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Xie P, Nie Z, Zhang T, Xu G, Sun A, Chen T, Lv Y. FNIRS based study of brain network characteristics in children with cerebral palsy during bilateral lower limb movement. Med Phys 2024; 51:4434-4446. [PMID: 38683184 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy (CP) are caused by nonprogressive brain damage. Understanding the functional characteristics of the brain is important for rehabilitation. PURPOSE This paper aimed to study the brain networks of children with CP during bilateral lower limb movement using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and to explore effective fNIRS indices for reflecting functional brain activity. METHODS Using fNIRS, cerebral oxygenation signals in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC/RPFC) and motor cortex (LMC/RMC) were recorded from fifteen children with spastic CP and seventeen children with typical development (CTDs) in the resting state and during bilateral lower limb movement. Functional connectivity matrices based on phase-locking values (PLVs) were calculated using Hilbert transformation, and binary networks were constructed at different sparsity levels. Network metrics such as the clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, and transitivity were calculated. Furthermore, the time-varying curves of network metrics during movement were obtained by dividing the time window and using sparse inverse covariance matrices. Finally, conditional Granger causality (GC) was used to explore the causal relationships between different brain regions. RESULTS Compared to CTDs, the connectivity between RMC-RPFC (p = 0.017) and RMC-LMC (p = 0.002) in the brain network was decreased in children with CP, and the clustering coefficient (p = 0.003), global efficiency (p = 0.034), local efficiency (p = 0.015), and transitivity (p = 0.009) were significantly lower. The standard deviation of the changes in global efficiency of children with CP during motion was also greater than that of CTDs. Using GC, it was found that there was a significant increase in causal strength from the RMC to the RPFC (p = 0.04) and from the RMC to the LMC (p = 0.042) in children with CP during motion. Additionally, there were significant negative correlations between the PLV of LMC-RMC (p = 0.002) and the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and between the GMFCS and the clustering coefficient (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS During rehabilitation training of the lower limbs, there were significant differences in brain network indices between children with CP and CTDs. The indicators proposed in this paper are effective at evaluating motor function and the real-time impact of rehabilitation training on the brain network and have great potential for application in guiding clinical motor function assessment and planning rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Zichao Nie
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Tengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Gongcheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Tiandi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
- Nanchang City Key Laboratory of Integrated Medical and Industrial Technology, Nanchang university, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Neuromodulation of Hebei Province, Institute of Electric Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
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Karumattu Manattu A, Borrell JA, Copeland C, Fraser K, Zuniga JM. Motor cortical functional connectivity changes due to short-term immobilization of upper limb: an fNIRS case report. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 4:1156940. [PMID: 37266515 PMCID: PMC10229777 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1156940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction A short-term immobilization of one hand affects musculoskeletal functions, and the associated brain network adapts to the alterations happening to the body due to injuries. It was hypothesized that the injury-associated temporary disuse of the upper limb would alter the functional interactions of the motor cortical processes and will produce long-term changes throughout the immobilization and post-immobilization period. Methods The case participant (male, 12 years old, right arm immobilized for clavicle fracture) was scanned using optical imaging technology of fNIRS over immobilization and post-immobilization. Pre-task data was collected for 3 min for RSFC analysis, processed, and analyzed using the Brain AnalyzIR toolbox. Connectivity was measured using Pearson correlation coefficients (R) from NIRS Toolbox's connectivity module. Results The non-affected hand task presented an increased ipsilateral response during the immobilization period, which then decreased over the follow-up visits. The right-hand task showed a bilateral activation pattern following immobilization, but the contralateral activation pattern was restored during the 1-year follow-up visit. Significant differences in the average connection strength over the study period were observed. The average Connection strength decreased from the third week of immobilization and continued to be lower than the baseline value. Global network efficiency decreased in weeks two and three, while the network settled into a higher efficient state during the follow-up periods after post-immobilization. Discussion Short-term immobilization of the upper limb is shown to have cortical changes in terms of activations of brain regions as well as connectivity. The short-term dis-use of the upper limb has shifted the unilateral activation pattern to the bilateral coactivation of the motor cortex from both hemispheres. Resting-state data reveals a disruption in the motor cortical network during the immobilization phase, and the network is reorganized into an efficient network over 1 year after the injury. Understanding such cortical reorganization could be informative for studying the recovery from neurological disorders affecting motor control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan A. Borrell
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- Center for Biomedical Rehabilitation and Manufacturing, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Christopher Copeland
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kaitlin Fraser
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jorge M. Zuniga
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- Center for Biomedical Rehabilitation and Manufacturing, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
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Zhang T, Xu G, Huo C, Li W, Li Z, Li W. Cortical hemodynamic response and networks in children with cerebral palsy during upper limb bilateral motor training. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202200326. [PMID: 36602536 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the characteristics of functional brain activity is important for motor rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technology, the cortical response and networks of prefrontal (PFC) and motor cortices (MC) were analyzed for children with CP and typical development (CTD). Compared with CTD, the resting cortical response of dominant MC in children with CP increased, and the functional connectivity between cerebral areas decreased. In the motor state of children with CP, the coupling strength started from dominant MC increased compared with resting state, and the hemispherical autonomy index (HAI) of the dominant MC was higher than that in the CTD, which reflected the leading role of dominant MC in brain regulation during motor. The functional connectivity between bilateral MC was positively correlated with motor performance. This study provided effective indices for evaluating the motor function and real-time impact of motor on brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
| | - Gongcheng Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Huo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Engineering, Beijing College of Social Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Zengyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
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Kwon J, Im CH. Performance Improvement of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Brain-Computer Interfaces Using Transcranial Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation With the Same Device. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 28:2608-2614. [PMID: 33048667 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2020.3030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation (tNIR-PBM) can modulate physiological characteristics of the human brain, such as the cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. Here, we investigated whether the performance of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can be improved by tNIR-PBM applied to the prefrontal cortex with the same NIRS device. A total of 14 healthy individuals participated in the NIRS-based BCI study where the aim was to distinguish the mental arithmetic task from the idle state (IS) task either after tNIR-PBM or after sham stimulation, with the two experiments being conducted at least two days apart. The tNIR-PBM was applied by simply turning on the NIRS recording equipment for 20 min. To evaluate the degree of performance improvement obtained after tNIR-PBM, the average BCI classification accuracy obtained under the tNIR-PBM condition was compared with that obtained under the sham stimulation condition. The classification accuracy of NIRS-based BCI was significantly improved upon conduction of tNIR-PBM (82.74%) as compared to that in the sham stimulation condition (76.07%, p < 0.005). Thus, our results suggest that simply turning on the NIRS recording equipment before the BCI experiment can improve the performance of the NIRS-based BCI system.
