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Schreiner OD, Socotar D, Ciobanu RC, Schreiner TG, Tamba BI. Statistical Analysis of Gastric Cancer Cells Response to Broadband Terahertz Radiation with and without Contrast Nanoparticles. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2454. [PMID: 39001516 PMCID: PMC11240478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The paper describes the statistical analysis of the response of gastric cancer cells and normal cells to broadband terahertz radiation up to 4 THz, both with and without the use of nanostructured contrast agents. The THz spectroscopy analysis was comparatively performed under the ATR procedure and transmission measurement procedure. The statistical analysis was conducted towards multiple pairwise comparisons, including a support medium (without cells) versus a support medium with nanoparticles, normal cells versus normal cells with nanoparticles, and, respectively, tumor cells versus tumor cells with nanoparticles. When generally comparing the ATR procedure and transmission measurement procedure for a broader frequency domain, the differentiation between normal and tumor cells in the presence of contrast agents is superior when using the ATR procedure. THz contrast enhancement by using contrast agents derived from MRI-related contrast agents leads to only limited benefits and only for narrow THz frequency ranges, a disadvantage for THz medical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Daniel Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Diana Socotar
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Romeo Cristian Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (O.D.S.); (D.S.)
| | - Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- CEMEX-Center for Experimental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700259 Iasi, Romania (B.I.T.)
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- CEMEX-Center for Experimental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700259 Iasi, Romania (B.I.T.)
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Li H, Wang Y, Wang Z, Mu N, Chen T, Xu D, Feng H, Yao J. High-sensitivity THz-ATR imaging of cerebral ischemia in a rat model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3743-3754. [PMID: 38867801 PMCID: PMC11166429 DOI: 10.1364/boe.524466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The fast label-free detection of the extent and degree of cerebral ischemia has been the difficulty and hotspot for precise and accurate neurosurgery. We experimentally demonstrated that the fresh cerebral tissues at different ischemic stages within 24 hours can be well distinguished from the normal tissues using terahertz (THz) attenuated total reflection (ATR) imaging system. It was indicated that the total reflectivity of THz wave for ischemic cerebral tissues was lower than that for normal tissues. Especially, compared to the images stained with 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), the ischemic tissues can be detected using THz wave with high sensitivity as early as the ischemic time of 2.5 hours, where THz images showed the ischemic areas became larger and diffused as the ischemic time increasing. Furthermore, the THz spectroscopy of cerebral ischemic tissues at different ischemic times was obtained in the range of 0.5-2.0 THz. The absorption coefficient of ischemic tissue increased with the increase of ischemic time, whereas the refractive index decreased with prolonging the ischemic time. Additionally, it was found from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining microscopic images that, with the ischemic time increasing, the cell size and cell density of the ischemic tissues decreased, whereas the intercellular substance of the ischemic tissues increased. The result showed that THz recognition mechanism of the ischemia is mainly based on the increase of intercellular substance, especially water content, which has a stronger impact on absorption of THz wave than that of cell density. Thus, THz imaging has great potential for recognition of cerebral ischemia and it may become a new method for intraoperative real-time guidance, recognition in situ, and precise excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Li
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuye Wang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zelong Wang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ning Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Degang Xu
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Zhan X, Liu Y, Chen Z, Luo J, Yang S, Yang X. Revolutionary approaches for cancer diagnosis by terahertz-based spectroscopy and imaging. Talanta 2023; 259:124483. [PMID: 37019007 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Most tumors are easily missed and misdiagnosed due to the lack of specific clinical signs and symptoms in the early stage. Thus, an accurate, rapid and reliable early tumor detection method is highly desirable. The application of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and imaging in biomedicine has made remarkable progress in the past two decades, which addresses the shortcomings of existing technologies and provides an alternative for early tumor diagnosis. Although issues such as size mismatch and strong absorption of THz waves by water have set hurdles for cancer diagnosis by THz technology, innovative materials and biosensors in recent years have led to possibilities for new THz biosensing and imaging methods. In this article, we reviewed the issues that need to be solved before THz technology is used for tumor-related biological sample detection and clinical auxiliary diagnosis. We focused on the recent research progress of THz technology, with an emphasis on biosensing and imaging. Finally, the application of THz spectroscopy and imaging for tumor diagnosis in clinical practice and the main challenges in this process were also mentioned. Collectively, THz-based spectroscopy and imaging reviewed here is envisioned as a cutting-edge approach for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Gastroenterology Department, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Khani ME, Harris ZB, Osman OB, Singer AJ, Hassan Arbab M. Triage of in vivo burn injuries and prediction of wound healing outcome using neural networks and modeling of the terahertz permittivity based on the double Debye dielectric parameters. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:918-931. [PMID: 36874480 PMCID: PMC9979665 DOI: 10.1364/boe.479567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The initial assessment of the depth of a burn injury during triage forms the basis for determination of the course of the clinical treatment plan. However, severe skin burns are highly dynamic and hard to predict. This results in a low accuracy rate of about 60 - 75% in the diagnosis of partial-thickness burns in the acute post-burn period. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has demonstrated a significant potential for non-invasive and timely estimation of the burn severity. Here, we describe a methodology for the measurement and numerical modeling of the dielectric permittivity of the in vivo porcine skin burns. We use the double Debye dielectric relaxation theory to model the permittivity of the burned tissue. We further investigate the origins of dielectric contrast between the burns of various severity, as determined histologically based on the percentage of the burned dermis, using the empirical Debye parameters. We demonstrate that the five parameters of the double Debye model can form an artificial neural network classification algorithm capable of automatic diagnosis of the severity of the burn injuries, and predicting its ultimate wound healing outcome by forecasting its re-epithelialization status in 28 days. Our results demonstrate that the Debye dielectric parameters provide a physics-based approach for the extraction of the biomedical diagnostic markers from the broadband THz pulses. This method can significantly boost dimensionality reduction of THz training data in artificial intelligence models and streamline machine learning algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E. Khani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Zachery B. Harris
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Omar B. Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Adam J. Singer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - M. Hassan Arbab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Khani ME, Osman OB, Harris ZB, Chen A, Zhou JW, Singer AJ, Arbab MH. Accurate and early prediction of the wound healing outcome of burn injuries using the wavelet Shannon entropy of terahertz time-domain waveforms. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220119GR. [PMID: 36348509 PMCID: PMC9641274 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.11.116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance Severe burn injuries cause significant hypermetabolic alterations that are highly dynamic, hard to predict, and require acute and critical care. The clinical assessments of the severity of burn injuries are highly subjective and have consistently been reported to be inaccurate. Therefore, the utilization of other imaging modalities is crucial to reaching an objective and accurate burn assessment modality. Aim We describe a non-invasive technique using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and the wavelet packet Shannon entropy to automatically estimate the burn depth and predict the wound healing outcome of thermal burn injuries. Approach We created 40 burn injuries of different severity grades in two porcine models using scald and contact methods of infliction. We used our THz portable handheld spectral reflection (PHASR) scanner to obtain the in vivo THz-TDS images. We used the energy to Shannon entropy ratio of the wavelet packet coefficients of the THz-TDS waveforms on day 0 to create supervised support vector machine (SVM) classification models. Histological assessments of the burn biopsies serve as the ground truth. Results We achieved an accuracy rate of 94.7% in predicting the wound healing outcome, as determined by histological measurement of the re-epithelialization rate on day 28 post-burn induction, using the THz-TDS measurements obtained on day 0. Furthermore, we report the accuracy rates of 89%, 87.1%, and 87.6% in automatic diagnosis of the superficial partial-thickness, deep partial-thickness, and full-thickness burns, respectively, using a multiclass SVM model. Conclusions The THz PHASR scanner promises a robust, high-speed, and accurate diagnostic modality to improve the clinical triage of burns and their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E. Khani
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Omar B. Osman
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Zachery B. Harris
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Andrew Chen
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Juin W. Zhou
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Adam J. Singer
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Mohammad Hassan Arbab
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook, New York, United States
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Measurement and Modeling of the Optical Properties of Adipose Tissue in the Terahertz Range: Aspects of Disease Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102395. [PMID: 36292084 PMCID: PMC9600075 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the measurement and modeling of optical properties in the terahertz (THz) range of adipose tissue and its components with temperature changes were performed. Spectral measurements were made in the frequency range 0.25–1 THz. The structural models of main triglycerides of fatty acids are constructed using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method and the Gaussian03, Revision B.03 program. The optical density (OD) of adipose tissue samples decreases as temperature increases, which can be associated mostly with the dehydration of the sample. Some inclusion of THz wave scattering suppression into the OD decrease can also be expected due to refractive index matching provided by free fatty acids released from adipocytes at thermally induced cell lipolysis. It was shown that the difference between the THz absorption spectra of water and fat makes it possible to estimate the water content in adipose tissue. The proposed model was verified on the basis of molecular modeling and a comparison with experimental data for terahertz spectra of adipose tissue during its heating. Knowing the exact percentage of free and bound water in adipose tissue can help diagnose and monitor diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
