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Vaičaitis V, Balachninaitė O, Matijošius A, Babushkin I, Morgner U. Direct time-resolved plasma characterization with broadband terahertz light pulses. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:015201. [PMID: 36797931 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.015201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here the results of comprehensive plasma characterization and diagnostics by analyzing time-resolved absorption spectra of short ultrabroadband (0.1-50 THz) pulses propagated through the test plasma. Spectral analysis of plasma-induced absorption of such THz pulses provides very direct, in situ, high dynamical range, potentially single-shot access to the plasma density, plasma decay time, electron temperature, and ballistic dynamics of the plasma expansion. We have demonstrated a proof-of-principle measurement of plasma created by an intense laser beam. In particular, we showed a reliable measurement of plasma densities from around 10^{16} to 10^{20}cm^{-3}. Apart from the plasma parameters, this method allowed us to reconstruct peak intensity inside the plasma spot and to observe a very early stage of plasma evolution after its excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilijus Vaičaitis
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 10, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Ona Balachninaitė
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 10, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Aidas Matijošius
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 10, Vilnius LT-10223, Lithuania
| | - Ihar Babushkin
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, Berlin 10117, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Morgner
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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Xue J, Zhang N, Guo L, Zhang Z, Qi P, Sun L, Gong C, Lin L, Liu W. Effect of laser repetition rate on the fluorescence characteristic of a long-distance femtosecond laser filament. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5676-5679. [PMID: 37219301 DOI: 10.1364/ol.474317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of the laser repetition rate on the long-distance femtosecond laser filament in air is investigated by measuring the fluorescence characteristic of the filament. A femtosecond laser filament emits fluorescence due to the thermodynamical relaxation of the plasma channel. Experimental results show that as the repetition rate of femtosecond laser increases, the fluorescence of the filament induced by a single laser pulse weakens, and the position of the filament moves away from the focusing lens. These phenomena may be attributed to the slow hydrodynamical recovery process of air after being excited by a femtosecond laser filament, whose characteristic time is on the millisecond time scale and comparable to the inter-pulse duration of the femtosecond laser pulse train. This finding suggests that at a high laser repetition rate, to generate an intense laser filament, the femtosecond laser beam should scan across the air to eliminate the adverse effect of slow air relaxation, which is beneficial to laser filament remote sensing.
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Qi P, Qian W, Guo L, Xue J, Zhang N, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Lin L, Sun C, Zhu L, Liu W. Sensing with Femtosecond Laser Filamentation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22187076. [PMID: 36146424 PMCID: PMC9504994 DOI: 10.3390/s22187076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser filamentation is a unique nonlinear optical phenomenon when high-power ultrafast laser propagation in all transparent optical media. During filamentation in the atmosphere, the ultrastrong field of 1013-1014 W/cm2 with a large distance ranging from meter to kilometers can effectively ionize, break, and excite the molecules and fragments, resulting in characteristic fingerprint emissions, which provide a great opportunity for investigating strong-field molecules interaction in complicated environments, especially remote sensing. Additionally, the ultrastrong intensity inside the filament can damage almost all the detectors and ignite various intricate higher order nonlinear optical effects. These extreme physical conditions and complicated phenomena make the sensing and controlling of filamentation challenging. This paper mainly focuses on recent research advances in sensing with femtosecond laser filamentation, including fundamental physics, sensing and manipulating methods, typical filament-based sensing techniques and application scenarios, opportunities, and challenges toward the filament-based remote sensing under different complicated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Qi
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenqi Qian
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lanjun Guo
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayun Xue
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuezheng Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zeliang Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lie Lin
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Changlin Sun
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