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de Campos AC, Sukal-Moulton T, Huppert T, Alter K, Damiano DL. Brain activation patterns underlying upper limb bilateral motor coordination in unilateral cerebral palsy: an fNIRS study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2020; 62:625-632. [PMID: 32034770 PMCID: PMC8202129 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore cortical activation during bimanual tasks and functional correlates in unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD This cross-sectional study included eight participants with unilateral CP (six females, two males; mean age [SD] 20y 10mo [5y 10mo], 13y 8mo-31y 6mo) in Manual Ability Classification System levels II to III and nine age-matched participants with typical development (seven females, two males; mean age [SD] 17y 8mo [5y 7mo], 9y 4mo-24y 2mo). They performed bimanual symmetric squeezing (BSS) and bimanual asymmetric squeezing (BAS) tasks at 1Hz, and a pouring task with dominant hand (DPour) and a pouring task with non-dominant hand (NDPour) at 0.67Hz, all while a custom array of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) optodes were placed over their sensorimotor area. Mixed-effects were used to contrast groups, tasks, and hemispheres (corrected p-values [q] reported). Analysis of variance and t-tests compared performance measures across groups and tasks. RESULTS Participants with unilateral CP showed greater activation in both hemispheres during BAS (non-lesioned: q<0.001; lesioned: q<0.001), and in the lesioned hemisphere during BSS (q<0.001), DPour (q=0.02), and NDPour (q=0.02) than those with typical development. The lesioned hemisphere in unilateral CP showed more activity than the non-lesioned one (BSS: q=0.01; BAS: q=0.009; NDPour: q=0.04). During BAS, higher cortical activity correlated with more synchronous arm activation (r=0.79; p=0.02); activity lateralized towards the non-lesioned hemisphere correlated with better Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory computer adaptive test scores (r=0.81; p=0.03). INTERPRETATION Results suggest abnormally increased sensorimotor cortical activity in unilateral CP, with implications to be investigated. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Cortical activity in manual tasks is described with functional near-infrared spectroscopy in typical and atypical cohorts. Activation levels in unilateral cerebral palsy appear to escalate with task difficulty. Increased brain activity may be associated with poorer selective manual control. Specific patterns of brain activity may be related to impaired bimanual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Campos
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Theresa Sukal-Moulton
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Theodore Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katharine Alter
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane L Damiano
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Holmes E, Barrett DW, Saucedo CL, O’Connor P, Liu H, Gonzalez-Lima F. Cognitive Enhancement by Transcranial Photobiomodulation Is Associated With Cerebrovascular Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1129. [PMID: 31680847 PMCID: PMC6813459 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial infrared laser stimulation (TILS) is a novel, safe, non-invasive method of brain photobiomodulation. Laser stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex causes cognitive enhancement. To investigate the hemodynamic effects in prefrontal cortex by which this cognitive enhancement occurs, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), which is a safe, non-invasive method of monitoring hemodynamics. We measured concentration changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin and differential effects in 18 healthy adults during sustained attention and working memory performance, before and after laser of the right prefrontal cortex. We also measured 16 sham controls without photobiomodulation. fNIRS revealed large effects on prefrontal oxygenation during cognitive enhancement post-laser and provided the first demonstration that cognitive enhancement by transcranial photobiomodulation is associated with cerebrovascular oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex. Sham control data served to rule out that the laser effects were due to pre-post task repetition or other non-specific effects. A laser-fNIRS combination may be useful to stimulate and monitor cerebrovascular oxygenation associated with neurocognitive enhancement in healthy individuals and in those with prefrontal hypometabolism, such as in cognitive aging, dementia and many neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Douglas W. Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Celeste L. Saucedo
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Patrick O’Connor
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States
| | - F. Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Relationship between sensorimotor cortical activation as assessed by functional near infrared spectroscopy and lower extremity motor coordination in bilateral cerebral palsy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 20:275-285. [PMID: 30101059 PMCID: PMC6083901 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Evaluation of task-evoked cortical responses during movement has been limited in individuals with bilateral cerebral palsy (CP), despite documented alterations in brain structure/function and deficits in motor control. Objective To systematically evaluate cortical activity associated with lower extremity tasks, and relate activation parameters to clinical measures in CP. Methods 28 ambulatory participants (14 with bilateral CP and 14 with typical development) completed five motor tasks (non-dominant ankle dorsiflexion, hip flexion and leg cycling as well as bilateral dorsiflexion and cycling) in a block design while their sensorimotor cortex was monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), in addition to laboratory and clinical measures of performance. Results Main effects for group and task were found for extent of fNIRS activation (number of active channels; p < 0.001 and p = 0.010, respectively), magnitude of activation (sum of beta values; p < 0.001 for both), and number of active muscles (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), but no group by task interactions. Collectively, subgroups with CP and especially those with greater impairments, showed higher extent and magnitude of cortical sensorimotor activation as well as higher amounts of concurrent activity in muscles not required for task performance. Magnitude of fNIRS activation during non-dominant dorsiflexion correlated with validated measures of selective control (r = −0.60, p = 0.03), as well as mobility and daily activity (r = −0.55, p = 0.04 and r = −0.52, p = 0.05, respectively) and self-reported gait function (r = −0.68, p = 0.01) in those with CP. Conclusions The association between higher activity in the sensorimotor cortex and decreased selectivity in cortical organization suggests a potential neural mechanism of motor deficits and target for intervention. First fNIRS comparison of a range of lower extremity tasks in children with and without bilateral CP. FNIRS showed a greater amount and extent of activation of sensorimotor cortices in CP. Greater activation correlated with a greater number of muscles involved in the task. fNIRS results correlated to clinical measures of motor control and function.
