; (T.L.); (H.W.); (B.H.); (Y.Z.)
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; (Y.D.); (F.L.); (R.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Ruoyang Yang
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; (Y.D.); (F.L.); (R.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
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4
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Yin Y, Yan S, Huang J, Zhang B. Transcranial Ultrasonic Focusing by a Phased Array Based on Micro-CT Images. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9702. [PMID: 38139547 PMCID: PMC10747353 DOI: 10.3390/s23249702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we utilize micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to obtain micro-CT images with a resolution of 60 μm and establish a micro-CT model based on the k-wave toolbox, which can visualize the microstructures in trabecular bone, including pores and bone layers. The transcranial ultrasound phased array focusing field characteristics in the micro-CT model are investigated. The ultrasonic waves are multiply scattered in skull and time delays calculations from the transducer to the focusing point are difficult. For this reason, we adopt the pulse compression method and the linear frequency modulation Barker code to compute the time delay and implement phased array focusing in the micro-CT model. It is shown by the simulation results that ultrasonic loss is mainly caused by scattering from the microstructures of the trabecular bone. The ratio of main and side lobes of the cross-correlation calculation is improved by 5.53 dB using the pulse compression method. The focusing quality and the calculation accuracy of time delay are improved. Meanwhile, the beamwidth at the focal point and the sound pressure amplitude decrease with the increase in the signal frequency. Focusing at different depths indicates that the beamwidth broadens with the increase in the focusing depth, and beam deflection focusing maintains good consistency in the focusing effect at a distance of 9 mm from the focal point. This indicates that the phased-array method has good focusing results and focus tunability in deep cranial brain. In addition, the sound pressure at the focal point can be increased by 8.2% through amplitude regulation, thereby enhancing focusing efficiency. The preliminary experiment verification is conducted with an ex vivo skull. It is shown by the experimental results that the phased array focusing method using pulse compression to calculate the time delay can significantly improve the sound field focusing effect and is a very effective transcranial ultrasound focusing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.); (B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouguo Yan
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bixing Zhang
- Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Y.); (B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Kashani Z, Kiani M. A Study on Ultrasonic Wireless Power Transfer With Phased Array for Biomedical Implants. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2023; 17:713-724. [PMID: 37267144 PMCID: PMC10664043 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3282197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the design, fabrication, and sensitivity analysis of an ultrasound (US) wireless power transfer (WPT) link using an external phased array. Optimal beam focusing and steering is needed for efficient, safe, and reliable US WPT to biomedical implants with millimeter (mm) dimensions. Therefore, the main contributions of this work include the investigation of the 1) performance of the US WPT link using different mm-sized US receivers, 2) effect of different types of errors in the delay profile of the beamforming system on the delivered power, and 3) implant's localization. In measurements, the fabricated 0.94 MHz, 32-element array (39.48 × 9.6 × 2 mm3) driven by 25 V pulses with beam focusing and steering capability up to 50 mm depth and ±60o angle could deliver power to different mm-sized US receivers within the FDA safety limit of 720 mW/cm2. Specifically, several US transducers with a 1 mm dimension (sphere, cubic, disc shape) and 2 mm dimension (disc shape) received 0.095 mW, 0.25 mW, 0.22 mW, and 0.53 mW, respectively, at a 30 mm depth (0o steering angle). Among these transducers, the sphere shape transducer featured less sensitivity to misalignments. A random error in the phased array delays had a more drastic effect on delivered power reduction. For implant's localization, the measurement results demonstrated comparable power delivery by measuring pulse delays of only 5 elements (out of 32 elements) using 4 different interpolation methods.
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6
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De Simone ME, Boccardi S, Fierro GPM, Meo M. Nonlinear Ultrasonic Imaging for Porosity Evaluation. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6319. [PMID: 37514614 PMCID: PMC10383494 DOI: 10.3390/s23146319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of porosity on the mechanical behaviour of composite laminates represents a complex problem that involves many variables. Therefore, the evaluation of the type and volume content of porosity in a composite specimen is important for quality control and for predicting material behaviour during service. A suitable way to evaluate the porosity content in composites is by using nonlinear ultrasonics because of their sensitivity to small cracks. The main objective of this research work is to present an imaging method for the porosity field in composites. Two nonlinear ultrasound techniques are proposed using backscattered signals acquired by a phased array system. The first method was based on the amplitude of the half-harmonic frequency components generated by microbubble reflections, while the second one involved the frequency derivative of the attenuation coefficient, which is proportional to the porosity content in the specimen. Two composite samples with induced porosity were considered in the experimental tests, and the results showed the high accuracy of both methods with respect to a classic C-scan baseline. The attenuation coefficient results showed high accuracy in defining bubble shapes in comparison with the half-harmonic technique when surface effects were neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvatore Boccardi
- Department Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Michele Meo
- Department Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Del Pino J, Khemchandani SL, San-Miguel-Montesdeoca M, Mateos-Angulo S, Mayor-Duarte D, Saiz-Perez JL, Galante-Sempere D. A 17.8-20.2 GHz Compact Vector-Sum Phase Shifter in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS Technology for LEO Gateways Receivers. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1184. [PMID: 37374769 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel and compact vector modulator (VM) architecture implemented in 130 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The design is suitable for use in receive phased arrays for the gateways of major low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations that operate in the 17.8 to 20.2 GHz frequency range. The proposed architecture uses four variable gain amplifiers (VGA) that are active at any given time and are switched to generate the four quadrants. Compared to conventional architectures, this structure is more compact and produces double the output amplitude. The design offers 6-bit phase control for 360°, and the total root mean square (RMS) phase and gain errors are 2.36° and 1.46 dB, respectively. The design occupies an area of 1309.4 μm × 1783.8 μm (including pads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Del Pino
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Sunil L Khemchandani
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - David Galante-Sempere
- Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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8
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Zhang Z, Cao A, Li Q, Yang W, Li Y. Imaging of Fiber Waviness in Thick Composites with Unknown Material Properties Using Probability-Based Ultrasound Non-Reciprocity. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16103786. [PMID: 37241412 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fiber waviness and voids may be produced in thick composites due to improper manufacturing conditions and consequently pose a risk of structural failure. A proof-of-concept solution for imaging fiber waviness in thick porous composites was proposed from both numerical and experimental studies, via calculating ultrasound non-reciprocity along different wave paths in a sensing network constructed by two phased array probes. Time-frequency analyses were conducted to reveal the cause of ultrasound non-reciprocity in wavy composites. Subsequently, the number of elements in the probes and excitation voltages was determined for fiber waviness imaging using the ultrasound non-reciprocity with a probability-based diagnostic algorithm. The fiber angle gradient was observed to cause ultrasound non-reciprocity and fiber waviness in the thick wavy composites were successfully imaged regardless of presence of voids. This study proposes a new feature for the ultrasonic imaging of fiber waviness and is expected to contribute to processing improvement in thick composites without prior knowledge of material anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Andong Cao
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weidong Yang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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9
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Cracan D, Elsayed N, Sanduleanu M. A 28 GHz Phased-Array Transceiver for 5G Applications in 22 nm FD-SOI CMOS. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14051040. [PMID: 37241662 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and implementation of a 28 GHz phased array transceiver for 5G applications using 22 nm FD-SOI CMOS technology. The transceiver consists of a four-channel phased array receiver and transmitter, which employs phase shifting based on coarse and fine controls. The transceiver employs a zero-IF architecture, which is suitable for small footprints and low power requirements. The receiver achieves a 3.5 dB NF with a 1 dB compression point of -21 dBm and a gain of 13 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cracan
- Nordic Semiconductor ASA, Swindon SN5 6NX, UK
| | | | - Mihai Sanduleanu
- System on Chip Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Chen X, Hu A, Gong J, Miao J. Ka Band Low Channel Mutual Coupling Integrated Packaged Phased Array Receiver Front-End for Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:859. [PMID: 37421092 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a Ka band eight-channel integrated packaged phased array receiver front-end for a passive millimeter-wave imaging system. Since multiple receiving channels are integrated in a given package, the mutual coupling issue affecting the channel will deteriorate imaging quality. Therefore, in this study, the influence of channel mutual coupling on the system array pattern and amplitude phase error is analyzed, and the design requirements are proposed according to the results. During the design implementation, the coupling paths are discussed, and passive circuits in the path are modeled and designed to reduce the level of channel mutual coupling and spatial radiation. Finally, an accurate coupling measurement method for a multi-channel integrated phased array receiver is proposed. The receiver front-end achieves a 28~31 dB single channel gain, a 3.6 dB noise figure, less than -47 dB of channel mutual coupling. Furthermore, the array pattern of the two-dimensional 1024 channel system composed of the front end of the receiver is consistent with the simulation, and the receiver's performance is verified by a human-body-imaging experiment. The proposed coupling analysis, design, and measurement methods are also applicable to other multi-channel integrated packaged devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Anyong Hu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianhao Gong
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jungang Miao
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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11
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Xu X, Fan Z, Chen X, Cheng J, Bu Y. Ultrasonic Phased Array Imaging Approach Using Omni-Directional Velocity Correction for Quantitative Evaluation of Delamination in Composite Structure. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1777. [PMID: 36850375 PMCID: PMC9967987 DOI: 10.3390/s23041777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasonic detectability of buried defects within composite materials is dependent on the anisotropy of the composite material by which the propagation property of acoustic wave in each direction is variably affected. In this study, the characteristics of acoustic waves propagating in different directions for composite materials are explored based on the full matrix capture (FMC) data using an ultrasonic phased array. The elastic constant of multidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate is first derived based on the genetic algorithm. The characteristics of transmitted and reflected waves in higher angles are predicted by implementing the Christoffel equation, and the focal law used in post-processing of FMC data can be optimized accordingly. The imaging results of the total focusing method (TFM) using the improved focal law are compared with the results of the conventional TFM. The results suggest that the optimized TFM can effectively characterize the defect by reducing the background noise. Furthermore, since it is impractical to theoretically correct angle-dependent velocity for in situ inspection, a linear extrapolation method based on the experimentally measurable velocity at low angles is proposed to estimate the velocity profile at higher angles. The imaging results using the fast extrapolated velocity profile is then compared with the theoretical, and it has been demonstrated that while the difference between the images using the theoretical focal law and the linearly extrapolated one is barely visible, the later one is overwhelmingly advantageous to be realiszd for engineering practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Xu