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Geints YE, Minina OV, Geints IY, Seleznev LV, Pushkarev DV, Mokrousova DV, Rizaev GE, Shipilo DE, Nikolaeva IA, Kurilova MV, Panov NA, Kosareva OG, Houard A, Couairon A, Ionin AA, Liu W. Nonlinear Propagation and Filamentation on 100 Meter Air Path of Femtosecond Beam Partitioned by Wire Mesh. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6322. [PMID: 36080786 PMCID: PMC9460567 DOI: 10.3390/s22176322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity (∼1 TW/cm2 and higher) region formed in the propagation of ∼60 GW, 90 fs Ti:Sapphire laser pulse on a ∼100 m path in air spans for several tens of meters and includes a plasma filament and a postfilament light channel. The intensity in this extended region is high enough to generate an infrared supercontinuum wing and to initiate laser-induced discharge in the gap between the electrodes. In the experiment and simulations, we delay the high-intensity region along the propagation direction by inserting metal-wire meshes with square cells at the laser system output. We identify the presence of a high-intensity region from the clean-spatial-mode distributions, appearance of the infrared supercontinuum wing, and occurrence of the laser-induced discharge. In the case of free propagation (without any meshes), the onset of the high-intensity zone is at 40-52 m from the laser system output with ∼30 m extension. Insertion of the mesh with 3 mm cells delays the beginning of the high-intensity region to 49-68 m with the same ∼30 m extension. A decrease in the cell size to 1 mm leads to both delay and shrinking of the high-intensity zone to 71-73 m and 6 m, respectively. Three-dimensional simulations in space confirm the mesh-induced delay of the high-intensity zone as the cell size decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E. Geints
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
| | - Olga V. Minina
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
| | - Ilia Yu. Geints
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Leonid V. Seleznev
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V. Pushkarev
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daria V. Mokrousova
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Georgy E. Rizaev
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daniil E. Shipilo
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina A. Nikolaeva
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria V. Kurilova
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Panov
- V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, 1 Acad. Zuev Square, Tomsk 634021, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga G. Kosareva
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aurélien Houard
- LOA, ENSTA Paris, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Bd des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau, France
| | - Arnaud Couairon
- CPHT, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Andrey A. Ionin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Matsuda A, Tani K, Takeuchi Y, Hayakawa Y, Hishikawa A. Association Reaction of Gaseous C 2H 4 in Femtosecond Laser Filaments Studied by Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29862-29868. [PMID: 34778659 PMCID: PMC8582076 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Association reactions by femtosecond laser filamentation in gaseous C2H4 were studied by time-of-flight mass spectrometry of neutral reaction products. Direct sampling from the reaction cell to a mass spectrometer via a differential pumping stage allowed the identification of various hydrocarbon molecules C n H m with n = 3-7 and m = 4-7, which includes species not observed in the previous studies. It was found that products containing three and four carbon atoms dominate the mass spectrum with smaller yields for higher-mass species, suggesting that carbon chain growth proceeds through the reaction with C2H4 in the reaction cell. The product distribution showed a clear dependence on the laser pulse energy for filamentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Matsuda
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tani
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yui Hayakawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hishikawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Research
Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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Nalam SA, Harsha SS, Kiran PP. Effect of focusing element-induced aberrations on filamentation and supercontinuum emission in ambient air. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:14668-14681. [PMID: 33985184 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser pulse induced filamentation in atmosphere is susceptible to a number of input laser, focusing optics and medium characteristics. Filamentation of fs pulses in atmosphere is an intense propagation regime where the focusing geometry used to focus the fs laser pulses play an important role influencing the filament intensity and the associated supercontinuum. We identified different optical elements used for focusing the fs laser pulses leading to filamentation in air and classified them according to the induced aberrations. To clearly identify the role of aberrations, all the optical elements were taken to have same focal length. The subsequent filament structure and emissions from the filament were correlated with the aberrations induced by optical element revealed stark differences. The onset of the filamentation, its longitudinal intensity and the associated supercontinuum emission (SCE) have varied drastically with the aberrations induced by the focusing optics. A systematic study directed to choose and identify suitable optical elements according to the usage of the fs pulses for a specific filamentation regime is presented.
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Guo X, Jin C, He Z, Yao J, Zhou XX, Cheng Y. Retrieval of molecular alignment and identification of multiple-orbital contribution by using polarized high harmonics from aligned N 2 molecules. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:1613-1633. [PMID: 33726372 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the parallel and perpendicular components of high harmonics generated by using aligned N2 molecules, we propose a method to retrieve the alignment distribution induced by the aligning laser based on the quantitative rescattering theory. And the intensity of pump laser and gas temperature can be precisely determined as well. We find that the intensity ratio between two harmonic components is very sensitive to the inclusion of multiple-orbital contribution in the theory. We thus suggest that it could be used to identify the interference from inner orbitals by tuning input laser power or extending the spectral region of high harmonics.
