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Tsui HCL, Healy N. Recent progress of semiconductor optoelectronic fibers. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2021; 14:383-398. [PMID: 36637765 PMCID: PMC9743859 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-021-1226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor optoelectronic fiber technology has seen rapid development in recent years thanks to advancements in fabrication and post-processing techniques. Integrating the optical and electronic functionality of semiconductor materials into a fiber geometry has opened up many possibilities, such as in-fiber frequency generation, signal modulation, photodetection, and solar energy harvesting. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in semiconductor optoelectronic fibers, including fabrication and post-processing methods, materials and their optical properties. The applications in nonlinear optics, optical-electrical conversion, lasers and multimaterial functional fibers will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Chit Leo Tsui
- Emerging Technologies and Materials Group, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Noel Healy
- Emerging Technologies and Materials Group, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU UK
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Sánchez AD, Linale N, Bonetti J, Grosz DF. Modulation instability in waveguides doped with anisotropic nanoparticles. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3119-3122. [PMID: 32479474 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We exploit the anisotropic plasmonic behavior of gold nanorods (AuNRs) to obtain a waveguide with a nonlinear coefficient dependent on both the frequency and polarization of incident light. The optical properties of the waveguide are described by an extension of the Maxwell Garnett model to nonlinear optics and anisotropic nanoparticles. Then, we perform a study of modulation instability (MI) in this system by resorting to the recently introduced photon-conserving nonlinear Schrödinger equation (pcNLSE), as the pcNLSE allows us to model propagation in nonlinear waveguides of arbitrary sign and frequency dependence of the nonlinear coefficient. Results show that the anisotropy of the nanorods leads to two well-differentiated MI regimes, a feature that may find applications in all-optical devices.
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Ren H, Aktas O, Franz Y, Runge AFJ, Hawkins T, Ballato J, Gibson UJ, Peacock AC. Tapered silicon core fibers with nano-spikes for optical coupling via spliced silica fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:24157-24163. [PMID: 29041361 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.024157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reported here is the fabrication of tapered silicon core fibers possessing a nano-spike input that facilitates their seamless splicing to conventional single mode fibers. A proof-of-concept 30 µm cladding diameter fiber-based device is demonstrated with nano-spike coupling and propagation losses below 4 dB and 2 dB/cm, respectively. Finite-element-method-based simulations show that the nano-spike coupling losses could be reduced to below 1 dB by decreasing the cladding diameters down to 10 µm. Such efficient and robust integration of the silicon core fibers with standard fiber devices will help to overcome significant barriers for all-fiber nonlinear photonics and optoelectronics.
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Glass and Process Development for the Next Generation of Optical Fibers: A Review. FIBERS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fib5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang Y, Husko C, Lefrancois S, Rey IH, Krauss TF, Schröder J, Eggleton BJ. Non-degenerate two-photon absorption in silicon waveguides: analytical and experimental study. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17101-17110. [PMID: 26191718 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically and experimentally investigate the nonlinear evolution of two optical pulses in a silicon waveguide. We provide an analytic solution for the weak probe wave undergoing non-degenerate two-photon absorption (TPA) from the strong pump. At larger pump intensities, we employ a numerical solution to study the interplay between TPA and photo-generated free carriers. We develop a simple and powerful approach to extract and separate out the distinct loss contributions of TPA and free-carrier absorption from readily available experimental data. Our analysis accounts accurately for experimental results in silicon photonic crystal waveguides.
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Shen L, Healy N, Mitchell CJ, Penades JS, Nedeljkovic M, Mashanovich GZ, Peacock AC. Two-photon absorption and all-optical modulation in germanium-on-silicon waveguides for the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:2213-2216. [PMID: 26393702 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear absorption properties of a germanium-on-silicon waveguide have been characterized across the two-photon absorption (TPA) transmission window. The results show that the TPA parameters in germanium waveguides are much stronger than the peak values in silicon, in good agreement with selected measurements conducted in bulk materials. Exploiting the large nonlinear absorption near the bandedge, efficient all-optical modulation is achieved with a modulation depth of ∼8 dB and a response time <5 ps.