- Institute of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National Safety Engineering Technology Research Center for Pressure Vessels and Pipeline, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Institute of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National Safety Engineering Technology Research Center for Pressure Vessels and Pipeline, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuedong Chen
- Institute of Process Equipment and Control Engineering, College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National Safety Engineering Technology Research Center for Pressure Vessels and Pipeline, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jingwei Cheng
- National Safety Engineering Technology Research Center for Pressure Vessels and Pipeline, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yangguang Bu
- National Safety Engineering Technology Research Center for Pressure Vessels and Pipeline, Hefei General Machinery Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
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12
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Lyu C, Li W, Li S, Mao Y, Yang B. Design of Ultra-Wideband Phased Array Applicator for Breast Cancer Hyperthermia Therapy. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23031051. [PMID: 36772091 PMCID: PMC9921499 DOI: 10.3390/s23031051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Focused microwave-hyperthermia therapy has recently emerged as a key technology in the treatment of breast cancer due to non-invasive treatment. An applicator of a three-ring phased array consisting of ultra-wideband (UWB) microstrip antennas was designed for breast cancer therapy and operates at 0.915 GHz and 2.45 GHz. The proposed antenna has an ultra-wideband from 0.7 GHz to 5.5 GHz with resonant frequencies of 0.915 GHz and 2.45 GHz and dimensions of 15 × 43.5 × 1.575 mm3. The number of each ring was chosen to be 12 based on the SAR distribution and the performance indicators of tumor off-center focusing results for four different numbers of single-ring arrays. The homogeneous breast model is applied to a three-ring phased array consisting of 36 elements for focused simulation, and 1 cm3 and 2 cm3 tumors are placed in three different locations in the breast. The simulation results show that the proposed phased array has good performance and the capability to raise the temperature of different volumes of breast cancer above 42.5 °C after choosing a suitable operating frequency. The proposed applicator allows for precise treatment of tumors by selecting the appropriate operating frequency based on the size of the malignant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lyu
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Wenxing Li
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Si Li
- Ocean College, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15754502374
| | - Yunlong Mao
- Ocean College, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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13
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Batts AJ, Ji R, Noel RL, Kline-Schoder AR, Bae S, Kwon N, Konofagou EE. Using a novel rapid alternating steering angles pulse sequence to evaluate the impact of theranostic ultrasound-mediated ultra-short pulse length on blood-brain barrier opening volume and closure, cavitation mapping, drug delivery feasibility, and safety. Theranostics 2023; 13:1180-1197. [PMID: 36793858 PMCID: PMC9925313 DOI: 10.7150/thno.76199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Focused ultrasound (FUS)-mediated blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening is a noninvasive, safe and reversible technique for targeted drug delivery to the brain. Most preclinical systems developed to perform and monitor BBB opening are comprised of a separate geometrically focused transducer and passive cavitation detector (PCD) or imaging array. This study builds upon previous work from our group developing a single imaging phased array configuration for simultaneous BBB opening and monitoring called theranostic ultrasound (ThUS), leveraging ultra-short pulse lengths (USPLs) and a novel rapid alternating steering angles (RASTA) pulse sequence design for simultaneous bilateral sonications with target-specific USPL. The RASTA sequence was further employed to evaluate the impact of USPL on BBB opening volume, power cavitation imaging (PCI) pixel intensity, BBB closing timeline, drug delivery efficiency, and safety. Methods: A P4-1 phased array transducer driven by a Verasonics Vantage ultrasound system was operated using a custom script to run the RASTA sequence which consisted of interleaved steered, focused transmits and passive imaging. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed initial opening volume and closure of the BBB by longitudinal imaging through 72 hours post-BBB opening. For drug delivery experiments, mice were systemically administered a 70 kDa fluorescent dextran or adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) for fluorescence microscopy or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate ThUS-mediated molecular therapeutic delivery. Additional brain sections were also H&E-stained to evaluate histological damage, and IBA1- and GFAP-stained to elucidate the effects of ThUS-mediated BBB opening on stimulation of key cell types involved in the neuro-immune response, microglia and astrocytes. Results: The ThUS RASTA sequence induced distinct BBB openings simultaneously in the same mouse where volume, PCI pixel intensity, level of dextran delivery, and AAV reporter transgene expression were correlated with brain hemisphere-specific USPL, consistent with statistically significant differences between 1.5, 5, and 10-cycle USPL groups. BBB closure after ThUS required 2-48 hours depending on USPL. The potential for acute damage and neuro-immune activation increased with USPL, but such observable damage was nearly reversed 96 hours post-ThUS. Conclusion: ThUS is a versatile single-array technique which exhibits the potential for investigating a variety of non-invasive therapeutic delivery applications in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Batts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Robin Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca L Noel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Sua Bae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Nancy Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Elisa E Konofagou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, USA
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14
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Zubair M, Adams MS, Diederich CJ. An endoluminal cylindrical sectored-ring ultrasound phased-array applicator for minimally-invasive therapeutic ultrasound. Med Phys 2023; 50:1-19. [PMID: 36413363 PMCID: PMC9870260 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The size of catheter-based ultrasound devices for delivering ultrasound energy to deep-seated tumors is constrained by the access pathway which limits their therapeutic capabilities. PURPOSE To devise and investigate a deployable applicator suitable for minimally-invasive delivery of therapeutic ultrasound, consisting of a 2D cylindrical sectored-ring ultrasound phased array, integrated within an expandable paraboloid-shaped balloon-based reflector. The balloon can be collapsed for compact delivery and expanded close to the target position to mimic a larger-diameter concentric-ring sector-vortex array for enhanced dynamic control of focal depth and volume. METHODS Acoustic and biothermal simulations were employed in 3D generalized homogeneous and patient-specific heterogeneous models, for three-phased array transducers with 32, 64, and 128 elements, composed of sectored 4, 8, and 16 tubular ring transducers, respectively. The applicator performance was characterized as a function of array configuration, focal depth, phasing modes, and balloon reflector geometry. A 16-element proof-of-concept phased array applicator assembly, consisting of four tubular transducers each divided into four sectors, was fabricated, and characterized with hydrophone measurements along and across the axis, and ablations in ex vivo tissue. RESULTS Simulation results indicated that transducer arrays (1.5 MHz, 9 mm OD × 20 mm long), balloon sizes (41-50 mm expanded diameter, 20-60 mm focal depth), phasing mode (0-4) and sonication duration (30 s) can produce spatially localized acoustic intensity focal patterns (focal length: 3-22 mm, focal width: 0.7-8.7 mm) and ablative thermal lesions (width: 2.7-16 mm, length: 6-46 mm) in pancreatic tissue across a 10-90 mm focal depth range. Patient-specific studies indicated that 0.1, 0.46, and 1.2 cm3 volume of tumor can be ablated in the body of the pancreas for 120 s sonications using a single axial focus (Mode 0), or four, and eight simultaneous foci in a toroidal pattern (Mode 2 and 4, respectively). Hydrophone measurements demonstrated good agreement with simulation. Experiments in which chicken meat was thermally ablated indicated that volumetric ablation can be produced using single or multiple foci. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated the feasibility of a novel compact ultrasound applicator design capable of focusing, deep penetration, electronic steering, and volumetric thermal ablation. The proposed applicator can be used for compact endoluminal or laparoscopic delivery of localized ultrasound energy to deep-seated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of California San Francisco USA
| | - Matthew S. Adams
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of California San Francisco USA
| | - Chris J. Diederich
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of California San Francisco USA
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15
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Sanchez B, Panduro MA, Covarrubias DH, Reyna A, Juárez E. Coherently Radiating Periodic Structures for Feeding Concentric Rings Array with Reduced Number of Phase Shifters. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9528. [PMID: 36502230 PMCID: PMC9735969 DOI: 10.3390/s22239528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the application of CORPS (coherently radiating periodic structures) for feeding CRA (concentric rings array) with a reduced number of phase shifters. The proposed design technique for the structure of concentric rings provides a better scanning capability with respect to other existing configurations. This design technique utilizes 2 × 3 or 4 × 7 CORPS networks depending on the configuration or the number of antenna elements in the phased array system. These CORPS networks are set strategically in the feeding network to provide several advantages with respect to others in the scanning capability and the reduction of the number of phase shifters of the array system. The contribution of this paper is the full antenna system design of phased CRA for analyzing scanning and the reduction of phase shifters. The proposed phased array reduces the number of phase shifter devices in CRA for a scanning range of ±25° in the elevation plane. Differential evolution (DE) was applied to optimize the amplitudes of the proposed system. Several design cases were analyzed using full-wave simulation results to verify the phased array model and to take mutual coupling into account. Full-wave simulation results provide radiation patterns with low SLL in all scanning directions. The proposed phased array was validated by experimental measurements of the full antenna system prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Sanchez
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Panduro
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - David H. Covarrubias
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Alberto Reyna
- Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Elizvan Juárez
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
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16
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Merino-Fernandez I, Khemchandani SL, del Pino J, Saiz-Perez J. Phased Array Antenna Analysis Workflow Applied to Gateways for LEO Satellite Communications. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9406. [PMID: 36502108 PMCID: PMC9740709 DOI: 10.3390/s22239406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, mega-constellations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have become increasingly important to provide high-performance Internet access with global coverage. This paper provides an updated comparison of four of the largest LEO mega-constellations: Telesat, SpaceX, OneWeb and Amazon. It describes the gateway design workflow from the patch antenna to phased array analysis. Patch antennas are developed for both transmission and reception after a thorough examination of the four systems. The results of electromagnetic simulation using Advanced Design Software (ADS) Momentum are shown, including their radiation pattern. Finally, a model of the gateway phased array using SystemVue is obtained using hexagonal, circular, and square arrays. According to the required effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and gain, the antenna sizes for the four constellations are estimated. As an example, for SpaceX constellation, a reception antenna with 8910 radiating elements using a hexagonal distribution with a gain of 46.9 dB and a sensitivity of -113.1 dBm was obtained.