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He Y, He L, Wang P, Wang B, Sun S, Liu R, Wang B, Lan P, Lu P. Measuring the rotational temperature and pump intensity in molecular alignment experiments via high harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21182-21191. [PMID: 32680163 DOI: 10.1364/oe.397560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a method to simultaneously measure the rotational temperature and pump intensity in laser-induced molecular alignment by the time-resolved high harmonic spectroscopy (HHS). It relies on the sensitive dependence of the arising times of the local minima and maxima of the harmonic yields at the rotational revivals on the pump intensity and rotational temperature. By measuring the arising times of these local extrema from the time-resolved harmonic signals, the rotational temperature and pump intensity can be accurately measured. We have demonstrated our method using N2 molecules. The validity and robustness of our method are tested with different harmonic orders and by changing the gas pressures as well as the distance between the gas exit and the optical axis. Moreover, we have also demonstrated the versatility of our method by applying it to CO2 molecules.
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Danylo R, Zhang X, Fan Z, Zhou D, Lu Q, Zhou B, Liang Q, Zhuang S, Houard A, Mysyrowicz A, Oliva E, Liu Y. Formation Dynamics of Excited Neutral Nitrogen Molecules inside Femtosecond Laser Filaments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:243203. [PMID: 31922877 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.243203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen molecules are promoted to excited neutral states during femtosecond laser pulse filamentary propagation in atmosphere, leading to a characteristic UV fluorescence. Using a laser-induced fluorescence depletion technique, we measure the formation dynamics of these excited neutral nitrogen molecules with femtosecond time resolution. We find that the excited neutral molecules are formed in an unexpected ultrafast timescale of ∼4 ps at 1 bar and ∼120 ps at 30 mbar pressure. From this observation we deduce that the excitation of neutral N_{2} occurs via multiple collisions with hot free electrons. Numerical simulations based on rate equations reproduce well this ultrafast formation time and its dependence on gas pressure, and thus support this interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostyslav Danylo
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengquan Fan
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Dongjie Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
| | - Aurélien Houard
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - André Mysyrowicz
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Eduardo Oliva
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear "Guillermo Velarde", Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516, Jungong Road, 200093 Shanghai, China
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 828 Boulevard des Maréchaux, 91762 Palaiseau cedex, France
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Peters CJ, Shneider MN, Miles RB. Kinetics Model of Femtosecond Laser Ionization in Nitrogen and Comparison to Experiment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2019; 125:243301. [PMID: 34421126 PMCID: PMC8378216 DOI: 10.1063/1.5098306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A zero-dimensional kinetics simulation of femtosecond laser ionization in nitrogen is proposed that includes fast gas heating effects, electron scattering (elastic and inelastic) rate coefficients from BOLSIG+ and photoionization based on filamentation theory. Key rate coefficients possessing significant uncertainty are tuned (within the range of variation found in literature) to reproduce the time-varying signal acquired by a bandpass-filtered photomultiplier tube with good agreement up to several hundred nanoseconds. Separate spectral measurements calibrate the relative strength of signal components. Derived equations relate the model to experimental measurements in absolute units. Reactions contributing to the rate of change of important species are displayed in terms of absolute rate and relative fraction. In general, decreasing the gas density lengthens the duration of early reactions and delays the start of later reactions. The model agrees with data taken in a variable temperature and pressure free jet by an intensified camera. Results demonstrate that initial signal depends primarily on gas density and secondarily on gas temperature. The optimal (maximum) initial signal occurs at a gas density below atmospheric. Decreases in gas density alter the evolution of excited-state populations, postponing the peak (while reducing its value) and slowing the rate of decay. For the optimal case, populations are favorably shifted in time with respect to the gate delay (and width) to boost the signal. Reductions in gas temperature generally enhance initial signal due to elevated dissociative recombination of cluster ions (along with excited-state coupling from quenching and energy pooling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Peters
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-5263, United States
| | - Mikhail N. Shneider
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-5263, United States
| | - Richard B. Miles
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544-5263, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3141, United States
