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Lozano JI, Panduro MA, Méndez-Alonzo R, Alonso-Arevalo MA, Conte R, Reyna A. Plant Foliar Geometry as a Biomimetic Template for Antenna Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:531. [PMID: 37999172 PMCID: PMC10669502 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diversity includes over 300,000 species, and leaf structure is one of the main targets of selection, being highly variable in shape and size. On the other hand, the optimization of antenna design has no unique solution to satisfy the current range of applications. We analyzed the foliar geometries of 100 plant species and applied them as a biomimetic design template for microstrip patch antenna systems. From this set, a subset of seven species were further analyzed, including species from tropical and temperate forests across the phylogeny of the Angiosperms. Foliar geometry per species was processed by image processing analyses, and the resultant geometries were used in simulations of the reflection coefficients and the radiation patterns via finite differences methods. A value below -10 dB is set for the reflection coefficient to determine the operation frequencies of all antenna elements. All species showed between 3 and 15 operational frequencies, and four species had operational frequencies that included the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. The reflection coefficients and the radiation patterns in most of the designs were equal or superior to those of conventional antennas, with several species showing multiband effects and omnidirectional radiation. We demonstrate that plant structures can be used as a biomimetic tool in designing microstrip antenna for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ignacio Lozano
- Departamento de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (J.I.L.); (M.A.A.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Marco A. Panduro
- Departamento de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (J.I.L.); (M.A.A.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Rodrigo Méndez-Alonzo
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Alonso-Arevalo
- Departamento de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (J.I.L.); (M.A.A.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Conte
- Departamento de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (J.I.L.); (M.A.A.-A.); (R.C.)
| | - Alberto Reyna
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
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Maldonado G, Maldonado AR, Balderas LI, Panduro MA. Time-Modulated Antenna Arrays for Ultra-Wideband 5G Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:2233. [PMID: 36557532 PMCID: PMC9780842 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This research presents the design of time-modulated antenna arrays with UWB performance. The antenna arrays consider a linear topology with eight UWB disk-notch patch antennas. The technological problem is to find out the optimum antenna positions and/or time sequences to reduce the side lobes and the sidebands in all of the UWB frequency ranges. The design process is formulated as a bacterial foraging optimization. The results show that the uniform array generates a better SLL performance whereas the non-uniform array obtains a wider bandwidth. The uniform array obtains an SLL < −20 dB from 3.37 GHz to 4.8 GHz and the non-uniform array generates an SLL < −7 dB from 2.97 GHz to 5.26 GHz. The sideband levels are very similar for both cases with a value of around −17 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Maldonado
- Electronics Department, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera San Fernando cruce con Canal Rodhe, Reynosa 88779, Mexico
| | - Alberto Reyna Maldonado
- Electronics Department, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera San Fernando cruce con Canal Rodhe, Reynosa 88779, Mexico
| | - Luz I. Balderas
- Electronics Department, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera San Fernando cruce con Canal Rodhe, Reynosa 88779, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Panduro
- Electronics and Telecommunications Department, CICESE Research Center, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Mexico
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Sanchez B, Panduro MA, Covarrubias DH, Reyna A, Juárez E. Coherently Radiating Periodic Structures for Feeding Concentric Rings Array with Reduced Number of Phase Shifters. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9528. [PMID: 36502230 PMCID: PMC9735969 DOI: 10.3390/s22239528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the application of CORPS (coherently radiating periodic structures) for feeding CRA (concentric rings array) with a reduced number of phase shifters. The proposed design technique for the structure of concentric rings provides a better scanning capability with respect to other existing configurations. This design technique utilizes 2 × 3 or 4 × 7 CORPS networks depending on the configuration or the number of antenna elements in the phased array system. These CORPS networks are set strategically in the feeding network to provide several advantages with respect to others in the scanning capability and the reduction of the number of phase shifters of the array system. The contribution of this paper is the full antenna system design of phased CRA for analyzing scanning and the reduction of phase shifters. The proposed phased array reduces the number of phase shifter devices in CRA for a scanning range of ±25° in the elevation plane. Differential evolution (DE) was applied to optimize the amplitudes of the proposed system. Several design cases were analyzed using full-wave simulation results to verify the phased array model and to take mutual coupling into account. Full-wave simulation results provide radiation patterns with low SLL in all scanning directions. The proposed phased array was validated by experimental measurements of the full antenna system prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Sanchez
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Panduro
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - David H. Covarrubias
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Alberto Reyna
- Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Elizvan Juárez
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
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Encino K, Panduro MA, Reyna A, Covarrubias DH. Novel Design Techniques for the Fermat Spiral in Antenna Arrays, for Maximum SLL Reduction. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:2000. [PMID: 36422432 PMCID: PMC9693571 DOI: 10.3390/mi13112000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents novel design techniques for the Fermat spiral, considering a maximum side lobe level (SLL) reduction. The array system based on a Fermat spiral configuration considers techniques based on uniform and non-uniform amplitude excitation. The cases of uniform amplitude excitation are the golden angle and the optimization of the angular separations. The cases of non-uniform amplitude excitations consider a raised cosine distribution and the optimization of the amplitude excitations through the Fermat spiral array. In this study, the method of genetic algorithms (GA) was used in the cases to find the values of the angular separations and the amplitude excitations of the Fermat spiral array. A performance evaluation was conducted for all these design cases, considering the Fermat spiral geometry. These design cases were validated using electromagnetic simulation to take mutual coupling into account and consider the effect of the antenna element pattern in each proposed design case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleiverg Encino