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Chen H, Han J, Ma S, Li X, Qiu T, Chen X. Clinical Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer by High-Sensitivity THz Fiber-Based Fast-Scanning Near-Field Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163932. [PMID: 36010923 PMCID: PMC9405868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In order to realize rapid and complete pre-screening in the pathological examination of gastric cancer and assist in quickly determining the boundary between cancerous and healthy cells, we developed a fast-scanning near-field terahertz (THz) imaging system. This imaging system is compact, low-cost, and easy to operate. THz examination does not need any processing after sectioning, and the diagnostic results are directly displayed in images within one minute. Compared with the H&E staining method, THz imaging diagnosis uses a quantitative absorption coefficient to distinguish cancer tissue and healthy tissue, which makes the automation of the tissue sampling pre-screening procedure possible and will save valuable time to help quickly define cancer tissue. At the same time, the spatial resolution of our near-field imaging system reaches λ/17. Using THz imaging to accurately define the margins of cancer can not only conserve healthy tissues but also minimize the number of second surgical procedures, which would save a lot of additional hospital resources. Abstract The distinguishable absorption contrast among healthy gastric tissues, carcinoma in situ and cancer tissues in the THz frequency range is one of the keys to realizing gastric cancer diagnosis by THz imaging. Based on microwave devices and a sub-wavelength fiber, we developed a fast-scanning THz imaging system combined with the principle of surface plasmon resonance enhancement. This imaging system has a near-field λ/17 spatial resolution and imaging S/N ratio as high as 108:1, and the image results are directly displayed within 1 min. We also successfully demonstrated the image diagnostic capability on sliced tissues from eight patients with gastric cancer. The results indicate that THz absorption images can not only clearly distinguish cancer tissue from healthy tissues but also accurately define the margins of cancer. Through a medical statistical study of 40 sliced tissues from 40 patients, we prove that THz imaging can be used as a standalone method to diagnose gastric cancer tissues with a diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of 100%. Compared with the H&E staining method, THz imaging diagnosis makes the automation of tissue-sampling pre-screening procedure possible and assists in quickly determining the boundary between cancerous and healthy tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Han
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shihua Ma
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tianzhu Qiu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Oncology, Pukou Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing 211800, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Hu F, Zeng L, Chen Z, Jiang M, Lin S, Guo W, Li D. Surface-Functionalized Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor Used for the Detection of Exosomes in Patients. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3739-3747. [PMID: 35298154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their stability in bodily fluids, exosomes have attracted increased attention as colorectal cancer (CRC) biomarkers for early diagnosis. To validate the potential of the plasma exosomes as a novel biomarker for the monitoring of CRC, we demonstrated a terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) biosensor for the detection of exosomes in this work. The biosensor with two resonant frequencies is designed using full wave electromagnetic simulation software based on the finite integration time domain (FITD) method and fabricated by a surface micromachining process. The biosensor surface is first modified using Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), and then, anti-KRAS and anti-CD147, which are specific to the exosomes, are modified on the AuNPs assembled with HS-poly(ethylene glycol)-COOH (HS-PEG-COOH). Exosomes used in the experiment are extracted via the instructions in the exosomes isolation and purification kit and identified by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blot (WB), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The biosensor covered with plasma-derived exosomes of CRC patients has a different resonance frequency shift compared to that with healthy-control-derived exosomes. This study proposes an emerging and quick method for diagnosing the CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuanli Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Precision Medicine Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Qinzhou, Qinzhou 535000, China
| | - Fangrong Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lizhen Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhencheng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mingzhu Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Institute of Information Technology of Guilin, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shangjun Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dongxia Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Mu N, Yang C, Xu D, Wang S, Ma K, Lai Y, Guo P, Zhang S, Wang Y, Feng H, Chen T, Yao J. Molecular pathological recognition of freshly excised human glioma using terahertz ATR spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:222-236. [PMID: 35154866 PMCID: PMC8803014 DOI: 10.1364/boe.445111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of glioma depends greatly on the rapid extraction of molecular pathological features. In this study, human brain tumor tissues of different grades were analyzed using terahertz (THz) attenuated total reflectance (ATR) time-domain spectroscopy. Substantial differences in THz parameters were observed between paracarcinoma tissue and grade I-IV gliomas, Furthermore, the difference of THz absorption coefficient increases with the increase of THz frequency. It was also demonstrated that the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant and wild-type glioma tissues can be well distinguished using THz spectroscopy. Therefore, THz ATR spectroscopy can realize molecular typing recognition based on molecular pathology. This will provide a theoretical basis for developing intraoperative real-time glioma recognition and diagnosis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Contributed equally
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Contributed equally
| | - Degang Xu
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuixian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuye Wang
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics, School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Shchepetilnikov AV, Gusikhin PA, Muravev VM, Kaysin BD, Tsydynzhapov GE, Dremin AA, Kukushkin IV. Linear scanning system for THz imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:10448-10452. [PMID: 34807056 DOI: 10.1364/ao.442060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A linear scanning system utilizing constant wave 280 GHz radiation has been developed and characterized. The system comprises a linear array of detectors based on a unique plasma wave approach in terahertz sensing, an impact ionization avalanche transit-time-diode signal generator coupled to a frequency multiplier and an optical system. The performed tests allowed us to estimate the resolution of the system reaching the value of 2.3 mm and to determine the dynamic range of the system to be around 200. The imaging capabilities of the scanner were tested in realistic cases of non-destructive testing and security screening.