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Li L, Babawale O, Yennu A, Trowbridge C, Hulla R, Gatchel RJ, Liu H. Whole-cortical graphical networks at wakeful rest in young and older adults revealed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS 2018; 5:035004. [PMID: 30137882 PMCID: PMC6063133 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.5.3.035004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A good understanding of age-dependent changes and modifications in brain networks is crucial for fully exploring the effects of aging on the human brain. Few reports have been found in studies of functional brain networks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Moreover, little is known about the feasibility of using fNIRS to assess age-related changes in brain connectomes. This study applied whole brain fNIRS measurement, combined with graph theory analysis, to assess the age-dependent changes in resting-state brain networks. Five to eight minutes of resting-state brain hemodynamic signals were recorded from 48 participants (18 young adults and 30 older adults) with 133 optical channels covering the majority of the cortical regions. Both local and global graph metrics were computed to identify the age-related changes of topographical brain networks. Older adults showed an overall decline of both global and local efficiency compared to young adults, as well as the decline of small-worldness. In addition, young adults showed the abundance of hubs in the prefrontal cortex, whereas older adults revealed the hub shifts to the sensorimotor cortex. These obvious shifts of hubs may potentially indicate decreases of the decision-making, memory, and other high-order functions as people age. Our results showed consistent findings with published literature and also demonstrated the feasibility of whole-head fNIRS measurements to assess age-dependent changes in resting-state brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Olajide Babawale
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Amarnath Yennu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Stanford, California, United States
| | - Cynthia Trowbridge
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Kinesiology, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Ryan Hulla
- University of Texas at Arlington, College of Science, Department of Psychology, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J. Gatchel
- University of Texas at Arlington, College of Science, Department of Psychology, Arlington, Texas, United States
| | - Hanli Liu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering and Joint Graduate Program Between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Arlington, Texas, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Hanli Liu, E-mail:
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Rosenberry R, Munson M, Chung S, Samuel TJ, Patik J, Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, Nelson MD. Age-related microvascular dysfunction: novel insight from near-infrared spectroscopy. Exp Physiol 2017; 103:190-200. [PMID: 29114952 DOI: 10.1113/ep086639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-derived post-occlusion tissue oxygen saturation recovery kinetics be used to study age-related impairments in microvascular function? What is the main finding and its importance? Using a previously established 5 min cuff occlusion protocol, we found that NIRS-derived indices of microvascular function were markedly reduced in elderly compared with young participants. However, when we controlled for the absolute level of vasodilatory stimulus and matched the tissue desaturation level between groups, we found similar responses in young and elderly participants. Overall, these data highlight the important role NIRS can serve in clinical vascular biology, but also establish the need for assessing tissue ischaemia during cuff occlusion protocols. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has emerged as a promising tool to evaluate vascular reactivity in vivo. Whether this approach can be used to assess age-related impairments in microvascular function has not been tested. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) post-occlusion recovery kinetics were measured in two distinct age groups (<35 and >65 years of age) using NIRS placed over the flexor digitorum profundus. Key end-points included the following: (i) the desaturation rate during cuff occlusion; (ii) the lowest StO2 value obtained during ischaemia (StO2min); (iii) StO2 reperfusion rate; (iv) the highest StO2 value reached after cuff release (StO2max); and (v) the reactive hyperaemia area under the curve (AUC). At first, using a conventional 5 min cuff occlusion protocol, the elderly participants achieved a much slower rate of oxygen recovery (1.5 ± 0.2 versus 2.5 ± 0.2% s-1 ), lower StO2max (85.2 ± 2.9 versus 92.3 ± 1.5%) and lower reactive hyperaemia AUC (2651.8 ± 307.0 versus 4940.0 ± 375.8% s-1 ). However, owing to a lower skeletal muscle resting metabolic rate, StO2min was also significantly attenuated in the elderly participants compared with the young control subjects (55.7 ± 3.5 versus 41.0 ± 3.4%), resulting in a much lower ischaemic stimulus. To account for this important difference between groups, we then matched the level of tissue ischaemia in a subset of young healthy participants by reducing the cuff occlusion protocol to 3 min. Remarkably, when we controlled for tissue ischaemia, we observed no differences in any of the hyperaemic end-points between the young and elderly participants. These data highlight the important role NIRS can serve in vascular biology, but also establish the need for assessing tissue ischaemia during cuff occlusion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rosenberry
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Madison Munson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Susie Chung
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - T Jake Samuel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jordan Patik
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Wesley J Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Abstract
Stuttering affects nearly 1% of the population worldwide and often has life-altering negative consequences, including poorer mental health and emotional well-being, and reduced educational and employment achievements. Over two decades of neuroimaging research reveals clear anatomical and physiological differences in the speech neural networks of adults who stutter. However, there have been few neurophysiological investigations of speech production in children who stutter. Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we examined hemodynamic responses over neural regions integral to fluent speech production including inferior frontal gyrus, premotor cortex, and superior temporal gyrus during a picture description task. Thirty-two children (16 stuttering and 16 controls) aged 7–11 years participated in the study. We found distinctly different speech-related hemodynamic responses in the group of children who stutter compared to the control group. Whereas controls showed significant activation over left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and left premotor cortex, children who stutter exhibited deactivation over these left hemisphere regions. This investigation of neural activation during natural, connected speech production in children who stutter demonstrates that in childhood stuttering, atypical functional organization for speech production is present and suggests promise for the use of fNIRS during natural speech production in future research with typical and atypical child populations.
