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Ni L, Zhang W, Kim W, Warchock A, Bicket A, Wang X, Moroi SE, Argento A, Xu G. 3D imaging of aqueous veins and surrounding sclera using a dual-wavelength photoacoustic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:6291-6300. [PMID: 38420307 PMCID: PMC10898558 DOI: 10.1364/boe.505288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Understanding aqueous outflow resistance at the level of aqueous veins has been a challenge to the management of glaucoma. This study investigated resolving the anatomies of aqueous veins and the textures of surrounding sclera using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). A dual wavelength PAM system was established and validated using imaging phantoms, porcine and human globes perfused with an optical contrast agent ex vivo. The system shows lateral resolution of 8.23 µm and 4.70 µm at 1200 nm and 532 nm, respectively, and an axial resolution of 27.6 µm. The system is able to separately distinguish the aqueous veins and the sclera with high contrast in full circumference of the porcine and human globes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wonsuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Alexus Warchock
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Amanda Bicket
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xueding Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sayoko E. Moroi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Havener Eye Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alan Argento
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
| | - Guan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Notsuka Y, Kurihara M, Hashimoto N, Harada Y, Takahashi E, Yamaoka Y. Improvement of spatial resolution in photoacoustic microscopy using transmissive adaptive optics with a low-frequency ultrasound transducer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:2933-2948. [PMID: 35209424 DOI: 10.1364/oe.446309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining a high spatial resolution in photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) of deep tissues is difficult due to large aberration in an objective lens with high numerical aperture and photoacoustic wave attenuation. To address the issue, we integrate transmission-type adaptive optics (AO) in high-resolution PAM with a low-frequency ultrasound transducer (UT), which increases the photoacoustic wave detection efficiency. AO improves lateral resolution and depth discrimination in PAM, even for low-frequency ultrasound waves by focusing a beam spot in deep tissues. Using the proposed PAM, we increased the lateral resolution and depth discrimination for blood vessels in mouse ears.
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Hu Y, Chen Z, Xiang L, Xing D. Extended depth-of-field all-optical photoacoustic microscopy with a dual non-diffracting Bessel beam. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1634-1637. [PMID: 30933109 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
All-optical photoacoustic microscopy (AOPAM) facilitates high-sensitivity, wide-bandwidth, volumetric imaging without coupling media. However, the rapid divergence of the Gaussian beam restricts the stability and depth-of-field in typical Gaussian AOPAM (G-AOPAM). Here we report an extended depth-of-field AOPAM using a dual non-diffracting Bessel beam (B-AOPAM). Benefiting from the designing, the B-AOPAM has the unique advantages of increasing depth resolving ability and improving photoacoustic detection sensitivity. The proposed scheme shows optimal lateral resolution of 2.4 μm and a long depth-of-focus of 635 μm, which is 10-fold larger than that of the G-AOPAM. The scattering phantoms and in vivo animal experiments demonstrated the imaging feasibility and capability of the B-AOPAM, which can provide noncontact, high spatial resolution imaging of non-flat tissue and contribute to future clinical applications.
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Hsu HC, Li L, Yao J, Wong TTW, Shi J, Chen R, Zhou Q, Wang LV. Dual-axis illumination for virtually augmenting the detection view of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-7. [PMID: 29981225 PMCID: PMC8357328 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.7.076001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) has demonstrated fast, label-free volumetric imaging of optical-absorption contrast within the quasiballistic regime of photon scattering. However, the limited numerical aperture of the ultrasonic transducer restricts the detectability of the photoacoustic waves, thus resulting in incomplete reconstructed features. To tackle the limited-view problem, we added an oblique illumination beam to the original coaxial optical-acoustic scheme to provide a complementary detection view. The virtual augmentation of the detection view was validated through numerical simulations and tissue-phantom experiments. More importantly, the combination of top and oblique illumination successfully imaged a mouse brain in vivo down to 1 mm in depth, showing detailed brain vasculature. Of special note, it clearly revealed the diving vessels that were long missing in images from original OR-PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsun-Chia Hsu
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Lei Li
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Terence T. W. Wong
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Junhui Shi
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Ruimin Chen
- University of Southern California, Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Qifa Zhou
- University of Southern California, Resource Center for Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- California Institute of Technology, Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Caltech Optical Imaging Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States
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Hennen SN, Xing W, Shui YB, Zhou Y, Kalishman J, Andrews-Kaminsky LB, Kass MA, Beebe DC, Maslov KI, Wang LV. Photoacoustic tomography imaging and estimation of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in ocular tissue of rabbits. Exp Eye Res 2015; 138:153-8. [PMID: 26048477 PMCID: PMC5821107 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated in vivo imaging capabilities and safety of qualitative monitoring of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (sO2) of rabbit ciliary body tissues obtained with acoustic resolution (AR) photoacoustic tomography (PAT). AR PAT was used to collect trans-scleral images from ciliary body vasculature of seven New Zealand White rabbits. The PAT sO2 measurements were obtained under the following conditions: when systemic sO2 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 100% and 99% (level 1); systemic sO2 as measured by pulse oximetry was between 98% and 90% (level 2); and systemic sO2 as measured by pulse oximetry was less than 90% (level 3). Following imaging, histological analysis of ocular tissue was conducted to evaluate for possible structural damage caused by the AR PAT imaging. AR PAT was able to resolve anatomical structures of the anterior segment of the eye, viewed through the cornea or anterior sclera. Histological studies revealed no ocular damage. On average, sO2 values (%) obtained with AR PAT were lower than sO2 values obtained with pulse oximetry (all p < 0.001): 86.28 ± 4.16 versus 99.25 ± 0.28, 84.09 ± 1.81 vs. 95.3 ± 2.6, and 64.49 ± 7.27 vs. 71.15 ± 10.21 for levels 1, 2 and 3 respectively. AR PAT imaging modality is capable of qualitative monitoring for deep tissue sO2 in rabbits. Further studies are needed to validate and modify the AR PAT modality specifically for use in human eyes. Having a safe, non-invasive method of in vivo imaging of sO2 in the anterior segment is important to studies evaluating the role of oxidative damage, hypoxia and ischemia in pathogenesis of ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella N Hennen