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17
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So E, Yeon P, Chichilnisky EJ, Arbabian A. An RF-Ultrasound Relay for Adaptive Wireless Powering Across Tissue Interfaces. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 2022; 57:3429-3441. [PMID: 37138581 PMCID: PMC10153624 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2022.3171233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Single modality wireless power transfer has limited depth for mm-sized implants across air / tissue or skull / tissue interfaces because they either suffer from high loss in tissue (RF, Optical) or high reflection at the medium interface (Ultrasound (US)). This paper proposes an RF-US relay chip at the media interface avoiding the reflection at the boundary, and enabling efficient wireless powering to mm-sized deep implants across multiple media. The relay chip rectifies the incoming RF power through an 85.5% efficient RF inductive link (across air) using a multi-output regulating rectifier (MORR) with 81% power conversion efficiency (PCE) at 186 mW load, and transmits ultrasound using adiabatic power amplifiers (PAs) to the implant in order to minimize cascaded power loss. To adapt the US focus to implant movement or placement, beamforming was implemented using 6 channels of US PAs with 2-bit phase control (0, 90, 180, and 270°) and 3 different amplitudes (6-29, 4.5, and 1.8 V) from the MORR. The adiabatic PA contributes a 30-40% increase in efficiency over class-D and beamforming increases the efficiency by 251% at 2.5 cm over fixed focusing. The proof-of-concept powering system for a retinal implant, from an external PA on a pair of glasses to a hydrophone with 1.2 cm (air) + 2.9 cm (agar eyeball phantom in mineral oil) separation distance, had a power delivered to the load (PDL) of 946 μW. The 2.3 × 2 mm2 relay chip was fabricated in a 180 nm high-voltage (HV) BCD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest So
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Pyungwoo Yeon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - E J Chichilnisky
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Amin Arbabian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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18
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Alonso J, Pavón S, Vidal J, Delgado M. Advanced Comparison of Phased Array and X-rays in the Inspection of Metallic Welding. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7108. [PMID: 36295176 PMCID: PMC9605123 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The most common nondestructive weld inspection technique is X-rays and, since a few years ago, the ultrasound-based phased array. Their comparison has been done from the top view of both, with the result that the phased array is much more efficient in discovering flaws. From the last studies of the authors, a welding flaw can be three-dimensionally reconstructed from the sectorial phased array information. The same methodology is applied to compare quantitatively X-rays and phased array on 15 metal inert/active (MIG/MAG) welding specimens covering pores, slag intrusion and cracks. The results can be summarized in the correlation of the top views and in the correlation profiles between the X-ray top-view and the reconstructed top-view at the depths from phased array in the weld. The maximum correlation is the depth when the flaw in the X-ray looks like that in the phased array records at some depth, leading to an effective quantitative comparison of X-rays and phased array.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alonso
- Department of Applied Physics, Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Santiago Pavón
- Department of Ship Building, Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Vidal
- Department of Ship Building, Centro Andaluz Superior de Estudios Marinos, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado
- Department of Ship Building, Quality Inspection, Navantia San Fernando, Carretera la Carraca s/n, 11100 San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain
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19
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Rezvanitabar A, Jung G, Tekes C, Carpenter TM, Cowell DMJ, Freear S, Degertekin FL. Integrated Hybrid Sub-Aperture Beamforming and Time-Division Multiplexing for Massive Readout in Ultrasound Imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2022; 16:972-980. [PMID: 36074865 PMCID: PMC9796796 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3205024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates hybrid sub-aperture beamforming (SAB) with time-division multiplexing (TDM) for massive interconnect reduction in ultrasound imaging systems. A single-chip front-end system prototype has been fabricated in 180-nm HV BCD technology that combines 5×1 SAB with 8×1 TDM to efficiently reduce the number of receive signal interconnects by a factor of 40. The system includes on-chip high-voltage (HV) pulsers capable of generating unipolar pulses up to 70 V in transmit (TX) mode. The receiver (RX) chain consists of a T/R switch, a variable-gain low-noise amplifier (VG-LNA) with 4-step gain control (15-32 dB) for time-gain compensation followed by a programmable switched-capacitor analog delay-and-sum beamformer. The proof-of-concept prototype operates at a 200-MHz clock frequency and the SAB provides 32-step fine delays with a maximum delay of 310 ns corresponding to better than λ/20 delay quantization at 5 MHz. With these specifications, the SAB is capable of beam steering from 0 ° to 45 ° for a 5-element subarray with 150-micron pitch ( λ/2), providing a near-ideal phased array imaging performance. The sub-aperture beamformer is followed by the TDM system where each of the 8 channels is sampled at a rate of 25 MS/s after an anti-aliasing bandpass filter. The full functionality of the prototype chip is validated through electrical and acoustic measurements on a 1-D capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array designed for intracardiac echocardiography (ICE).