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Yennu A, Tian F, Gatchel RJ, Liu H. Prefrontal hemodynamic mapping by functional near-infrared spectroscopy in response to thermal stimulations over three body sites. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:045008. [PMID: 28018934 PMCID: PMC5166717 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.4.045008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to examine hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during noxious thermal pain, induced by thermal stimulations over three different body sites over the right forearm, right temporomandibular joint, and left forearm. Functional NIRS measurements were obtained from three groups of healthy volunteers, one group for each body region. Each group was subjected to both low-pain stimulation (LPS) and high-pain stimulation (HPS) by a [Formula: see text] thermode of a temperature-controlled thermal stimulator over the respective three body sites. Our results showed that HPS given at three sites induced significant increases ([Formula: see text]) in oxy-hemoglobin concentration ([Formula: see text]) in the PFC with similar temporal patterns in relatively spread PFC areas. In contrast, LPS did not cause any significant [Formula: see text] in the PFC of any subject group. Our observed PFC activations induced by acute HPS were generally consistent with previous reports by fMRI studies. The study also found a peculiar global trend of postpain deactivation in the PFC, which is attributed to global vasoconstriction due to acute nocuous pain. Overall, these results indicate that hemodynamic activities in PFC exhibit consistent temporal and spatial patterns in response to acute thermal stimulation given across all three body sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Yennu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Fenghua Tian
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Robert J. Gatchel
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 19528, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Hanli Liu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Bioengineering, P.O. Box 19138, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Hanli Liu, E-mail:
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12
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Tian F, Hase SN, Gonzalez-Lima F, Liu H. Transcranial laser stimulation improves human cerebral oxygenation. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48:343-9. [PMID: 26817446 PMCID: PMC5066697 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Transcranial laser stimulation of the brain with near‐infrared light is a novel form of non‐invasive photobiomodulation or low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) that has shown therapeutic potential in a variety of neurological and psychological conditions. Understanding of its neurophysiological effects is essential for mechanistic study and treatment evaluation. This study investigated how transcranial laser stimulation influences cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation in the human brain in vivo using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Materials and Methods Two separate experiments were conducted in which 1,064‐nm laser stimulation was administered at (1) the center and (2) the right side of the forehead, respectively. The laser emitted at a power of 3.4 W and in an area of 13.6 cm2, corresponding to 0.25 W/cm2 irradiance. Stimulation duration was 10 minutes. Nine healthy male and female human participants of any ethnic background, in an age range of 18–40 years old were included in each experiment. Results In both experiments, transcranial laser stimulation induced an increase of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Δ[HbO2]) and a decrease of deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Δ[Hb]) in both cerebral hemispheres. Improvements in cerebral oxygenation were indicated by a significant increase of differential hemoglobin concentration (Δ[HbD] = Δ[HbO2] − Δ[Hb]). These effects increased in a dose‐dependent manner over time during laser stimulation (10 minutes) and persisted after laser stimulation (6 minutes). The total hemoglobin concentration (Δ[HbT] = Δ[HbO2] + Δ[Hb]) remained nearly unchanged in most cases. Conclusion Near‐infrared laser stimulation applied to the forehead can transcranially improve cerebral oxygenation in healthy humans. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:343–349, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, 76010
| | - Snehal N Hase
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, 76010
| | - F Gonzalez-Lima
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712
| | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, 76010
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13
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Motor Cortex Activity During Functional Motor Skills: An fNIRS Study. Brain Topogr 2015; 29:42-55. [PMID: 26243304 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-015-0443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Assessments of brain activity during motor task performance have been limited to fine motor movements due to technological constraints presented by traditional neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers a promising method by which to overcome these constraints and investigate motor performance of functional motor tasks. The current study used fNIRS to quantify hemodynamic responses within the primary motor cortex in twelve healthy adults as they performed unimanual right, unimanual left, and bimanual reaching, and stepping in place. Results revealed that during both unimanual reaching tasks, the contralateral hemisphere showed significant activation in channels located approximately 3 cm medial to the C3 (for right-hand reach) and C4 (for left-hand reach) landmarks. Bimanual reaching and stepping showed activation in similar channels, which were located bilaterally across the primary motor cortex. The medial channels, surrounding Cz, showed significantly higher activations during stepping when compared to bimanual reaching. Our results extend the viability of fNIRS to study motor function and build a foundation for future investigation of motor development in infants during nascent functional behaviors and monitor how they may change with age or practice.