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Finney LA, Skrodzki PJ, Burger M, Xiao X, Nees J, Jovanovic I. Optical emission from ultrafast laser filament-produced air plasmas in the multiple filament regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:29110-29122. [PMID: 30470078 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We perform optical emission spectroscopy of ultrafast laser filament-produced air plasmas in the multiple filament regime at driving wavelengths of 400 nm and 800 nm. The spatiotemporal structure of the emission from the plasmas are observed and the emission spectra are used to estimate plasma temperature and density for a range of laser parameters. Plasma temperatures are determined from the molecular nitrogen fluorescence, while the electron densities are estimated from Stark broadening of the oxygen-I 777.19-nm line. Electron temperatures are determined to be in the range of 5000-5200 K and they do not vary significantly along the length of the filament, nor are they sensitive to incident laser energy or wavelength. Electron densities are on order of 1016 cm-3 and show a greater variation with axial position, laser energy, and laser wavelength. We discuss mechanisms responsible for spatial localization of emitting species within the filament. Optical emission spectroscopy offers a simple, non-perturbing method to measure filament properties, that allows the information on the associated molecular transitions and excitation/ionization mechanisms to be extracted.
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Tan J, Zhou Y, Li M, He M, Liu Y, Lu P. Accurate measurement of laser intensity using photoelectron interference in strong-field tunneling ionization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:20063-20075. [PMID: 30119322 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate determination of laser intensity is of fundamental importance to study various phenomena in intense laser-atom/molecule interactions. We theoretically demonstrate a scheme to measure laser intensity by examining the holographic structure originating from the interference between the direct and near-forward rescattering electrons in strong-field tunneling ionization. By adding a weak second-harmonic field with polarization orthogonal to the strong fundamental driving field, the interference pattern oscillates with the changing relative phases of the two-color fields. Interestingly, the amplitude of this oscillation in the photoelectron momentum spectrum depends on the parallel momentum. With the quantum-orbit analysis, we show that the amplitude of the oscillation minimizes when the time difference between the recollision and ionization of near-forward rescattering electron is half cycle of the fundamental driving field. This enables us to measure accurately the laser intensity by seeking the minimum of the oscillation amplitude. Moreover, we show that this minimum can be determined without scanning the relative phases, instead, by just monitoring the interference patterns for two relative phases. This facilitates the application of our scheme in experiment.
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Hou H, Yang B, Mao X, Zorba V, Ran P, Russo RE. Characteristics of plasma plume in ultrafast laser ablation with a weakly ionized air channel. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:13425-13435. [PMID: 29801368 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the influence of femtosecond (fs) laser weakly ionized air channel on characteristics of plasma induced from fs-laser ablation of solid Zr metal target. A novel method to create high temperature, low electron density plasma with intense elemental emission and weak bremsstrahlung emission was demonstrated. Weakly ionized air channel was generated as a result of a non-linear phenomenon. Two-dimensional time-resolved optical-emission images of plasma plumes were taken for plume dynamics analysis. Dynamic physical properties of filament channels were simulated. In particular, we investigated the influence of weakly ionized air channel on the evolution of solid plasma plume. Plasma plume splitting was observed whilst longer weakly ionized air channel formed above the ablation spot. The domination mechanism for splitting is attributed to the long-lived underdense channel created by fs-laser induced weakly ionization of air. The evolutions of atomic/molecular emission intensity, peak broadening, and plasma temperature were analyzed, and the results show that the part of plasma entering weakly ionized air channel features higher initial temperature, lower electron density and faster decay.
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Matsuda A, Hayashi T, Kitaura R, Hishikawa A. Femtosecond Laser Filamentation in Gaseous Ethylene: Formation of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akitaka Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Ryo Kitaura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Akiyoshi Hishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
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15
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Liu XL, Cheng W, Petrarca M, Polynkin P. Measurements of fluence profiles in femtosecond laser filaments in air. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4751-4754. [PMID: 28005884 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a technique to measure fluence distributions in femtosecond laser beams with peak intensity of up to several hundred terawatts per square centimeter. Our approach is based on the dependence of single-shot laser ablation threshold for gold on the angle of incidence of the laser beam on the gold sample. We apply this technique to the profiling of fluence distributions in femtosecond laser filaments at a wavelength of 800 nm in air. The peak intensity is found to be clamped at a level that depends on the external beam focusing. The limiting value of the peak intensity attainable in long-range 800 nm air filaments, under very loose focusing conditions (f-number above ∼500), is about 55 TW/cm2.