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20
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Rocca P, Anselmi N, Hannan MA, Massa A. "Conical" Frustum Multi-Beam Phased Arrays for Air Traffic Control Radars. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7309. [PMID: 36236408 PMCID: PMC9572815 DOI: 10.3390/s22197309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The design of conical frustum phased array antennas for air traffic control (ATC) radar systems is addressed. The array architecture, which is controlled by a fully digital beam-forming (DBF) network, is composed by a set of equal vertical modules. Each module consists of a linear sparse array that generates on receive multiple instantaneous beams pointing along different directions in elevation. To reach the best trade-off between the antenna complexity (i.e., minimum number of array elements and/or radio frequency components) and radiation performance (i.e., matching a set of reference patterns), the synthesis problem is formulated in the Compressive Sampling (CS) framework. Then, the positions of the array elements and the complex excitations for generating each single beam are jointly determined through a customized version of the Bayesian CS (BCS) tool. Representative numerical results, concerned with ideal as well as real antenna models, are reported both to validate the proposed design strategy and to assess the effectiveness of the synthesized modular sparse array architecture also in comparison with conventional arrays with uniformly-spaced elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rocca
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
- ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@XIDIAN—Xidian University, No. 2 South Tabai Road, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Nicola Anselmi
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
| | - Mohammad Abdul Hannan
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
| | - Andrea Massa
- DICAM—Department of Civil, Environmental, and Mechanical Engineering, ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UniTN—University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy or
- ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@UESTC—UESTC, School of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu 611731, China
- ELEDIA Research Center, ELEDIA@TSINGHUA—Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd, Beijing 100084, China
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21
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Proffit M, Pelivani S, Landais P, Bradley AL. Electrically Driven Reprogrammable Vanadium Dioxide Metasurface Using Binary Control for Broadband Beam Steering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41186-41195. [PMID: 36049164 PMCID: PMC9478939 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resonant optical phased arrays are a promising way to reach fully reconfigurable metasurfaces in the optical and near-infrared (NIR) regimes with low energy consumption, low footprint, and high reliability. Continuously tunable resonant structures suffer from inherent drawbacks such as low phase range, amplitude-phase correlation, or extreme sensitivity that makes precise control at the individual element level very challenging. We computationally investigate 1-bit (binary) control as a mechanism to bypass these issues. We consider a metasurface for beam steering using a nanoresonator antenna and explore the theoretical capabilities of such phased arrays. A thermally realistic structure based on vanadium dioxide sandwiched in a metal-insulator-metal structure is proposed and optimized using inverse design to enhance its performance at 1550 nm. Continuous beam steering over 90° range is successfully achieved using binary control, with excellent agreement with predictions based on the theoretical first-principles description of phased arrays. Furthermore, a broadband response from 1500 to 1700 nm is achieved. The robustness to the design manufacturing imperfections is also demonstrated. This simplified approach can be implemented to optimize tunable nanophotonic phased array metasurfaces based on other materials or phased shifting mechanisms for various functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Proffit
- School
of Physics and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sara Pelivani
- School
of Physics and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pascal Landais
- School
of Electronic Engineering, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - A. Louise Bradley
- School
of Physics and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- IPIC,
Tyndall National Institute, Cork T12R5CP, Ireland
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22
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Liu X, Zeng Q, Ding Z, Xu H. A LTCC-Based Ku-Band 8-Channel T/R Module Integrated with Drive Amplification and 7-Bit True-Time-Delay. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:6568. [PMID: 36081024 PMCID: PMC9460217 DOI: 10.3390/s22176568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ku-band drive amplification and a 7-bit true-time-delay (TTD) function were realized as a part of a LTCC-based T/R module to increase integration. The 8-channel T/R module was fabricated and its key characteristics were measured, including a 3-bit (1/2/4 λ) TTD, 4-bit (0.25/0.5/1/2 λ) TTD, receive gain, noise figure and output power. The 8-channel T/R module can be further adopted to increase bandwidth and scanning angle of phased arrays without beam squint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhengzhi Ding
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Department of Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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23
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Yang DJ, Im SJ, Li Y, Ri CS, Ho KS, Pae JS, Wang QQ. Interactions between Plasmonic Nanoantennas and Vortex Beams. Nano Lett 2022; 22:5015-5021. [PMID: 35658471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light offers a new degree of freedom for light-matter interactions, yet how to control such interactions with this physical dimension remains open. Here, by developing a numerical method enabling optical OAM simulations, we provide insights into complex plasmon behaviors with the physical dimension of OAM, and we prove in theory that plasmonic nanostructures can function as efficient antennas to intercept and directionally reradiate the power of OAM beams. The interplay between optical OAM and spin angular momentum (SAM) generates novel particle polarizations and radiations, which were inaccessible before. For arrayed nanoparticles, coherent surface plasmons with specific phase retardations determined by OAM of the beams enable directional power radiations, making a phased array antenna. These findings expand our knowledge of nanoplasmonics in the OAM area and are promising for quantum information processing and dynamic sensing of ultraweak biosignals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Jie Yang
- Mathematics and Physics Department, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Jin Im
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, 02-381-4410 Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chol-Song Ri
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, 02-381-4410 Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Kum-Song Ho
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, 02-381-4410 Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Song Pae
- Department of Physics, Kim Il Sung University, Taesong District, 02-381-4410 Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Qu-Quan Wang
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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24
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Dicandia FA, Fonseca NJG, Bacco M, Mugnaini S, Genovesi S. Space-Air-Ground Integrated 6G Wireless Communication Networks: A Review of Antenna Technologies and Application Scenarios. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3136. [PMID: 35590826 DOI: 10.3390/s22093136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A review of technological solutions and advances in the framework of a Vertical Heterogeneous Network (VHetNet) integrating satellite, airborne and terrestrial networks is presented. The disruptive features and challenges offered by a fruitful cooperation among these segments within a ubiquitous and seamless wireless connectivity are described. The available technologies and the key research directions for achieving global wireless coverage by considering all these layers are thoroughly discussed. Emphasis is placed on the available antenna systems in satellite, airborne and ground layers by highlighting strengths and weakness and by providing some interesting trends in research. A summary of the most suitable applicative scenarios for future 6G wireless communications are finally illustrated.
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25
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Alonso J, Pavón S, Vidal J, Perdigones J, Carpena I. A New Insight on Phased Array Ultrasound Inspection in MIG/MAG Welding. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15082793. [PMID: 35454486 PMCID: PMC9027440 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Weldment inspection is a critical process in the metal industry. It is first conducted visually, then manually and finally using instrumental techniques such as ultrasound. We made one hundred metal inert/active gas (MIG/MAG) weldments on plates of naval steel S275JR+N with no defects, and inducing pores, slag intrusion and cracks. With the objective of the three-dimensional reconstruction of the welding defects, phased array ultrasound inspections were carried out. Error-free weldment probes were used to provide the noise level. The results can be summarized as follows. (i) The top view obtained from the phased array provided no conclusive information about the welding defects. The values of the echo amplitudes were about 70 mV for pores and cracks, and greater than 150 mV for slag intrusion, all of which showed great variability. (ii) The sectional data did not lie at the same depths and they needed to be interpolated. (iii) The interpolated sectional views, or C-scans, allowed the computation of top views at any depth, as well as the three-dimensional reconstruction of the defects. (iv) The use of the simplest tool, consisting of the frequency histogram and its statistical moments, was sufficient to classify the defects. The mean echo amplitudes were 33 mV for pores, 72.16 mV for slag intrusion and 43.19 mV for cracks, with standard deviations of 8.84 mV, 24.64 mV and 12.39 mV, respectively. These findings represent the first step in the automatic classification of welding defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alonso
- Applied Physics Department, University of Cadiz, CASEM, Avda. Rep. Sah. s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Santiago Pavón
- Ship Construction Department, University of Cadiz, CASEM, Avda. Rep. Sah. s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (S.P.); (J.V.); (J.P.)
| | - Juan Vidal
- Ship Construction Department, University of Cadiz, CASEM, Avda. Rep. Sah. s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (S.P.); (J.V.); (J.P.)
| | - José Perdigones
- Ship Construction Department, University of Cadiz, CASEM, Avda. Rep. Sah. s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (S.P.); (J.V.); (J.P.)
| | - Isaac Carpena
- InnerSpec, C. Sanglas, 13, 28890 Loeches, Madrid, Spain;
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Slongo JS, Gund J, Passarin TAR, Pipa DR, Ramos JE, Arruda LV, Junior FN. Effects of Thermal Gradients in High-Temperature Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Tests. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22072799. [PMID: 35408412 PMCID: PMC9003050 DOI: 10.3390/s22072799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection techniques and non-destructive tests are widely applied in evaluating products and equipment in the oil, petrochemical, steel, naval, and energy industries. These methods are well established and efficient for inspection procedures at room temperature. However, errors can be observed in the positioning and sizing of the flaws when such techniques are used during inspection procedures under high working temperatures. In such situations, the temperature gradients generate acoustic anisotropy and consequently distortion of the ultrasonic beams. Failure to consider such distortions in ultrasonic signals can result, in extreme situations, in mistaken decision making by inspectors and professionals responsible for guaranteeing product quality or the integrity of the evaluated equipment. In this scenario, this work presents a mathematical tool capable of mitigating positioning errors through the correction of focal laws. For the development of the tool, ray tracing concepts are used, as well as a model of heat propagation in solids and an experimentally defined linear approximation of dependence between sound speed and temperature. Using the focal law correction tool, the relative firing delays of the active elements are calculated considering the temperature gradients along the sonic path, and the results demonstrate a reduction of more than 68% in the error of flaw positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Scholz Slongo
- Graduate School on Electrical Engineering and Applied Computer Science, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil; (J.G.); (T.A.R.P.); (D.R.P.); (L.V.A.); (F.N.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jefferson Gund
- Graduate School on Electrical Engineering and Applied Computer Science, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil; (J.G.); (T.A.R.P.); (D.R.P.); (L.V.A.); (F.N.J.)
| | - Thiago Alberto Rigo Passarin
- Graduate School on Electrical Engineering and Applied Computer Science, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil; (J.G.); (T.A.R.P.); (D.R.P.); (L.V.A.); (F.N.J.)
| | - Daniel Rodrigues Pipa
- Graduate School on Electrical Engineering and Applied Computer Science, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil; (J.G.); (T.A.R.P.); (D.R.P.); (L.V.A.); (F.N.J.)
| | - Júlio Endress Ramos
- Centro de Pesquisas, Desenvolvimento e Inovação Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello—CENPES/PETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro 21941-915, Brazil;
| | - Lucia Valeria Arruda
- Graduate School on Electrical Engineering and Applied Computer Science, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil; (J.G.); (T.A.R.P.); (D.R.P.); (L.V.A.); (F.N.J.)
| | - Flávio Neves Junior
- Graduate School on Electrical Engineering and Applied Computer Science, Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Curitiba 80230-901, Brazil; (J.G.); (T.A.R.P.); (D.R.P.); (L.V.A.); (F.N.J.)