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14
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Yao J, Tian F, Rakvongthai Y, Oraintara S, Liu H. Quantification and normalization of noise variance with sparsity regularization to enhance diffuse optical tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2961-79. [PMID: 26309760 PMCID: PMC4541524 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Conventional reconstruction of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is based on the Tikhonov regularization and the white Gaussian noise assumption. Consequently, the reconstructed DOT images usually have a low spatial resolution. In this work, we have derived a novel quantification method for noise variance based on the linear Rytov approximation of the photon diffusion equation. Specifically, we have implemented this quantification of noise variance to normalize the measurement signals from all source-detector channels along with sparsity regularization to provide high-quality DOT images. Multiple experiments from computer simulations and laboratory phantoms were performed to validate and support the newly developed algorithm. The reconstructed images demonstrate that quantification and normalization of noise variance with sparsity regularization (QNNVSR) is an effective reconstruction approach to greatly enhance the spatial resolution and the shape fidelity for DOT images. Since noise variance can be estimated by our derived expression with relatively limited resources available, this approach is practically useful for many DOT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Yothin Rakvongthai
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Soontorn Oraintara
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
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15
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Cao J, Khan B, Hervey N, Tian F, Delgado MR, Clegg NJ, Smith L, Roberts H, Tulchin-Francis K, Shierk A, Shagman L, MacFarlane D, Liu H, Alexandrakis G. Evaluation of cortical plasticity in children with cerebral palsy undergoing constraint-induced movement therapy based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:046009. [PMID: 25900145 PMCID: PMC4479242 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.4.046009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor cortex plasticity induced by constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in six children (10.2±2.1 years old) with hemiplegic cerebral palsy was assessed by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The activation laterality index and time-to-peak/duration during a finger-tapping task and the resting-state functional connectivity were quantified before, immediately after, and 6 months after CIMT. These fNIRS-based metrics were used to help explain changes in clinical scores of manual performance obtained concurrently with imaging time points. Five age-matched healthy children (9.8±1.3 years old) were also imaged to provide comparative activation metrics for normal controls. Interestingly, the activation time-to-peak/duration for all sensorimotor centers displayed significant normalization immediately after CIMT that persisted 6 months later. In contrast to this improved localized activation response, the laterality index and resting-state connectivity metrics that depended on communication between sensorimotor centers improved immediately after CIMT, but relapsed 6 months later. In addition, for the subjects measured in this work, there was either a trade-off between improving unimanual versus bimanual performance when sensorimotor activation patterns normalized after CIMT, or an improvement occurred in both unimanual and bimanual performance but at the cost of very abnormal plastic changes in sensorimotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Cao
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Bilal Khan
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Nathan Hervey
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Fenghua Tian
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - Mauricio R. Delgado
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Department of Neurology, Dallas, Texas 75219, United States
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Neurology, Dallas, Texas 75235, United States
| | - Nancy J. Clegg
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Department of Neurology, Dallas, Texas 75219, United States
| | - Linsley Smith
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Department of Neurology, Dallas, Texas 75219, United States
| | - Heather Roberts
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Department of Neurology, Dallas, Texas 75219, United States
| | - Kirsten Tulchin-Francis
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Department of Neurology, Dallas, Texas 75219, United States
| | - Angela Shierk
- Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Department of Neurology, Dallas, Texas 75219, United States
| | - Laura Shagman
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Electrical Engineering, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Duncan MacFarlane
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Electrical Engineering, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Hanli Liu
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
| | - George Alexandrakis
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Arlington, Texas 76010, United States
- Address all correspondence to: George Alexandrakis, E-mail:
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16
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Oliveira SRD, Machado ACCDP, Miranda DMD, Campos FDS, Ribeiro CO, Magalhães LDC, Bouzada MCF. [Near-infrared spectroscopy as an auxiliary tool in the study of child development]. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2015; 33:230-40. [PMID: 25862295 PMCID: PMC4516378 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the applicability of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) for
cortical hemodynamic assessment tool as an aid in the study of child development.
DATA SOURCE: Search was conducted in the PubMed and Lilacs databases using the following
keywords: ''psychomotor performance/child development/growth and
development/neurodevelopment/spectroscopy/near-infrared'' and their equivalents in
Portuguese and Spanish. The review was performed according to criteria established
by Cochrane and search was limited to 2003 to 2013. English, Portuguese and
Spanish were included in the search. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of the 484 articles, 19 were selected: 17 cross-sectional and two longitudinal
studies, published in non-Brazilian journals. The analyzed articles were grouped
in functional and non-functional studies of child development. Functional studies
addressed the object processing, social skills development, language and cognitive
development. Non-functional studies discussed the relationship between cerebral
oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes, and the comparison between the
cortical hemodynamic response of preterm and term newborns. CONCLUSIONS: NIRS has become an increasingly feasible alternative and a potentially useful
technique for studying functional activity of the infant brain.