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Panduro
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Alberto Reyna
- Electronics Department, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - David H. Covarrubias
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
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Calvillo G, Panduro MA, Sanchez B, Reyna A. A New Scheme of Applying CORPS and Crossovers to Reduce the Number of Phase Shifters in Antenna Arrays. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8207. [PMID: 36365903 PMCID: PMC9659081 DOI: 10.3390/s22218207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new scheme of applying CORPS (coherently radiating periodic structures) for reducing the number of phase shifters in linear antenna arrays. This scheme can be seen as a combination of the properties of two techniques: CORPS and butler. The proposed system applies an interleaving of several blocks of 2 × 3 CORPS networks. This interleaving of two stages of 2 × 3 CORPS networks is made in a convenient way to provide the required progressive phase for beam-scanning and the level of amplitude excitations necessary for achieving the radiation characteristics of low SLL. Interesting results are provided based on experimental measurements and full-wave simulations to analyze and evaluate the performance of the feeding network based on CORPS and the reduction capability of the number of phase shifters in the antenna system. The proposed design methodology achieves a reduction capability of 66% in the number of phase shifters used in linear antenna arrays. This reduction in the complexity of the antenna system is reached maintaining a peak SLL of -22 dB with scanning ranges of until ±25°. A good design option is provided to simplify the complexity of the feeding network in antenna array applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Calvillo
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Panduro
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Brian Sanchez
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Alberto Reyna
- Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, UAMRR-R, Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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Juárez E, Panduro MA, Covarrubias DH, Reyna A. Coherently Radiating Periodic Structures to Reduce the Number of Phase Shifters in a 2-D Phased Array. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21196592. [PMID: 34640912 PMCID: PMC8512703 DOI: 10.3390/s21196592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper illustrates the application of CORPS (coherently radiating periodic structures) for feeding 2-D phased arrays with a reduced number of phase shifter (PS) devices. Three design configurations using CORPS are proposed for 2-D phased arrays. The design model of phased array for these configurations considers the cophasal excitation required for this structure to set a strategic way for feeding the antenna elements and reducing the number of PS devices. Blocks of 2 × 3 and 4 × 7 CORPS networks depending on the configuration in the 2-D phased array are set strategically in the feeding network to generate the cophasal excitation required in the antenna elements. These design configurations used for feeding the antenna elements in the planar array geometry provide several advantages with respect to others in the scanning capability and the reduction of the number of PS devices of the array system. The full-wave simulation results for the proposed configurations in 2-D phased arrays provide a reduction in the number of PSs of until 69% for a scanning range of ±25° in elevation and ±40° in azimuth. The application of the raised cosine amplitude distribution could generate radiation patterns with a SLL_PEAK ≈ −19 dB and SLL_PEAK ≈ −23 dB for the design proposed configurations in all the scanning range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizvan Juárez
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (E.J.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Marco A. Panduro
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (E.J.); (D.H.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - David H. Covarrubias
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada 22860, Mexico; (E.J.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Alberto Reyna
- UAMRR-R, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico;
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Panduro MA, Reyna A, Covarrubias DH. Non-Uniform Concentric Rings Design for Ultra-Wideband Arrays. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19102262. [PMID: 31100825 PMCID: PMC6567308 DOI: 10.3390/s19102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design of aperiodic concentric ring arrays for ultra-wide bandwidths (UW-ACRA). This design of ultra-wideband arrays considers the synthesis of concentric rings in two cases: 1) non-uniform spacing between rings with non-uniform spacing between antenna elements of the same ring (UW-ACRAelements); and 2) non-uniform spacing between rings assuming that spacing between antenna elements of the same ring to be equal (UW-ACRArings). This is in order to eliminate the occurrence of grating lobes and generating array structures with useful ultra-wideband properties. The synthesis process is carried out by the well-known method of differential evolution (DE). Wireless sensor networks can take advantage of these properties to achieve less data traffic, efficient delivery of information and better energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Panduro
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico.
| | - Alberto Reyna
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (UAT) Carretera Reynosa-San Fernando, Reynosa, Tamaulipas 88779, Mexico.
| | - David H Covarrubias
- CICESE Research Center, Electronics and Telecommunications Department, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico.
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Panduro MA, Brizuela CA, Balderas LI, Acosta DA. A COMPARISON OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS, PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION AND THE DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION METHOD FOR THE DESIGN OF SCANNABLE CIRCULAR ANTENNA ARRAYS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2528/pierb09011308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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