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Chen H, Han J, Wang D, Zhang Y, Li X, Chen X. In vivo Estimation of Breast Cancer Tissue Volume in Subcutaneous Xenotransplantation Mouse Models by Using a High-Sensitivity Fiber-Based Terahertz Scanning Imaging System. Front Genet 2021; 12:700086. [PMID: 34646298 PMCID: PMC8502942 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.700086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Absorption contrast between the terahertz (THz) frequency range of fatty and cancer tissues allows cancer diagnosis by THz imaging. We successfully demonstrated the ability of THz imaging to measure small breast cancer volume in the subcutaneous xenotransplantation mouse models even without external comparison. We estimated the volume detection limitation of the fiber-based THz scanning imaging system using a highly sensitive cryogenic-temperature-operated Schottky diode detector to be smaller than 1 mm3, thus showing the potential application of this technique in preliminary early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Han
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Sakaue K, Kojima O, Kita T, Steer MJ, Hogg RA. Increase in terahertz-wave generation by difference frequency mixing by the overlap of exciton states in different GaAs/AlAs quantum wells and spectroscopic measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:24387-24395. [PMID: 34614685 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intense terahertz-wave emission in the higher frequency region can result in various applications such as terahertz spectroscopy and ultrafast data communication. In this study, an increase in terahertz waves by the overlap of exciton states in different quantum wells and spectroscopic demonstration are reported. The excitation energy dependence of signal intensity shows the effect of the overlap. The signals measured under the condition of square dependence of intensity on the excitation power indicate interference with the periods corresponding to the laser energy difference. Furthermore, the absorption coefficient of the transparent sheet is obtained at specific frequency. These results indicate that the generation of intense terahertz waves at various frequencies using excitons is possible and that difference frequency mixing is a useful terahertz-wave source.
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Vohra N, Chavez T, Troncoso JR, Rajaram N, Wu J, Coan PN, Jackson TA, Bailey K, El-Shenawee M. Mammary tumors in Sprague Dawley rats induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea for evaluating terahertz imaging of breast cancer. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2021; 8:023504. [PMID: 33928181 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.8.2.023504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate terahertz (THz) imaging for differentiating cancerous from non-cancerous tissues in mammary tumors developed in response to injection of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) in Sprague Dawley rats. Approach: While previous studies have investigated the biology of mammary tumors of this model, the current work is the first study to employ an imaging modality to visualize these tumors. A pulsed THz imaging system is utilized to experimentally collect the time-domain reflection signals from each pixel of the rat's excised tumor. A statistical segmentation algorithm based on the expectation-maximization (EM) classification method is implemented to quantitatively assess the obtained THz images. The model classification of cancer is reported in terms of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the areas under the curves. Results: The obtained low-power microscopic images of 17 ENU-rat tumor sections exhibited the presence of healthy connective tissue adjacent to cancerous tissue. The results also demonstrated that high reflection THz signals were received from cancerous compared with non-cancerous tissues. Decent tumor classification was achieved using the EM method with values ranging from 83% to 96% in fresh tissues and 89% to 96% in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Conclusions: The proposed ENU breast tumor model of Sprague Dawley rats showed a potential to obtain cancerous tissues, such as human breast tumors, adjacent to healthy tissues. The implemented EM classification algorithm quantitatively demonstrated the ability of THz imaging in differentiating cancerous from non-cancerous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagma Vohra
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Tanny Chavez
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Joel R Troncoso
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Jingxian Wu
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Patricia N Coan
- Oklahoma State University, Animal Resources Unit, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Todd A Jackson
- Oklahoma State University, Animal Resources Unit, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Keith Bailey
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Magda El-Shenawee
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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14
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Islam MS, Cordeiro CMB, Franco MAR, Sultana J, Cruz ALS, Abbott D. Terahertz optical fibers [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:16089-16117. [PMID: 32549439 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lying between optical and microwave ranges, the terahertz band in the electromagnetic spectrum is attracting increased attention. Optical fibers are essential for developing the full potential of complex terahertz systems. In this manuscript, we review the optimal materials, the guiding mechanisms, the fabrication methodologies, the characterization methods and the applications of such terahertz waveguides. We examine various optical fiber types including tube fibers, solid core fiber, hollow-core photonic bandgap, anti-resonant fibers, porous-core fibers, metamaterial-based fibers, and their guiding mechanisms. The optimal materials for terahertz applications are discussed. The past and present trends of fabrication methods, including drilling, stacking, extrusion and 3D printing, are elaborated. Fiber characterization methods including different optics for terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) setups are reviewed and application areas including short-distance data transmission, imaging, sensing, and spectroscopy are discussed.