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Tipsawat P, Ilham SJ, Yang JI, Kashani Z, Kiani M, Trolier-McKinstry S. 32 Element Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducer (PMUT) Phased Array for Neuromodulation. IEEE Open J Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2022; 2:184-193. [PMID: 36938316 PMCID: PMC10021572 DOI: 10.1109/ojuffc.2022.3196823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interest in utilizing ultrasound (US) transducers for non-invasive neuromodulation treatment, including for low intensity transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS), has grown rapidly. The most widely demonstrated US transducers for tFUS are either bulk piezoelectric transducers or capacitive micromachine transducers (CMUT) which require high voltage excitation to operate. In order to advance the development of the US transducers towards small, portable devices for safe tFUS at large scale, a low voltage array of US transducers with beam focusing and steering capability is of interest. This work presents the design methodology, fabrication, and characterization of 32-element phased array piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUT) using 1.5 μm thick Pb(Zr0.52 Ti0.48)O3 films doped with 2 mol% Nb. The electrode/piezoelectric/electrode stack was deposited on a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer with a 2 μm silicon device layer that serves as the passive elastic layer for bending-mode vibration. The fabricated 32-element PMUT has a central frequency at 1.4 MHz. Ultrasound beam focusing and steering (through beamforming) was demonstrated where the array was driven with 14.6 V square unipolar pulses. The PMUT generated a maximum peak-to-peak focused acoustic pressure output of 0.44 MPa at a focal distance of 20 mm with a 9.2 mm and 1 mm axial and lateral resolution, respectively. The maximum pressure is equivalent to a spatial-peak pulse-average intensity of 1.29 W/cm2, which is suitable for tFUS application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pannawit Tipsawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Sheikh Jawad Ilham
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Jung In Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Zeinab Kashani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Mehdi Kiani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Susan Trolier-McKinstry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Ilham SJ, Kashani Z, Kiani M. Design and Optimization of Ultrasound Phased Arrays for Large-Scale Ultrasound Neuromodulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 2021; 15:1454-1466. [PMID: 34874867 PMCID: PMC8904087 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3133133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS), as a noninvasive neuromodulation modality, has shown to be effective in animals and even humans with improved millimeter-scale spatial resolution compared to its noninvasive counterparts. But conventional tFUS systems are built with bulky single-element ultrasound (US) transducers that must be mechanically moved to change the stimulation target. To achieve large-scale ultrasound neuromodulation (USN) within a given tissue volume, a US transducer array should electronically be driven in a beamforming fashion (known as US phased array) to steer focused ultrasound beams towards different neural targets. This paper presents the theory and design methodology of US phased arrays for USN at a large scale. For a given tissue volume and sonication frequency (f), the optimal geometry of a US phased array is found with an iterative design procedure that maximizes a figure of merit (FoM) and minimizes side/grating lobes (avoiding off-target stimulation). The proposed FoM provides a balance between the power efficiency and spatial resolution of a US array in USN. A design example of a US phased array has been presented for USN in a rat's brain with an optimized linear US array. In measurements, the fabricated US phased array with 16 elements (16.7×7.7×2 mm3), driven by 150 V (peak-peak) pulses at f = 833.3 kHz, could generate a focused US beam with a lateral resolution of 1.6 mm and pressure output of 1.15 MPa at a focal distance of 12 mm. The capability of the US phased array in beam steering and focusing from -60o to 60o angles was also verified in measurements.
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Torres T, Anselmi N, Nayeri P, Rocca P, Haupt R. Low Discrepancy Sparse Phased Array Antennas. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:7816. [PMID: 34883830 DOI: 10.3390/s21237816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sparse arrays have grating lobes in the far field pattern due to the large spacing of elements residing in a rectangular or triangular grid. Random element spacing removes the grating lobes but produces large variations in element density across the aperture. In fact, some areas are so dense that the elements overlap. This paper introduces a low discrepancy sequence (LDS) for generating the element locations in sparse planar arrays without grating lobes. This nonrandom alternative finds an element layout that reduces the grating lobes while keeping the elements far enough apart for practical construction. Our studies consider uniform sparse LDS arrays with 86% less elements than a fully populated array, and numerical results are presented that show these sampling techniques are capable of completely removing the grating lobes of sparse arrays. We present the mathematical formulation for implementing an LDS generated element lattice for sparse planar arrays, and present numerical results on their performance. Multiple array configurations are studied, and we show that these LDS techniques are not impacted by the type/shape of the planar array. Moreover, in comparison between the LDS techniques, we show that the Poisson disk sampling technique outperforms all other approaches and is the recommended LDS technique for sparse arrays.
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Wu YM, Chou HC, Ke CY, Wang CC, Li CT, Chang LH, Su B, Chu TS, Wang YJ. An X-Band CMOS Digital Phased Array Radar from Hardware to Software. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21217382. [PMID: 34770693 PMCID: PMC8588162 DOI: 10.3390/s21217382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phased array technology features rapid and directional scanning and has become a promising approach for remote sensing and wireless communication. In addition, element-level digitization has increased the feasibility of complicated signal processing and simultaneous multi-beamforming processes. However, the high cost and bulky characteristics of beam-steering systems have prevented their extensive application. In this paper, an X-band element-level digital phased array radar utilizing fully integrated complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transceivers is proposed for achieving a low-cost and compact-size digital beamforming system. An 8–10 GHz transceiver system-on-chip (SoC) fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology offers baseband filtering, frequency translation, and global clock synchronization through the proposed periodic pulse injection technique. A 16-element subarray module with an SoC integration, antenna-in-package, and tile array configuration achieves digital beamforming, back-end computing, and dc–dc conversion with a size of 317 × 149 × 74.6 mm3. A radar demonstrator with scalable subarray modules simultaneously realizes range sensing and azimuth recognition for pulsed radar configurations. Captured by the suggested software-defined pulsed radar, a complete range–azimuth figure with a 1 km maximum observation range can be displayed within 150 ms under the current implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (Y.-M.W.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-S.C.)
| | - Hao-Chung Chou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (Y.-M.W.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-S.C.)
| | - Cheng-Yung Ke
- Tron Future Tech Inc., Hsinchu 300042, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-T.L.); (L.-H.C.)
| | - Chien-Cheng Wang
- Tron Future Tech Inc., Hsinchu 300042, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-T.L.); (L.-H.C.)
| | - Chien-Te Li
- Tron Future Tech Inc., Hsinchu 300042, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-T.L.); (L.-H.C.)
| | - Li-Han Chang
- Tron Future Tech Inc., Hsinchu 300042, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-T.L.); (L.-H.C.)
| | - Borching Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ta-Shun Chu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (Y.-M.W.); (H.-C.C.); (T.-S.C.)
| | - Yu-Jiu Wang
- Tron Future Tech Inc., Hsinchu 300042, Taiwan; (C.-Y.K.); (C.-C.W.); (C.-T.L.); (L.-H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Mansur Rodrigues Filho JF, Bélanger P. Probe Standoff Optimization Method for Phased Array Ultrasonic TFM Imaging of Curved Parts. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:6665. [PMID: 34640983 DOI: 10.3390/s21196665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reliability of the ultrasonic phased array total focusing method (TFM) imaging of parts with curved geometries depends on many factors, one being the probe standoff. Strong artifacts and resolution loss are introduced by some surface profile and standoff combinations, making it impossible to identify defects. This paper, therefore, introduces a probe standoff optimization method (PSOM) to mitigate such effects. Based on a point spread function analysis, the PSOM algorithm finds the standoff with the lowest main lobe width and side lobe level values. Validation experiments were conducted and the TFM imaging performance compared with the PSOM predictions. The experiments consisted of the inspection of concave and convex parts with amplitudes of 0, 5 and 15 λAl, at 12 standoffs varying from 20 to 130 mm. Three internal side-drilled holes at different depths were used as targets. To investigate how the optimal probe standoff improves the TFM, two metrics were used: the signal-to-artifact ratio (SAR) and the array performance indicator (API). The PSF characteristics predicted by the PSOM agreed with the quality of TFM images. A considerable TFM improvement was demonstrated at the optimal standoff calculated by the PSOM. The API of a convex specimen’s TFM was minimized, and the SAR gained up to 13 dB, while the image of a concave specimen gained up to 33 dB in SAR.
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Cosarinsky G, Fernandez-Cruza J, Camacho J. Plane Wave Imaging through Interfaces. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21154967. [PMID: 34372201 PMCID: PMC8348561 DOI: 10.3390/s21154967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plane Wave Imaging (PWI) has been recently proposed for fast ultrasound inspections in the Non-Destructive-Testing (NDT) field. By using a single (or a reduced number) of plane wave emissions and parallel beamforming in reception, frame rates of hundreds to thousands of images per second can be achieved without significant image quality losses with regard to the Total Focusing Method (TFM) or Phased Array (PA). This work addresses the problem of applying PWI in the presence of arbitrarily shaped interfaces, which is a common problem in NDT. First, the mathematical formulation for generating a plane wave inside a component of arbitrary geometry is given, and the characteristics of the resultant acoustic field are analyzed by simulation, showing plane wavefronts with non-uniform amplitude. Then, an imaging strategy is proposed, accounting for this amplitude effect. Finally, the proposed method is experimentally validated, and its application limits are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Cosarinsky
- Ultrasound Systems and Technology Group (GSTU), Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-C.); (J.C.)