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17
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Hu XS, Arredondo MM, Gomba M, Confer N, DaSilva AF, Johnson TD, Shalinsky M, Kovelman I. Comparison of motion correction techniques applied to functional near-infrared spectroscopy data from children. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:126003. [PMID: 26662300 PMCID: PMC9900395 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.126003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Motion artifacts are the most significant sources of noise in the context of pediatric brain imaging designs and data analyses, especially in applications of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), in which it can completely affect the quality of the data acquired. Different methods have been developed to correct motion artifacts in fNIRS data, but the relative effectiveness of these methods for data from child and infant subjects (which is often found to be significantly noisier than adult data) remains largely unexplored. The issue is further complicated by the heterogeneity of fNIRS data artifacts. We compared the efficacy of the six most prevalent motion artifact correction techniques with fNIRS data acquired from children participating in a language acquisition task, including wavelet, spline interpolation, principal component analysis, moving average (MA), correlation-based signal improvement, and combination of wavelet and MA. The evaluation of five predefined metrics suggests that the MA and wavelet methods yield the best outcomes. These findings elucidate the varied nature of fNIRS data artifacts and the efficacy of artifact correction methods with pediatric populations, as well as help inform both the theory and practice of optical brain imaging analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Su Hu
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Maria M. Arredondo
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Megan Gomba
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Nicole Confer
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
- University of Michigan, Biologic & Materials Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, Headache & Orofacial Pain Effort Lab, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Timothy D. Johnson
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mark Shalinsky
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Ioulia Kovelman
- University of Michigan, Center for Human Growth and Development, 300 North Ingalls Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Address all correspondence to: Ioulia Kovelman, E-mail:
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18
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Sukal-Moulton T, de Campos AC, Stanley CJ, Damiano DL. Functional near infrared spectroscopy of the sensory and motor brain regions with simultaneous kinematic and EMG monitoring during motor tasks. J Vis Exp 2014:52391. [PMID: 25548919 PMCID: PMC4396965 DOI: 10.3791/52391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sukal-Moulton
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Ana Carolina de Campos
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Christopher J Stanley
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | - Diane L Damiano
- Functional and Applied Biomechanics Section, Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health;
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19
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Chen C, Tian F, Liu H, Huang J. Diffuse optical tomography enhanced by clustered sparsity for functional brain imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:2323-31. [PMID: 25055380 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2338214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a noninvasive technique which measures hemodynamic changes in the tissue with near infrared light, which has been increasingly used to study brain functions. Due to the nature of light propagation in the tissue, the reconstruction problem is severely ill-posed. For linearized DOT problems, sparsity regularization has achieved promising results over conventional Tikhonov regularization in recent experimental research. As extensions to standard sparsity, it is widely known that structured sparsity based methods are often superior in terms of reconstruction accuracy, when the data follows some structures. In this paper, we exploit the structured sparsity of diffuse optical images. Based on the functional specialization of the brain, it is observed that the in vivo absorption changes caused by a specific brain function would be clustered in certain region(s) and not randomly distributed. Thus, a new algorithm is proposed for this clustered sparsity reconstruction (CSR). Results of numerical simulations and phantom experiments have demonstrated the superiority of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art methods. An example from human in vivo measurements further confirmed the advantages of the proposed CSR method.
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20
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Friel KM, Kuo HC, Carmel JB, Rowny SB, Gordon AM. Improvements in hand function after intensive bimanual training are not associated with corticospinal tract dysgenesis in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2001-9. [PMID: 24623352 PMCID: PMC4037561 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) results from damage to the developing brain that occurs within the first 2 years of life. Previous studies found associations between asymmetry in the size of the corticospinal tract (CST) from the two hemispheres and severity of hand impairments in children with unilateral CP. The extent to which CST damage affects the capacity for hand function improvement is unknown. This study examines the association between an estimate of CST dysgenesis and (1) hand function and (2) the efficacy of intensive bimanual training in improving hand function. Children with unilateral CP, age 3.6–14.9 years, n = 35, received intensive bimanual training. Children engaged in bimanual functional/play activities (6 h/day, 15 days). Peduncle asymmetry, an estimate of CST dysgenesis, was measured on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans. Hand function was measured pre- and post-treatment using the assisting hand assessment (AHA) and Jebsen–Taylor test of hand function (JTTHF). AHA and JTTHF improved post-treatment (p < 0.001). Peduncle asymmetry was correlated with baseline AHA and JTTHF (p < 0.001) but not with AHA or JTTHF improvement post-training (R2 < 0.1, p > 0.2). An estimate of CST dysgenesis is correlated with baseline hand function but is a poor predictor of training efficacy, possibly indicating a flexibility of developing motor systems to mediate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Friel
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA,
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21
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Lin ZJ, Li L, Cazzell M, Liu H. Atlas-guided volumetric diffuse optical tomography enhanced by generalized linear model analysis to image risk decision-making responses in young adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:4249-66. [PMID: 24619964 PMCID: PMC4282392 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) is a variant of functional near infrared spectroscopy and has the capability of mapping or reconstructing three dimensional (3D) hemodynamic changes due to brain activity. Common methods used in DOT image analysis to define brain activation have limitations because the selection of activation period is relatively subjective. General linear model (GLM)-based analysis can overcome this limitation. In this study, we combine the atlas-guided 3D DOT image reconstruction with GLM-based analysis (i.e., voxel-wise GLM analysis) to investigate the brain activity that is associated with risk decision-making processes. Risk decision-making is an important cognitive process and thus is an essential topic in the field of neuroscience. The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) is a valid experimental model and has been commonly used to assess human risk-taking actions and tendencies while facing risks. We have used the BART paradigm with a blocked design to investigate brain activations in the prefrontal and frontal cortical areas during decision-making from 37 human participants (22 males and 15 females). Voxel-wise GLM analysis was performed after a human brain atlas template and a depth compensation algorithm were combined to form atlas-guided DOT images. In this work, we wish to demonstrate the excellence of using voxel-wise GLM analysis with DOT to image and study cognitive functions in response to risk decision-making. Results have shown significant hemodynamic changes in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during the active-choice mode and a different activation pattern between genders; these findings correlate well with published literature in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and fNIRS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jing Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Joint Program of Biomedical Engineering between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas; National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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22
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Chaudhary U, Hall M, Gonzalez J, Elbaum L, Bloyer M, Godavarty A. Motor response investigation in individuals with cerebral palsy using near infrared spectroscopy: pilot study. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:503-10. [PMID: 24514139 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.000503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of motor impairment syndromes secondary to genetic that may be due to acquired disorders of the developing brain. In this study, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used to investigate the prefrontal cortical activation and lateralization in response to the planning and execution of motor skills in controls and individuals with CP. The prefrontal cortex, which plays a dominant role in the planning and execution of motor skill stimulus, is noninvasively imaged using a continuous wave-based NIRS system. During the study, 7 controls (4 right-handed and 3 left-handed) and 2 individuals with CP (1 right-handed and 1 left-handed) over 18 years of age performed 30 s of a ball throwing task followed by 30 s rest in a 5-block paradigm. The optical signal acquired from the NIRS system was processed to elucidate the activation and lateralization in the prefrontal region of controls and individuals with CP. The preliminary result indicated a difference in activation between the task and rest conditions in all the participant types. Bilateral dominance was observed in the prefrontal cortex of controls in response to planning and execution of motor skill tasks, while an ipsilateral dominance was observed in individuals with CP. In conjunction, similar contralateral dominance was observed during rest periods, both in controls and individuals with CP.