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Guo Y, Ling F, Li H, Zhou S, Ji J, Yao J. Super-resolution reconstruction for terahertz imaging based on sub-pixel gradient field transform. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:6244-6250. [PMID: 31503766 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.006244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the gradient-guided image super-resolution reconstruction for terahertz imaging to improve the image quality, taking advantage of super-resolution reconstruction based on adaptive super-pixel gradient field transform. Moreover, spatial entropy-based enhancement and a bilateral filter are introduced to ensure better performance of the reconstruction. Furthermore, we compare the performance of reconstruction operated on terahertz images with frequencies of 0.1 THz, 0.3 THz, 0.5 THz, and 0.7 THz. Experimental results demonstrate that this method successfully improves the image quality and reconstruct high-resolution images from low-resolution images with the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity index improved. In addition, the signal frequency and intensity are demonstrated to affect the performance of reconstruction.
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Vohra N, Bowman T, Diaz PM, Rajaram N, Bailey K, El-Shenawee M. Pulsed Terahertz Reflection Imaging of tumors in a spontaneous model of breast cancer. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018; 4:065025. [PMID: 31275612 PMCID: PMC6605103 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aae699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of reflection-mode terahertz (THz) imaging in a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer. Unlike tumor xenografts that are grown from established cell lines, these tumors were spontaneously generated in the mammary fat pad of mice, and are a better representation of human breast cancer. THz imaging results from 7 tumors that recapitulate the compartmental complexity of breast cancer are presented here. Imaging was first performed on freshly excised tumors within an hour of excision and then repeated after fixation with formalin and paraffin. These THz images were then compared with histopathology to determine reflection-mode signals from specific regions within tumor. Our results demonstrate that the THz signal was consistently higher in cancerous tissue compared with fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue. Almost all tumors presented in this work demonstrated advanced stages where cancer infiltrated other tissues like fat and fibrous stroma. As the first known THz investigation in a transgenic model, these results hold promise for THz imaging at different stages of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagma Vohra
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Tyler Bowman
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Paola M Diaz
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Keith Bailey
- Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Magda El-Shenawee
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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Shi J, Wang Y, Chen T, Xu D, Zhao H, Chen L, Yan C, Tang L, He Y, Feng H, Yao J. Automatic evaluation of traumatic brain injury based on terahertz imaging with machine learning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:6371-6381. [PMID: 29529829 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.006371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The imaging diagnosis and prognostication of different degrees of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is very important for early care and clinical treatment. Especially, the exact recognition of mild TBI is the bottleneck for current label-free imaging technologies in neurosurgery. Here, we report an automatic evaluation method for TBI recognition with terahertz (THz) continuous-wave (CW) transmission imaging based on machine learning (ML). We propose a new feature extraction method for biological THz images combined with the transmittance distribution features in spatial domain and statistical distribution features in normalized gray histogram. Based on the extracted feature database, ML algorithms are performed for the classification of different degrees of TBI by feature selection and parameter optimization. The highest classification accuracy is up to 87.5%. The area under the curve (AUC) scores of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve are all higher than 0.9, which shows this evaluation method has a good generalization ability. Furthermore, the excellent performance of the proposed system in the recognition of mild TBI is analyzed by different methodological parameters and diagnostic criteria. The system can be extensible to various diseases and will be a powerful tool in automatic biomedical diagnostics.