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Lin YC, Nabekawa Y, Midorikawa K. Conical third-harmonic generation of optical vortex through ultrashort laser filamentation in air. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:14857-14870. [PMID: 27410638 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.014857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally generate third-harmonic (TH) vortex beams in air by the filamentation of femtosecond pulses produced in a lab-built Ti:sapphire chirped pulse amplifier. The generated TH beam profile is shown to evolve with increasing pump energy. At a sufficiently high pump energy, we observe a conical TH emission of the fundamental vortex and confirm that the conical radiation follows the conservation law for orbital angular momentum. We further investigate the far-field angularly resolved spectra of the TH wave to analyze the conical emission angle. We theoretically verify that the formation of the conical TH vortex results from the phase-matching between the fundamental and TH waves during the filamentation process.
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Mitryukovskiy S, Liu Y, Ding P, Houard A, Couairon A, Mysyrowicz A. Plasma luminescence from femtosecond filaments in air: evidence for impact excitation with circularly polarized light pulses. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:063003. [PMID: 25723217 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.063003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Filaments produced in air by intense femtosecond laser pulses emit UV luminescence from excited N(2) and N(2)(+) molecules. We report on a strong dependence at high intensities (I≥1.4×10(14) W/cm(2)) of this luminescence with the polarization state of the incident laser pulses. We attribute this effect to the onset of new impact excitation channels from energetic electrons produced with circularly polarized laser pulses above a threshold laser intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mitryukovskiy
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA/CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 828, Boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau F-91762, France
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA/CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 828, Boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau F-91762, France
| | - Pengji Ding
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA/CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 828, Boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau F-91762, France
| | - Aurélien Houard
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA/CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 828, Boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau F-91762, France
| | - Arnaud Couairon
- Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Palaiseau F-91128, France
| | - André Mysyrowicz
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA/CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, 828, Boulevard des Maréchaux, Palaiseau F-91762, France
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Kasparian J, Béjot P, Petrarca M, Hertz S, Lavorel B, Faucher O, Wolf JP. Higher-order Kerr effects improve quantitative modelling of harmonics generation and laser filamentation. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20134112007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Petrarca M, Petit Y, Henin S, Delagrange R, Béjot P, Kasparian J. Higher-order Kerr improve quantitative modeling of laser filamentation. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:4347-4349. [PMID: 23073458 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.004347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We test numerical filamentation models against experimental data about the peak intensity and electron density in laser filaments. We show that the consideration of the higher-order Kerr effect improves the quantitative agreement without the need of adjustable parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petrarca
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève, Chemin de Pinchat 22, Geneva 4, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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Sun X, Xu S, Zhao J, Liu W, Cheng Y, Xu Z, Chin SL, Mu G. Impressive laser intensity increase at the trailing stage of femtosecond laser filamentation in air. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:4790-4795. [PMID: 22418236 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.004790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The longitudinal distribution of the laser peak intensity inside a half meter long femtosecond laser filament in air is studied by measuring the signal ratio of two nitrogen fluorescence lines, 391 nm and 337 nm. The experimental results reveal that laser peak intensity initially remains almost constant (~4.3 × 10(13) W/cm2) inside the filament. However, before the end of the filament, surprisingly the laser intensity undergoes dramatic increase. A maximum intensity as high as 2.8×10(14) W/cm2 could be reached. The experimental result is unexpected by the conventional intensity clamping scenario, according to which the laser peak intensity would feature low variation along a filament. The experimental result is then interpreted as being due to the generation of a short pulse at trailing stage of the filamentation with reduced diameter. This phenomenon might be of great interest owing to its potential application in high-order-harmonic generation and producing isolated single attosecond laser pulse through simple experimental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300071 China
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