- Solo Private Practice, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Wenxin Xing
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ying-Bo Shui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Kalishman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lisa B Andrews-Kaminsky
- Division of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael A Kass
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David C Beebe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Konstantin I Maslov
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lihong V Wang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Zhang HF, Puliafito CA, Jiao S. Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy for in vivo retinal imaging: current status and prospects. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2012; 42 Suppl:S106-15. [PMID: 21790106 DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20110627-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a new retinal imaging technology that offers the unique capability to measure optical absorption in the retina. Because PAOM is compatible with optical coherence tomography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and autofluorescence imaging, registered multimodal images can be acquired from a single device at comparable resolution for comprehensive anatomic and functional retinal characterizations. Therefore, PAOM is anticipated to have applications in both research and clinical diagnosis of many blinding diseases. The authors explain the basic principles of the photoacoustic effect and imaging. Then, different types of photoacoustic microscopy are introduced and compared. Finally, the current status of photoacoustic imaging in animal eyes is presented and the prospects of future development of PAOM are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao F Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, also called optoacoustic imaging, is a new biomedical imaging modality based on the use of laser-generated ultrasound that has emerged over the last decade. It is a hybrid modality, combining the high-contrast and spectroscopic-based specificity of optical imaging with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. In essence, a PA image can be regarded as an ultrasound image in which the contrast depends not on the mechanical and elastic properties of the tissue, but its optical properties, specifically optical absorption. As a consequence, it offers greater specificity than conventional ultrasound imaging with the ability to detect haemoglobin, lipids, water and other light-absorbing chomophores, but with greater penetration depth than purely optical imaging modalities that rely on ballistic photons. As well as visualizing anatomical structures such as the microvasculature, it can also provide functional information in the form of blood oxygenation, blood flow and temperature. All of this can be achieved over a wide range of length scales from micrometres to centimetres with scalable spatial resolution. These attributes lend PA imaging to a wide variety of applications in clinical medicine, preclinical research and basic biology for studying cancer, cardiovascular disease, abnormalities of the microcirculation and other conditions. With the emergence of a variety of truly compelling in vivo images obtained by a number of groups around the world in the last 2-3 years, the technique has come of age and the promise of PA imaging is now beginning to be realized. Recent highlights include the demonstration of whole-body small-animal imaging, the first demonstrations of molecular imaging, the introduction of new microscopy modes and the first steps towards clinical breast imaging being taken as well as a myriad of in vivo preclinical imaging studies. In this article, the underlying physical principles of the technique, its practical implementation, and a range of clinical and preclinical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering , University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT , UK
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Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging, also called optoacoustic imaging, is a new biomedical imaging modality based on the use of laser-generated ultrasound that has emerged over the last decade. It is a hybrid modality, combining the high-contrast and spectroscopic-based specificity of optical imaging with the high spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. In essence, a PA image can be regarded as an ultrasound image in which the contrast depends not on the mechanical and elastic properties of the tissue, but its optical properties, specifically optical absorption. As a consequence, it offers greater specificity than conventional ultrasound imaging with the ability to detect haemoglobin, lipids, water and other light-absorbing chomophores, but with greater penetration depth than purely optical imaging modalities that rely on ballistic photons. As well as visualizing anatomical structures such as the microvasculature, it can also provide functional information in the form of blood oxygenation, blood flow and temperature. All of this can be achieved over a wide range of length scales from micrometres to centimetres with scalable spatial resolution. These attributes lend PA imaging to a wide variety of applications in clinical medicine, preclinical research and basic biology for studying cancer, cardiovascular disease, abnormalities of the microcirculation and other conditions. With the emergence of a variety of truly compelling in vivo images obtained by a number of groups around the world in the last 2-3 years, the technique has come of age and the promise of PA imaging is now beginning to be realized. Recent highlights include the demonstration of whole-body small-animal imaging, the first demonstrations of molecular imaging, the introduction of new microscopy modes and the first steps towards clinical breast imaging being taken as well as a myriad of in vivo preclinical imaging studies. In this article, the underlying physical principles of the technique, its practical implementation, and a range of clinical and preclinical applications are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Beard
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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