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18
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Wang C, Wang Z, Zhao T, Li Y, Huang G, Sumer BD, Gao J. Optical molecular imaging for tumor detection and image-guided surgery. Biomaterials 2018; 157:62-75. [PMID: 29245052 PMCID: PMC6502237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have witnessed rapid development of fluorescence molecular imaging of solid tumors for cancer diagnosis and image-guided surgery in the past decade. Many biomarkers unique to cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, such as cell surface receptors, hypoxia, secreted proteases and extracellular acidosis have been characterized, and can be used to distinguish cancer from normal tissue. A variety of optical imaging probes have been developed to target these biomarkers to improve tumor contrast over the background tissue. Unlike conventional anatomical and molecular imaging technologies, fluorescent imaging method benefits from its safety, high-spatial resolution and real-time capability, and therefore, has become a highly adoptable imaging method for tumor detection and image-guided surgery in clinics. In this review, we summarize recent progress in 'always-ON' and stimuli-activatable fluorescent imaging probes, and discuss their potentials in tumor detection and image-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Baran D Sumer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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19
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Bowman T, Chavez T, Khan K, Wu J, Chakraborty A, Rajaram N, Bailey K, El-Shenawee M. Pulsed terahertz imaging of breast cancer in freshly excised murine tumors. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-13. [PMID: 29446263 PMCID: PMC5812433 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.2.026004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates terahertz (THz) imaging and classification of freshly excised murine xenograft breast cancer tumors. These tumors are grown via injection of E0771 breast adenocarcinoma cells into the flank of mice maintained on high-fat diet. Within 1 h of excision, the tumor and adjacent tissues are imaged using a pulsed THz system in the reflection mode. The THz images are classified using a statistical Bayesian mixture model with unsupervised and supervised approaches. Correlation with digitized pathology images is conducted using classification images assigned by a modal class decision rule. The corresponding receiver operating characteristic curves are obtained based on the classification results. A total of 13 tumor samples obtained from 9 tumors are investigated. The results show good correlation of THz images with pathology results in all samples of cancer and fat tissues. For tumor samples of cancer, fat, and muscle tissues, THz images show reasonable correlation with pathology where the primary challenge lies in the overlapping dielectric properties of cancer and muscle tissues. The use of a supervised regression approach shows improvement in the classification images although not consistently in all tissue regions. Advancing THz imaging of breast tumors from mice and the development of accurate statistical models will ultimately progress the technique for the assessment of human breast tumor margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bowman
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Tanny Chavez
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Kamrul Khan
- University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Jingxian Wu
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Avishek Chakraborty
- University of Arkansas, Science and Engineering Building, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Narasimhan Rajaram
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
| | - Keith Bailey
- Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Magda El-Shenawee
- University of Arkansas, Bell Engineering Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States
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20
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Biomedical Applications of Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 34:810-824. [PMID: 27207226 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz=10(12)Hz) radiation has attracted wide attention for its unprecedented sensing ability and its noninvasive and nonionizing properties. Tremendous strides in THz instrumentation have prompted impressive breakthroughs in THz biomedical research. Here, we review the current state of THz spectroscopy and imaging in various biomedical applications ranging from biomolecules, including DNA/RNA, amino acids/peptides, proteins, and carbohydrates, to cells and tissues. We also address the potential biological effects of THz radiation during its biological applications and propose future prospects for this cutting-edge technology.
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21
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Screening and analysis of breast cancer genes regulated by the human mammary microenvironment in a humanized mouse model. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:5261-5268. [PMID: 28101242 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironments play critical regulatory roles in tumor growth. Although mouse cancer models have contributed to the understanding of human tumor biology, the effectiveness of mouse cancer models is limited by the inability of the models to accurately present humanized tumor microenvironments. Previously, a humanized breast cancer model in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was established, in which human breast cancer tissue was implanted subcutaneously, followed by injection of human breast cancer cells. It was demonstrated that breast cancer cells showed improved growth in the human mammary microenvironment compared with a conventional subcutaneous mouse model. In the present study, the novel mouse model and microarray technology was used to analyze changes in the expression of genes in breast cancer cells that are regulated by the human mammary microenvironment. Humanized breast and conventional subcutaneous mouse models were established, and orthotopic tumor cells were obtained from orthotopic tumor masses by primary culture. An expression microarray using Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip and database analyses were performed to investigate changes in gene expression between tumors from each microenvironment. A total of 94 genes were differentially expressed between the primary cells cultured from the humanized and conventional mouse models. Significant upregulation of genes that promote cell proliferation and metastasis or inhibit apoptosis, such as SH3-domain binding protein 5 (BTK-associated), sodium/chloride cotransporter 3 and periostin, osteoblast specific factor, and genes that promote angiogenesis, such as KIAA1618, was also noted. Other genes that restrain cell proliferation and accelerate cell apoptosis, including tripartite motif containing TRIM36 and NES1, were downregulated. The present results revealed differences in various aspects of tumor growth and metabolism between the two model groups and indicated the functional changes specific to the human mammary microenvironment.