- Non Destructive Testing Department, National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA), Av. Gral. Paz 1499, Buenos Aires B1650, Argentina
- Electronics Department, Escuela Politécnica, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Jorge Fernandez-Cruza
- Ultrasound Systems and Technology Group (GSTU), Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-C.); (J.C.)
- DASEL SL, Avda. del Cañal 44 Nave 3, 28500 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Camacho
- Ultrasound Systems and Technology Group (GSTU), Institute for Physical and Information Technologies (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/Serrano 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-C.); (J.C.)
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Makūnaitė M, Jurkonis R, Lukoševičius A, Baranauskas M. Main Uncertainties in the RF Ultrasound Scanning Simulation of the Standard Ultrasound Phantoms. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21134420. [PMID: 34203320 PMCID: PMC8271890 DOI: 10.3390/s21134420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound echoscopy technologies are continuously evolving towards new modalities including quantitative parameter imaging, elastography, 3D scanning, and others. The development and analysis of new methods and algorithms require an adequate digital simulation of radiofrequency (RF) signal transformations. The purpose of this paper is the quantitative evaluation of RF signal simulation uncertainties in resolution and contrast reproduction with the model of a phased array transducer. The method is based on three types of standard physical phantoms. Digital 3D models of those phantoms are composed of point scatterers representing the weak backscattering of the background material and stronger backscattering from inclusions. The simulation results of echoscopy with sector scanning transducer by Field II software are compared with the RF output of the Ultrasonix scanner after scanning standard phantoms with 2.5 MHz phased array. The quantitative comparison of axial, lateral, and elevation resolutions have shown uncertainties from 9 to 22% correspondingly. The echoscopy simulation with two densities of scatterers is compared with contrast phantom imaging on the backscattered RF signals and B-scan reconstructed image, showing that the main sources of uncertainties limiting the echoscopy RF signal simulation adequacy are an insufficient knowledge of the scanner and phantom’s parameters. The attempt made for the quantitative evaluation of simulation uncertainties shows both problems and the potential of echoscopy simulation in imaging technology developments. The analysis presented could be interesting for researchers developing quantitative ultrasound imaging and elastography technologies looking for simulated raw RF signals comparable to those obtained from real ultrasonic scanning.
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Dydek K, Boczkowska A, Kozera R, Durałek P, Sarniak Ł, Wilk M, Łogin W. Effect of SWCNT-Tuball Paper on the Lightning Strike Protection of CFRPs and Their Selected Mechanical Properties. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14113140. [PMID: 34200475 PMCID: PMC8201144 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of this work was the investigation of the possibility of replacing the heavy metallic meshes applied onto the composite structure in airplanes for lightning strike protection with a thin film of Tuball single-wall carbon nanotubes in the form of ultra-light, conductive paper. The Tuball paper studied contained 75 wt.% or 90 wt.% of carbon nanotubes and was applied on the top of carbon fibre reinforced polymer before fabrication of flat panels. First, the electrical conductivity, impact resistance and thermo-mechanical properties of modified laminates were measured and compared with the reference values. Then, flat panels with selected Tuball paper, expanded copper foil and reference panels were fabricated for lightning strike tests. The effectiveness of lightning strike protection was evaluated by using the ultrasonic phased-array technique. It was found that the introduction of Tuball paper on the laminates surface improved both the surface and the volume electrical conductivity by 8800% and 300%, respectively. The impact resistance was tested in two directions, perpendicular and parallel to the carbon fibres, and the values increased by 9.8% and 44%, respectively. The dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis showed higher stiffness and a slight increase in glass transition temperature of the modified laminates. Ultrasonic investigation after lightning strike tests showed that the effectiveness of Tuball paper is comparable to expanded copper foil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Dydek
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (R.K.); (Ł.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Boczkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (R.K.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Rafał Kozera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (R.K.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Paweł Durałek
- TMBK Partners Sp. z o.o., ul. Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Sarniak
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (R.K.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Wilk
- Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o.o.—PZL Mielec A Lockheed Martin Company, ul. Wojska Polskiego 3, 39-300 Mielec, Poland; (M.W.); (W.Ł.)
| | - Waldemar Łogin
- Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o.o.—PZL Mielec A Lockheed Martin Company, ul. Wojska Polskiego 3, 39-300 Mielec, Poland; (M.W.); (W.Ł.)
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Dicandia FA, Genovesi S. Spectral Efficiency Improvement of 5G Massive MIMO Systems for High-Altitude Platform Stations by Using Triangular Lattice Arrays. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21093202. [PMID: 34063024 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3053091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of adopting a triangular lattice on phased arrays with regular and periodic grids for high-altitude platform station (HAPS) systems are presented in the scenario of massive MIMO communications operating within the 5G NR n257 and n258 frequency bands. Assessment of a planar array with 64 elements (8 × 8) is provided for both a triangular lattice and a square one in terms of array gain, average sidelobe level (ASLL), and mutual coupling. Particular attention is devoted to illustrating the impact of the antenna array lattice at the system level by evaluating its significant merits, such as its spectral efficiency (SE) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). The better performance exhibited by the triangular lattice array in comparison to the square one makes it appealing for the 5G massive MIMO paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Genovesi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Dicandia FA, Genovesi S. Spectral Efficiency Improvement of 5G Massive MIMO Systems for High-Altitude Platform Stations by Using Triangular Lattice Arrays. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:3202. [PMID: 34063024 PMCID: PMC8125324 DOI: 10.3390/s21093202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of adopting a triangular lattice on phased arrays with regular and periodic grids for high-altitude platform station (HAPS) systems are presented in the scenario of massive MIMO communications operating within the 5G NR n257 and n258 frequency bands. Assessment of a planar array with 64 elements (8 × 8) is provided for both a triangular lattice and a square one in terms of array gain, average sidelobe level (ASLL), and mutual coupling. Particular attention is devoted to illustrating the impact of the antenna array lattice at the system level by evaluating its significant merits, such as its spectral efficiency (SE) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). The better performance exhibited by the triangular lattice array in comparison to the square one makes it appealing for the 5G massive MIMO paradigm.
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Drizdal T, Sumser K, Bellizzi GG, Fiser O, Vrba J, Rhoon GCV, Yeo DTB, Margarethus M Paulides. Simulation guided design of the MRcollar: a MR compatible applicator for deep heating in the head and neck region. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:382-392. [PMID: 33682594 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1892836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a head and neck hyperthermia phased array system compatible with a 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner for noninvasive thermometry. METHODS We designed a dielectric-parabolic-reflector antenna (DiPRA) based on a printed reflector backed dipole antenna and studied its predicted and measured performance in a flat configuration (30 mm thick water bolus and muscle equivalent layer). Thereafter, we designed a phased array applicator model ('MRcollar') consisting of 12 DiPRA modules placed on a radius of 180 mm. Theoretical heating performance of the MRcollar model was benchmarked against the current clinical applicator (HYPERcollar3D) using specific (3D) head and neck models of 28 treated patients. Lastly, we assessed the influence of the DiPRA modules on MR scanning quality. RESULTS The predicted and measured reflection coefficients (S11) of the DiPRA module are below -20 dB. The maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) in the area under the antenna was 47% higher than for the antenna without encasing. Compared to the HYPERcollar3D, the MRcollar design incorporates 31% less demineralized water (-2.5 L), improves the predicted TC25 (target volume enclosed by 25% iso-SAR contour) by 4.1% and TC50 by 8.5%, while the target-to-hotspot quotient (THQ) is minimally affected (-1.6%). MR experiments showed that the DiPRA modules do not affect MR transmit/receive performance. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that head and neck hyperthermia delivery quality with the MRcollar can be maintained, while facilitating simultaneous noninvasive MR thermometry for treatment monitoring and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Drizdal
- Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic, Kladno, Czech Republic in Prague
| | - Kemal Sumser
- Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gennaro G Bellizzi
- Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Information Engineering, Infrastructures and Sustainable Energy, Universita Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio di Calabria, Italy
| | - Ondrej Fiser
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic, Kladno, Czech Republic in Prague
| | - Jan Vrba
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic, Kladno, Czech Republic in Prague
| | - Gerard C van Rhoon
- Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Desmond T B Yeo
- Imaging and Bioelectronic Technologies, GE Global Research Centre, Niskayuna, NY, USA
| | - Margarethus M Paulides
- Hyperthermia Unit, Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Bal A, Baur JW, Hartl DJ, Frank GJ, Gibson T, Pan H, Huff GH. Multi-Layer and Conformally Integrated Structurally Embedded Vascular Antenna (SEVA) Arrays. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21051764. [PMID: 33806364 PMCID: PMC7961683 DOI: 10.3390/s21051764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the design and fabrication of two multi-element structurally embedded vascular antennas (SEVAs). These are achieved through advances in additively manufactured sacrificial materials and demonstrate the ability to embed vascular microchannels in both planar and complex-curved epoxy-filled quartz fiber structural composite panels. Frequency-reconfigurable antennas are formed by these structures through the pressure-driven transport of liquid metal through the embedded microchannels. The planar multi-layer topology examines the ability to fabricate two co-located radiating structures separated by a single ply of quartz fabric within the composite layup. The multi-element linear array topology composed of microchannels embedded on to a single-layer are used to demonstrate the ability to conformally-integrate these channels into a complex curved surface that mimics an array of antennas on the leading edge of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). A parallel-strip antipodal dipole feed structure provides excitation and serves as the interface for fluid displacement within the microchannels to facilitate reconfiguration. The nominal design of the SEVAs achieve over a decade of frequency reconfiguration with respect to the fundamental dipole mode of the antenna. Experimental and predicted results demonstrate the operation for canonical states of the antennas. Additional results for the array topology demonstrate beam steering and contiguous operation of interconnected elements in the multi-element structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Bal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.B.); (H.P.)
| | - Jeffery W. Baur
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, WBAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (J.W.B.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Darren J. Hartl
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Geoffrey J. Frank
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, WBAFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (J.W.B.); (G.J.F.)