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Healy N, Mailis S, Bulgakova NM, Sazio PJA, Day TD, Sparks JR, Cheng HY, Badding JV, Peacock AC. Extreme electronic bandgap modification in laser-crystallized silicon optical fibres. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:1122-1127. [PMID: 25262096 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, silicon has been the workhorse of the microelectronics revolution and a key enabler of the information age. Owing to its excellent optical properties in the near- and mid-infrared, silicon is now promising to have a similar impact on photonics. The ability to incorporate both optical and electronic functionality in a single material offers the tantalizing prospect of amplifying, modulating and detecting light within a monolithic platform. However, a direct consequence of silicon's transparency is that it cannot be used to detect light at telecommunications wavelengths. Here, we report on a laser processing technique developed for our silicon fibre technology through which we can modify the electronic band structure of the semiconductor material as it is crystallized. The unique fibre geometry in which the silicon core is confined within a silica cladding allows large anisotropic stresses to be set into the crystalline material so that the size of the bandgap can be engineered. We demonstrate extreme bandgap reductions from 1.11 eV down to 0.59 eV, enabling optical detection out to 2,100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Healy
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sakellaris Mailis
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nadezhda M Bulgakova
- 1] Institute of Thermophysics, SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia [2] HiLASE, Institute of Physics ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pier J A Sazio
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Todd D Day
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Justin R Sparks
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Hiu Y Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - John V Badding
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Shen L, Healy N, Xu L, Cheng HY, Day TD, Price JHV, Badding JV, Peacock AC. Four-wave mixing and octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in a small core hydrogenated amorphous silicon fiber pumped in the mid-infrared. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5721-5724. [PMID: 25360968 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An octave-spanning supercontinuum is generated in a hydrogenated amorphous silicon core fiber when pumped in the mid-infrared regime. The broadband wavelength conversion which extends from the edge of the telecommunications band into the mid-infrared (1.64-3.37 μm) is generated by four-wave mixing (FWM) and subsequent pulse break-up, facilitated by the high material nonlinear figure of merit and the anomalous dispersion of the relatively small 1.7 μm diameter core fiber. The FWM sidebands and corresponding supercontinuum can be tuned through the pump parameters, and show good agreement with the predicted phase-matching curves for the fiber.
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Butler JJ, Bowcock AS, Sueoka SR, Montgomery SR, Flom SR, Friebele EJ, Wright BM, Peele JR, Pong RGS, Shirk JS, Hu J, Menyuk CR, Taunay TF. Optical properties of solid-core photonic crystal fibers filled with nonlinear absorbers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:20707-20712. [PMID: 24103943 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.020707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical and experimental investigation of the transmission of solid-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) filled with nonlinear absorbers shows a sharp change in the threshold for optical limiting and in leakage loss as the refractive index of the material in the holes approaches that of the glass matrix. Theoretical calculations of the mode profiles and leakage loss of the PCF are in agreement with experimental results and indicate that the change in limiting response is due to the interaction of the evanescent field of the guided mode with the nonlinear absorbers in the holes.
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Shen L, Healy N, Mehta P, Day TD, Sparks JR, Badding JV, Peacock AC. Nonlinear transmission properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon core fibers towards the mid-infrared regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:13075-13083. [PMID: 23736561 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.013075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The nonlinear transmission properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) core fibers are characterized from the near-infrared up to the edge of the mid-infrared regime. The results show that this material exhibits linear losses on the order of a few dB/cm, or less, over the entire wavelength range, decreasing down to a value of 0.29 dB/cm at 2.7μm, and negligible nonlinear losses beyond the two-photon absorption (TPA) edge ~ 1.7μm. By measuring the dispersion of the nonlinear Kerr and TPA parameters we have found that the nonlinear figure of merit (FOM(NL)) increases dramatically over this region, with FOM(NL) > 20 around 2μm and above. This characterization demonstrates the potential for a-Si:H fibers and waveguides to find use in nonlinear applications extending beyond telecoms and into the mid-infrared regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shen
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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