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22
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Tseng TF, Yang SC, Shih YT, Tsai YF, Wang TD, Sun CK. Near-field sub-THz transmission-type image system for vessel imaging in-vivo. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25058-25071. [PMID: 26406706 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A THz near-field transmission imaging system was successfully demonstrated to image the vessels inside the ears of nude mice in vivo. Wave-guided illumination and near-field scanning detection with a sub-wavelength aperture were applied. An operating frequency of 340 GHz was chosen to achieve a higher penetration depth in tissues with a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. The near-field pattern of the power transmittance through the vessel was also numerically simulated and showed good correspondence to the measured results. The capability of the system for long-term monitoring in vivo was also demonstrated.
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23
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Tseng TF, You B, Gao HC, Wang TD, Sun CK. Pilot clinical study to investigate the human whole blood spectrum characteristics in the sub-THz region. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:9440-51. [PMID: 25968774 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.009440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted a pilot clinical study to not only investigate the sub-THz spectra of ex-vivo fresh human whole blood of 28 patients following 8-hours fasting guideline, but also to find out the critical blood ingredients of which the concentration dominantly affects those sub-THz spectra. A great difference between the sub-THz absorption properties of human blood among different people was observed, while the difference can be up to ~15% of the averaged absorption coefficient of the 28 samples. Our pilot clinical study indicates that triglycerides and the number of red blood cells were two dominant factors to have significant negative correlation to the sub-THz absorption coefficients.
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24
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Zheng MJ, Wang J, Xu L, Zha XM, Zhao Y, Ling LJ, Wang S. Human mammary microenvironment better regulates the biology of human breast cancer in humanized mouse model. Med Oncol 2015; 32:427. [PMID: 25572806 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, many efforts have been made in mimicking the clinical progress of human cancer in mouse models. Previously, we developed a human breast tissue-derived (HB) mouse model. Theoretically, it may mimic the interactions between "species-specific" mammary microenvironment of human origin and human breast cancer cells. However, detailed evidences are absent. The present study (in vivo, cellular, and molecular experiments) was designed to explore the regulatory role of human mammary microenvironment in the progress of human breast cancer cells. Subcutaneous (SUB), mammary fat pad (MFP), and HB mouse models were developed for in vivo comparisons. Then, the orthotopic tumor masses from three different mouse models were collected for primary culture. Finally, the biology of primary cultured human breast cancer cells was compared by cellular and molecular experiments. Results of in vivo mouse models indicated that human breast cancer cells grew better in human mammary microenvironment. Cellular and molecular experiments confirmed that primary cultured human breast cancer cells from HB mouse model showed a better proliferative and anti-apoptotic biology than those from SUB to MFP mouse models. Meanwhile, primary cultured human breast cancer cells from HB mouse model also obtained the migratory and invasive biology for "species-specific" tissue metastasis to human tissues. Comprehensive analyses suggest that "species-specific" mammary microenvironment of human origin better regulates the biology of human breast cancer cells in our humanized mouse model of breast cancer, which is more consistent with the clinical progress of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Zheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210029, Nanjing, China
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25
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Use of finite difference time domain simulations and Debye theory for modelling the terahertz reflection response of normal and tumour breast tissue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99291. [PMID: 25010734 PMCID: PMC4091867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the capabilities of Debye theory combined with Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) methods to simulate the terahertz (THz) response of breast tissues. Being able to accurately model breast tissues in the THz regime would facilitate the understanding of image contrast parameters used in THz imaging of breast cancer. As a test case, the model was first validated using liquid water and simulated reflection pulses were compared to experimental measured pulses with very good agreement (p = 1.00). The responses of normal and cancerous breast tissues were simulated with Debye properties and the correlation with measured data was still high for tumour (p = 0.98) and less so for normal breast (p = 0.82). Sections of the time domain pulses showed clear differences that were also evident in the comparison of pulse parameter values. These deviations may arise from the presence of adipose and other inhomogeneities in the breast tissue that are not accounted for when using the Debye model. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the power of the model for simulating THz reflection imaging; however, for biological tissues extra Debye terms or a more detailed theory may be required to link THz image contrast to physiological composition and structural changes of breast tissue associated with differences between normal and tumour tissues.