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23
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Khan B, Hodics T, Hervey N, Kondraske G, Stowe AM, Alexandrakis G. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy maps cortical plasticity underlying altered motor performance induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:116003. [PMID: 24193947 PMCID: PMC3817936 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.11.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the human sensorimotor cortex during physical rehabilitation induces plasticity in the injured brain that improves motor performance. Bi-hemispheric tDCS is a noninvasive technique that modulates cortical activation by delivering weak current through a pair of anodal-cathodal (excitation-suppression) electrodes, placed on the scalp and centered over the primary motor cortex of each hemisphere. To quantify tDCS-induced plasticity during motor performance, sensorimotor cortical activity was mapped during an event-related, wrist flexion task by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) before, during, and after applying both possible bi-hemispheric tDCS montages in eight healthy adults. Additionally, torque applied to a lever device during isometric wrist flexion and surface electromyography measurements of major muscle group activity in both arms were acquired concurrently with fNIRS. This multiparameter approach found that hemispheric suppression contralateral to wrist flexion changed resting-state connectivity from intra-hemispheric to inter-hemispheric and increased flexion speed (p<0.05). Conversely, exciting this hemisphere increased opposing muscle output resulting in a decrease in speed but an increase in accuracy (p<0.05 for both). The findings of this work suggest that tDCS with fNIRS and concurrent multimotor measurements can provide insights into how neuroplasticity changes muscle output, which could find future use in guiding motor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Khan
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010
- Address all correspondence to: Bilal Khan, University of Texas at Arlington, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010. Tel: +1-817-223-5518; Fax: +1-817-272-2251; E-mail:
| | - Timea Hodics
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, 5151 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Nathan Hervey
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010
| | - George Kondraske
- University of Texas at Arlington, Human Performance Institute, P.O. Box 19180, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Ann M. Stowe
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, 5151 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - George Alexandrakis
- University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Joint Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010
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24
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Bar-Haim S, Harries N, Hutzler Y, Belokopytov M, Dobrov I. Training to walk amid uncertainty with Re-Step: measurements and changes with perturbation training for hemiparesis and cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2013; 8:417-25. [PMID: 23324031 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2012.754954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe Re-Step™, a novel mechatronic shoe system that measures center of pressure (COP) gait parameters and complexity of COP dispersion while walking, and to demonstrate these measurements in healthy controls and individuals with hemiparesis and cerebral palsy (CP) before and after perturbation training. METHOD The Re-Step™ was used to induce programmed chaotic perturbations to the feet while walking for 30 min for 36 sessions over 12-weeks of training in two subjects with hemiparesis and two with CP. RESULTS Baseline measurements of complexity indices (fractal dimension and approximate entropy) tended to be higher in controls than in those with disabilities, while COP variability, mean and variability of step time and COP dispersion were lower. After training the disabled subjects these measurement values tended toward those of the controls, along with a decrease in step time, 10 m walk time, average step time, percentage of double support and increased Berg balance score. CONCLUSIONS This pilot trial reveals the feasibility and applicability of this unique measurement and perturbation system for evaluating functional disabilities and changes with interventions to improve walking. Implication for Rehabilitation Walking, of individuals with cerebral palsy and hemiparesis following stroke, can be viewed in terms of a rigid motor behavior that prevents adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Re-Step system (a) measures and records linear and non-linear gait parameters during free walking to provide a detailed evaluation of walking disabilities, (b) is an intervention training modality that applies unexpected perturbations during walking. This perturbation intervention may improve gait and motor functions of individuals with hemiparesis and cerebral plasy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bar-Haim
- Human Motion Analysis Laboratory, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
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Comparison of neural correlates of risk decision making between genders: An exploratory fNIRS study of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Neuroimage 2012; 62:1896-911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kavuri VC, Lin ZJ, Tian F, Liu H. Sparsity enhanced spatial resolution and depth localization in diffuse optical tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:943-57. [PMID: 22567587 PMCID: PMC3342199 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In diffuse optical tomography (DOT), researchers often face challenges to accurately recover the depth and size of the reconstructed objects. Recent development of the Depth Compensation Algorithm (DCA) solves the depth localization problem, but the reconstructed images commonly exhibit over-smoothed boundaries, leading to fuzzy images with low spatial resolution. While conventional DOT solves a linear inverse model by minimizing least squares errors using L2 norm regularization, L1 regularization promotes sparse solutions. The latter may be used to reduce the over-smoothing effect on reconstructed images. In this study, we combined DCA with L1 regularization, and also with L2 regularization, to examine which combined approach provided us with an improved spatial resolution and depth localization for DOT. Laboratory tissue phantoms were utilized for the measurement with a fiber-based and a camera-based DOT imaging system. The results from both systems showed that L1 regularization clearly outperformed L2 regularization in both spatial resolution and depth localization of DOT. An example of functional brain imaging taken from human in vivo measurements was further obtained to support the conclusion of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkaiah C. Kavuri