- University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
| | - Thao Gibson
- University of Dayton Research Institute, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469, USA;
| | - Hong Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.B.); (H.P.)
| | - Gregory H. Huff
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA
- Correspondence:
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Thureja P, Shirmanesh GK, Fountaine KT, Sokhoyan R, Grajower M, Atwater HA. Array-Level Inverse Design of Beam Steering Active Metasurfaces. ACS Nano 2020; 14:15042-15055. [PMID: 33125844 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an array-level inverse design approach to optimize the beam steering performance of active metasurfaces, thus overcoming the limitations posed by nonideal metasurface phase and amplitude tuning. In contrast to device-level topology optimization of passive metasurfaces, the outlined system-level optimization framework relies on the electrical tunability of geometrically identical nanoantennas, enabling the design of active antenna arrays with variable spatial phase and amplitude profiles. Based on this method, we demonstrate high-directivity, continuous beam steering up to 70° for phased arrays with realistic tunable antenna designs, despite nonidealities such as strong covariation of scattered light amplitude with phase. Nonintuitive array phase and amplitude profiles further facilitate beam steering with a phase modulation range as low as 180°. Furthermore, we use the device geometries presented in this work for experimental validation of the system-level inverse design approach of active beam steering metasurfaces. The proposed method offers a framework to optimize nanophotonic structures at the array level that is potentially applicable to a wide variety of objective functions and actively tunable metasurface antenna array platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Thureja
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ghazaleh Kafaie Shirmanesh
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Katherine T Fountaine
- NG Next, Northrop Grumman Corporation, One Space Park, Redondo Beach, California 90278, United States
| | - Ruzan Sokhoyan
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Meir Grajower
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Landry J, Hamann S, Solgaard O. High-speed axially swept light sheet microscopy using a linear MEMS phased array for isotropic resolution. J Biomed Opt 2020; 25:JBO-200168RR. [PMID: 33098281 PMCID: PMC7720907 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.10.106504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Axially swept light sheet microscopy is used for deconvolution-free, high-resolution 3D imaging, but usually the axial scan mechanism reduces the top imaging speed. Phased arrays (PAs) for axial scanning enable both high resolution and high speed. AIM A high-speed PA with an update rate faster than the camera row read time is used to track the rolling shutter at camera-limited rates. APPROACH The point spread function is evaluated to ensure sub-micron isotropic resolution, and the technique is demonstrated on a live Drosophila embryo. RESULTS Isotropic resolution is shown down to 720 ± 55 nm in all three spatial dimensions. With an update rate of 2.85 μs, the PA tracks the camera sensor rolling shutter at camera-limited rates. Features in the Drosophila embryo are resolved clearly compared with the equivalent static light sheet case. The random-access nature of the PA enables a camera sensor readout in the same direction for each frame to maintain even temporal sampling in image sequences with no speed loss. CONCLUSIONS Use of PAs is compatible with axially swept light sheet microscopy and offers significant improvements in speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Landry
- Stanford University, Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Stephen Hamann
- Stanford University, Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Olav Solgaard
- Stanford University, Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford, California, United States
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Baskaran D, Arunachalam K. Design of Site-Specific Microwave Phased Array Hyperthermia Applicators Using 434 MHz Reduced Cavity-Backed Patch Antenna. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:630-648. [PMID: 32956531 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancers of the neck, breast, and lower extremities are common malignancies diagnosed in India with a higher incidence of advanced-stage disease. Phased array (PA) applicators reported for hyperthermia treatment (HT) of the breast have small focal region and high cross-coupling, and those reported for lower extremities provide regional heating and limited steering. In this study, we present the numerical design of site-specific PA applicators for HT of large solid tumors in the neck, breast, and lower extremities using a miniaturized 434 MHz cavity-backed water-loaded patch antenna. The fabricated antenna has 38 × 36 mm2 aperture, more than 90% power coupling, 25 MHz bandwidth, and good agreement between simulated and measured specific absorption rate (SAR) in phantom. The site-specific applicators demonstrated less power reflection (<-17.9 dB) and cross-coupling (<-26.8 dB) for 5 mm inter-ring spacing. SAR indicators for 64 cc tumor at varying locations in simplified layered three-dimensional (3D) tissue models of the neck, breast, and leg showed average power absorption ratio (aPAratio ) ≥ 3.16, target to hotspot quotient (THQ) ≥ 0.57, 25% iso-SAR coverage (TC25 ) ≥ 81%, and 50% iso-SAR coverage (TC50 ) ≥51.8%. Simulation results of site-specific applicators for 3D inhomogeneous patient models showed aPAratio ≥ 5.98, THQ ≥ 0.9, TC50 ≥ 86%, and 100% TC25 for all sites. It is concluded that the 434 MHz miniaturized cavity-backed patch antenna can be used to develop high-density PA applicators with 12-24 antennas for HT of large solid tumors (≥4 cm) in the neck, breast, and lower extremities with 3D steering ability and less cross-coupling (≤-26.8 dB). © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Baskaran
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Arunachalam
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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Zhou W, Zhang T, Ou-Yang J, Yang X, Wu D, Zhu B. PIN-PMN-PT Single Crystal 1-3 Composite-based 20 MHz Ultrasound Phased Array. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E524. [PMID: 32455674 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on a modified dice-and-fill technique, a PIN-PMN-PT single crystal 1-3 composite with the kerf of 12 μm and pitch of 50 μm was prepared. The as-made piezoelectric composite material behaved with high piezoelectric constant (d33 = 1500 pC/N), high electromechanical coefficient (kt = 0.81), and low acoustic impedance (16.2 Mrayls). Using lithography and flexible circuit method, a 48-element phased array was successfully fabricated from such a piezoelectric composite. The array element was measured to have a central frequency of 20 MHz and a fractional bandwidth of approximately 77% at -6 dB. Of particular significance was that this PIN-PMN-PT single crystal 1-3 composite-based phased array exhibits a superior insertion loss compared with PMN-PT single crystal and PZT-5H-based 20 MHz phased arrays. The focusing and steering capabilities of the obtained phased array were demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. These promising results indicate that the PIN-PMN-PT single crystal 1-3 composite-based high frequency phased array is a good candidate for ultrasound imaging applications.
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Raišutis R, Tumšys O. Application of Dual Focused Ultrasonic Phased Array Transducer in Two Orthogonal Cross-Sections for Inspection of Multi-Layered Composite Components of the Aircraft Fuselage. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13071689. [PMID: 32260394 PMCID: PMC7178666 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that the application of the proposed technique of a dual focused ultrasonic beam in two orthogonal cross-sections in passive (elevation) and active (azimuth) apertures of linear ultrasonic phased array transducer (ULPAT) enhances the 3D spatial resolution in the case of the inspection of conventional defects (flat bottom holes) or measurement of thickness of multi-layered metal composites. The objective of this work is to apply the proposed technique to enhance the spatial resolution of the ULPAT in the cases of detection and sizing demonstration of internal defects possessing spatially complex geometry, and during the inspection of defective multi-layered thin composite components (e.g., GLARE) of the aircraft fuselage. The specially prepared aluminium specimen possessing an internal defect of complicated geometry (crescent-shaped) was investigated. The simulation results and experiments demonstrate the resolution enhancement, higher amplitude of the reflections (e.g., 2.5 times or +8 dB) and spatial improvement in the defect detection even in the case of the non-perpendicular incidence of ultrasonic waves to the complex geometry surface of the internal defect. During the experiments, the multi-layered GFRP-metal based composite sample GLARE 3-3/2 was investigated in the case of the single-side access to the surface of the sample. The internal artificial delamination type defect of 25 mm was detected with a higher accuracy. Compared to the limitations of conventional ULPAT, the relative error (32%) (at the −6 dB level) of lateral defect dimensions estimation was completely reduced.