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Hwang Y, Ahn J, Mun J, Bae S, Jeong YU, Vinokurov NA, Kim P. In vivo analysis of THz wave irradiation induced acute inflammatory response in skin by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:11465-75. [PMID: 24921268 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.011465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of THz sources in a wide range of THz frequencies and power levels has led to greatly increased interest in potential biomedical applications such as cancer and burn wound diagnosis. However, despite its importance in realizing THz wave based applications, our knowledge of how THz wave irradiation can affect a live tissue at the cellular level is very limited. In this study, an acute inflammatory response caused by pulsed THz wave irradiation on the skin of a live mouse was analyzed at the cellular level using intravital laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Pulsed THz wave (2.7 THz, 4 μs pulsewidth, 61.4 μJ per pulse, 3Hz repetition), generated using compact FEL, was used to irradiate an anesthetized mouse's ear skin with an average power of 260 mW/cm(2) for 30 minutes using a high-precision focused THz wave irradiation setup. In contrast to in vitro analysis using cultured cells at similar power levels of CW THz wave irradiation, no temperature change at the surface of the ear skin was observed when skin was examined with an IR camera. To monitor any potential inflammatory response, resident neutrophils in the same area of ear skin were repeatedly visualized before and after THz wave irradiation using a custom-built laser-scanning confocal microscopy system optimized for in vivo visualization. While non-irradiated control skin area showed no changes in the number of resident neutrophils, a massive recruitment of newly infiltrated neutrophils was observed in the THz wave irradiated skin area after 6 hours, which suggests an induction of acute inflammatory response by the pulsed THz wave irradiation on the skin via a non-thermal process.
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27
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Yu C, Fan S, Sun Y, Pickwell-Macpherson E. The potential of terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis: A review of investigations to date. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2012; 2:33-45. [PMID: 23256057 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2012.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The terahertz region lies between the microwave and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum such that it is strongly attenuated by water and very sensitive to water content. Terahertz radiation has very low photon energy and thus it does not pose any ionization hazard for biological tissues. Because of these characteristic properties, there has been an increasing interest in terahertz imaging and spectroscopy for biological applications within the last few years and more and more terahertz spectra are being reported, including spectroscopic studies of cancer. The presence of cancer often causes increased blood supply to affected tissues and a local increase in tissue water content may be observed: this acts as a natural contrast mechanism for terahertz imaging of cancer. Furthermore the structural changes that occur in affected tissues have also been shown to contribute to terahertz image contrast. This paper introduces terahertz technology and provides a short review of recent advances in terahertz imaging and spectroscopy techniques. In particular investigations relating to the potential of terahertz imaging and spectroscopy for cancer diagnosis will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Yu
- Department of Electronic & Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
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28
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Li S, Liu H, Huang N, Sun Q, Li X. High efficiency terahertz-wave photonic crystal fiber optical parametric oscillator. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:5579-5584. [PMID: 22859051 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.005579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically propose phase matched terahertz (THz)-wave generation via degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) in a fiber optical parametric oscillator (FOPO) with our newly designed photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Perfect phase matching is realized when we locate the pump wavelength in the normal group-velocity dispersion (GVD) regime. The generated THz-wave can be tuned from 4.7578 to 5.9015 THz by varying the pump wavelength. Moreover, peak power of 27.38 W at 5.9015 THz with conversion efficiency of 1.37% is realized when the pump peak power of 2000 W is at 4.675 μm in our FOPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Xi’an 710119, China
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29
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Serita K, Mizuno S, Murakami H, Kawayama I, Takahashi Y, Yoshimura M, Mori Y, Darmo J, Tonouchi M. Scanning laser terahertz near-field imaging system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:12959-12965. [PMID: 22714323 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.012959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed and developed a scanning laser terahertz (THz) near-field imaging system using a 1.56 μm femtosecond fiber laser for high spatial resolution and high-speed measurement. To obtain the two-dimensional (2D) THz images of samples, the laser pulses are scanned over a 2D THz emitter plate [DASC: 4'-dimenthylamino-N-methyl-4- stilbazolium p-chlorobenzenesulfonate] by a galvano meter. In this system, THz wave pulses locally generated at the laser irradiation spots transmit through the sample set on the emitter, and the amplitude of the transmitted THz wave pulse is detected by using a typical THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technique. Using this system, we have succeeded in obtaining THz transmission images of a triangle shaped metal sheet of millimeter-size and a human hair sample with a spatial resolution of sub-wavelength order up to ~27 μm (~λTHz/28) at an imaging speed of about 47 seconds/image for 512 x 512 pixels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Serita
- Institue of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, 2-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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