- Department of Bioengineering, Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Both authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Zi-Jing Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Both authors contributed equally to this paper
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Joint Graduate Program between University of Texas at Arlington and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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27
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Khan B, Wildey C, Francis R, Tian F, Delgado MR, Liu H, MacFarlane D, Alexandrakis G. Improving optical contact for functional near‑infrared brain spectroscopy and imaging with brush optodes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:878-98. [PMID: 22567582 PMCID: PMC3342194 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel brush optode was designed and demonstrated to overcome poor optical contact with the scalp that can occur during functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and imaging due to light obstruction by hair. The brush optodes were implemented as an attachment to existing commercial flat-faced (conventional) fiber bundle optodes. The goal was that the brush optodes would thread through hair and improve optical contact on subjects with dense hair. Simulations and experiments were performed to assess the magnitude of these improvements. FNIRS measurements on 17 subjects with varying hair colors (blonde, brown, and black) and hair densities (0-2.96 hairs/mm(2)) were performed during a finger tapping protocol for both flat and brush optodes. In addition to reaching a study success rate of almost 100% when using the brush optode extensions, the measurement setup times were reduced by a factor of three. Furthermore, the brush optodes enabled improvements in the activation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by up to a factor of ten as well as significant (p < 0.05) increases in the detected area of activation (dAoA). The measured improvements in SNR were matched by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of photon propagation through scalp and hair. In addition, an analytical model was derived to mathematically estimate the observed light power losses due to different hair colors and hair densities. Interestingly, the derived analytical formula produced excellent estimates of the experimental data and MC simulation results despite several simplifying assumptions. The analytical model enables researchers to readily estimate the light power losses due to obstruction by hair for both flat-faced fiber bundles and individual fibers for a given subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Chester Wildey
- MRRA Inc., 3621 Smoke Tree Trail, Euless, Texas 76040, USA
| | - Robert Francis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Mauricio R. Delgado
- Department of Neurology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn Street, Dallas, Texas 75219, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5901 Forest Park Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Hanli Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
| | - Duncan MacFarlane
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - George Alexandrakis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 UTA Boulevard, Arlington, Texas 76010, USA
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28
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Eggebrecht AT, White BR, Ferradal SL, Chen C, Zhan Y, Snyder AZ, Dehghani H, Culver JP. A quantitative spatial comparison of high-density diffuse optical tomography and fMRI cortical mapping. Neuroimage 2012; 61:1120-8. [PMID: 22330315 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging commands a dominant role in current neuroscience research. However its use in bedside clinical and certain neuro-scientific studies has been limited because the current tools lack the combination of being non-invasive, non-ionizing and portable while maintaining moderate resolution and localization accuracy. Optical neuroimaging satisfies many of these requirements, but, until recent advances in high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT), has been hampered by limited resolution. While early results of HD-DOT have been promising, a quantitative voxel-wise comparison and validation of HD-DOT against the gold standard of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been lacking. Herein, we provide such an analysis within the visual cortex using matched visual stimulation protocols in a single group of subjects (n=5) during separate HD-DOT and fMRI scanning sessions. To attain the needed voxel-to-voxel co-registration between HD-DOT and fMRI image spaces, we implemented subject-specific head modeling that incorporated MRI anatomy, detailed segmentation, and alignment of source and detector positions. Comparisons of the visual responses found an average localization error between HD-DOT and fMRI of 4.4+/-1mm, significantly less than the average distance between cortical gyri. This specificity demonstrates that HD-DOT has sufficient image quality to be useful as a surrogate for fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Eggebrecht
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4525 Scott Ave, East Bldg. CB 8225, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Aisen ML, Kerkovich D, Mast J, Mulroy S, Wren TAL, Kay RM, Rethlefsen SA. Cerebral palsy: clinical care and neurological rehabilitation. Lancet Neurol 2011; 10:844-52. [PMID: 21849165 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as motor impairment that limits activity, and is attributed to non-progressive disturbances during brain development in fetuses or infants. The motor disorders of CP are frequently accompanied by impaired cognition, communication, and sensory perception, behavioural abnormalities, seizure disorders, or a combination of these features. CP is thought to affect three to four individuals per 1000 of the general population. The incidence, prevalence, and most common causes of CP have varied over time because of changes in prenatal and paediatric care. Medical management of children and adults involves care from primary-care physicians with input from specialists in neurology, orthopaedics, and rehabilitation medicine. Physicians should also work in conjunction with rehabilitation therapists, educators, nurses, social care providers, and schoolteachers. The focus of rehabilitation treatment has recently shifted to neurological rehabilitation in response to increasing evidence for neuroplasticity. This approach aims to improve development and function by capitalising on the innate capacity of the brain to change and adapt throughout the patient's life. As the life expectancy of individuals with CP approaches that of the general population, therapies must be developed that address the needs of adults ageing with disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Lipson Aisen
- Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA 90242, USA.
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