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Dai G, He Z, Sun H. Ultrasonic Block Compressed Sensing Imaging Reconstruction Algorithm Based on Wavelet Sparse Representation. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 16:262-272. [PMID: 32133956 DOI: 10.2174/1573405615666191209151746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is carried out targeting the problem of slow response time and performance degradation of imaging system caused by large data of medical ultrasonic imaging. In view of the advantages of CS, it is applied to medical ultrasonic imaging to solve the above problems. OBJECTIVES Under the condition of satisfying the speed of ultrasound imaging, the quality of imaging can be further improved to provide the basis for accurate medical diagnosis. METHODS According to CS theory and the characteristics of the array ultrasonic imaging system, block compressed sensing ultrasonic imaging algorithm is proposed based on wavelet sparse representation. RESULTS Three kinds of observation matrices have been designed on the basis of the proposed algorithm, which can be selected to reduce the number of the linear array channels and the complexity of the ultrasonic imaging system to some extent. CONCLUSION The corresponding simulation program is designed, and the result shows that this algorithm can greatly reduce the total data amount required by imaging and the number of data channels required for linear array transducer to receive data. The imaging effect has been greatly improved compared with that of the spatial frequency domain sparse algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiyong He
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
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45
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Lu W, Guo R, Lan Y, Sun H, Li S, Zhou T. Underwater Spiral Wave Sound Source Based on Phased Array with Three Transducers. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19143192. [PMID: 31331107 PMCID: PMC6679567 DOI: 10.3390/s19143192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper realizes an underwater spiral wave sound source by using three omni-directional spherical transducers with three different phases. The pressure distribution of the sound field for a phased array is derived using the superposition theory of sound field. The generation of spiral wave field is presented, the relationship between the performance of phased array sound field and the array parameters is analyzed, and also verified by the finite element method (FEM). A spiral wave sound source with three spherical piezoelectric ceramic transducers is then designed and fabricated based on FEM simulation, and the performance of the sound source is analyzed. Measurements are made in a reverberation pool, and the result shows that the fabricated spiral wave sound source is capable of producing a spiral sound wave. Under a frequency of 3.5 kHz, the phase directivity has a fluctuation of ±21°, and the amplitude directivity range is 4.3 dB, which verifies the realization of the spiral wave sound source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rongzhen Guo
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Yu Lan
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Hao Sun
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shichang Li
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tianfang Zhou
- Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security (Harbin Engineering University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
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Mandava S, Keerthivasan MB, Martin DR, Altbach MI, Bilgin A. Radial streak artifact reduction using phased array beamforming. Magn Reson Med 2019; 81:3915-3923. [PMID: 30756432 PMCID: PMC10188278 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A new method for streak artifact reduction in radial MRI based on phased array filtering. THEORY Radial imaging in applications that require large fields-of-view can be susceptible to streaking artifacts due to gradient nonlinearities. Coil removal methods prune the coils contributing the most to streaking artifacts at the expense of signal loss. Phased array beamforming is a form of spatial filtering used to suppress unwanted signals. The proposed method uses interference covariance generated from the streaking artifact samples which are manually extracted with phased array beamforming to suppress streaking in the images. METHODS The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on abdomen radial fast spin echo images acquired on a 1.5T Siemens scanner and compared with previously proposed methods. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively suppress streaking artifacts without any noticeable loss in signal levels. Coil removal methods can suppress streaks as well but they may incur significant signal loss due to coil pruning. Quantitative metrics also demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over earlier methods. CONCLUSION The use of interference covariance with phased array beamforming can help reduce streaking artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Mandava
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Mahesh B Keerthivasan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Diego R Martin
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Maria I Altbach
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ali Bilgin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Clément J, Gruetter R, Ipek Ö. A combined 32-channel receive-loops/8-channel transmit-dipoles coil array for whole-brain MR imaging at 7T. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:1229-1241. [PMID: 31081176 PMCID: PMC6618274 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Multichannel receive arrays provide high SNR and parallel‐imaging capabilities, while transmit‐only dipole arrays have been shown to achieve a large coverage of the whole‐brain including the cerebellum. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize the performances of a 32‐channel receive‐only loop array combined with an 8‐channel dipole coil array at 7T for the first time. Methods The 8Tx‐dipoles/32Rx‐loops coil array was characterized by the SNR, g‐factors, noise correlation matrix, accelerated image quality, and B1+ maps, and compared with a commercial 1Tx‐birdcage/32Rx‐loops array. Simulated and measured B1+ maps were shown for the 8Tx‐dipoles/32Rx‐loops coil array and compared with the 8Tx/Rx dipole array. Results The in‐house built 32‐channel receive coil demonstrated a large longitudinal coverage of the brain, particularly the upper neck area. G‐factors and accelerated MR acquisitions demonstrated robust performances up to R = 4 in 2D, and R = 8 (4 × 2) in 3D. A 83% increase in SNR was measured over the cerebellum with the in‐house built 8Tx/32Rx coil array compared to the commercial 1Tx/32Rx, while similar performances were obtained in the cerebral cortex. Conclusions The combined 32‐channel receive/8‐channel transmit coil array demonstrated high transmit‐receive performances compared to the commercial receive array at 7T, notably in the cerebellum. We conclude that in combination with parallel transmit capabilities, this coil is particularly suitable for whole‐brain MR studies at 7T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Clément
- LIFMET, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- LIFMET, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Özlem Ipek
- CIBM-AIT, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Arkan EF, Degertekin FL. Analysis and Design of High-Frequency 1-D CMUT Imaging Arrays in Noncollapsed Mode. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2019; 66:382-393. [PMID: 30571620 PMCID: PMC6415772 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2887043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency ultrasound imaging arrays are important for a broad range of applications, from small animal imaging to photoacoustics. Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) arrays are particularly attractive for these applications as low noise receiver electronics can be integrated for an overall improved performance. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of high-frequency CMUT arrays based on an experimentally verified CMUT array simulation tool. The results obtained on an example, a 40-MHz 1-D CMUT array for intravascular imaging, are used to obtain key design insights and tradeoffs for receive only and pulse-echo imaging. For the receiver side, thermal mechanical current noise, plane wave pressure sensitivity, and pressure noise spectrum are extracted from simulations. Using these parameters, we find that the receiver performance of CMUT arrays can be close to an ideal piston, independent of gap thickness, and applied dc bias, when coupled to low noise electronics with arrays utilizing smaller membranes performing better. For pulse-echo imaging, thermal mechanical current noise limited signal-to-noise ratio is observed to be dependent on the maximum available voltage and gap thickness. In terms of bandwidth, we find that the Bragg resonance of the array, related to the fill factor, is a significant determinant of the high frequency limit and the fluid loaded single membrane resonance determines the lower limit. Based on these results, we present design guidelines requiring only fluid loaded single membrane simulations and membrane pitch to achieve a desired pulse-echo response. We also provide a design example and discuss limitations of the approach.
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49
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Adams C, Carpenter TM, Cowell D, Freear S, McLaughlan JR. HIFU Drive System Miniaturization Using Harmonic Reduced Pulsewidth Modulation. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2018; 65:2407-2417. [PMID: 30371363 PMCID: PMC6305628 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2878464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Switched excitation has the potential to improve on the cost, efficiency, and size of the linear amplifier circuitry currently used in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) systems. Existing switching schemes are impaired by high harmonic distortion or lack array apodisation capability, so require adjustable supplies and/or large power filters to be useful. A multilevel pulsewidth modulation (PWM) topology could address both of these issues but the switching-speed limitations of transistors mean that there are a limited number of pulses available in each waveform cycle. In this study, harmonic reduction PWM (HRPWM) is proposed as an algorithmic solution to the design of switched waveforms. Its appropriateness for HIFU was assessed by design of a high power five-level unfiltered amplifier and subsequent thermal-only lesioning of ex vivo chicken breast. Three switched waveforms of different electrical powers (16, 26, 35 W) were generated using the HRPWM algorithm. Lesion sizes were measured and compared with those made at the same electrical power using a linear amplifier and bi-level excitation. HRPWM produced symmetric, thermal-only lesions that were the same size as their linear amplifier equivalents ( ). At 16 W, bi-level excitation produced smaller lesions but at higher power levels large transients in the acoustic waveform nucleated undesired cavitation. These results demonstrate that HRPWM can minimize HIFU drive circuity size without the need for filters to remove harmonics or adjustable power supplies to achieve array apodisation.
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Lin X, Fan Y, Pedersen GF. 3D Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Phased Array for Transmission Angle Sensing in 5G Mobile Communication. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E4204. [PMID: 30513658 PMCID: PMC6308954 DOI: 10.3390/s18124204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a 3D radiation pattern reconfigurable antenna (RPRA) and a reconfigurable phased array (RPA) for 5G mobile communication. The antenna and array are working at 28 GHz, which is selected as a 5G communication band in many countries. The proposed phased array will be applied as sensors to find out the optimal transmitting⁻receiving angle in a randomly changed cellular wireless scenarios. The RPRA and RPA are fed by Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and have three switchable radiation modes: Broadside 1, Broadside 2 and Endfire. The three modes correspond to three different radiation patterns and each of them covers a different area in the Azimuth plane. An eight-element phased array constructed by the proposed RPRA, which is able to switch beam in Azimuth plane and scan in the Elevation plane, is also presented in this paper. The proposed RPA is able to provide much higher spatial coverage than the conventional phased arrays and without additional feeding and phase shifting networks. The beam switching is realized by the PIN diodes. The proposed antenna and array have planer structures and require small clearance on the ground plane which makes them compatible with mobile phones. The simulations show good performance for both RPRA and RPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
- Department of Electronic System, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Electronic System, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Xianqi Lin
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Yong Fan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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