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Babushkin I, Demircan A, Kues M, Morgner U. Wave-Shape-Tolerant Photonic Quantum Gates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:090502. [PMID: 35302801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photons, acting as "flying qubits" in propagation geometries such as waveguides, appear unavoidably in the form of wave packets (pulses). The actual shape of the photonic wave packet as well as possible temporal and spectral correlations between the photons play a critical role in successful scalable computation. Currently, unentangled indistinguishable photons are considered a suitable resource for scalable photonic circuits. Here we show that using so-called coherent photon conversion, it is possible to construct flying-qubit gates which are not only insensitive to wave shapes of the photons and temporal and spectral correlations between them but which also fully preserve these wave shapes and correlations upon the processing. This allows the use of photons with correlations and purity in a very broad range for a scalable computation. Moreover, such gates can process entangled photonic wave packets even more effectively than unentangled ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Babushkin
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Demircan
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Kues
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, Nienburgerstrasse 17, 30519 Hannover, Germany
| | - U Morgner
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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2
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Moille G, Perez EF, Stone JR, Rao A, Lu X, Rahman TS, Chembo YK, Srinivasan K. Ultra-broadband Kerr microcomb through soliton spectral translation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7275. [PMID: 34907189 PMCID: PMC8671399 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadband and low-noise microresonator frequency combs (microcombs) are critical for deployable optical frequency measurements. Here we expand the bandwidth of a microcomb far beyond its anomalous dispersion region on both sides of its spectrum through spectral translation mediated by mixing of a dissipative Kerr soliton and a secondary pump. We introduce the concept of synthetic dispersion to qualitatively capture the system’s key physical behavior, in which the second pump enables spectral translation through four-wave mixing Bragg scattering. Experimentally, we pump a silicon nitride microring at 1063 nm and 1557 nm to enable soliton spectral translation, resulting in a total bandwidth of 1.6 octaves (137–407 THz). We examine the comb’s low-noise characteristics, through heterodyne beat note measurements across its spectrum, measurements of the comb tooth spacing in its primary and spectrally translated portions, and their relative noise. These ultra-broadband microcombs provide new opportunities for optical frequency synthesis, optical atomic clocks, and reaching previously unattainable wavelengths. Integrated optical frequency measurements, benefit from broadband on-chip frequency combs. Here the authors present a low-noise microcomb whose span extends from telecom to near-visible wavelengths. Here the authors present a dissipative Kerr soliton formation approximated by introducing the concept of synthetic dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Moille
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | - Edgar F Perez
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jordan R Stone
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ashutosh Rao
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.,Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tahmid Sami Rahman
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yanne K Chembo
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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3
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Cheng Y, Lai J, Yuan J, Mei C, Zhou X, Wu Q, Liu B, Yan B, Wang K, Yu C, Sang X. Highly coherent and multi-octave mid-infrared supercontinuum generations in a reverse-strip AlGaAs waveguide with three zero-dispersion wavelengths. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:9994-10001. [PMID: 34807192 DOI: 10.1364/ao.440682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a reverse-strip AlGaAs waveguide with three zero-dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs) is designed. The corresponding three ZDWs are located at 3.74, 6.56, and 8.89 µm. The nonlinearity coefficient of the proposed reverse-strip AlGaAs waveguide is calculated as 2.09W-1m-1 at wavelength 4.9 µm. The effects of pump pulse parameters, waveguide length, and noise coefficient on the nonlinear dynamics of supercontinuum (SC) generation are investigated. When the hyperbolic secant pump pulse with a wavelength of 4.9 µm, peak power of 900 W, and duration of 100 fs is launched into the proposed waveguide and propagated after a 3 mm length, highly coherent and multi-octave mid-infrared (MIR) SC spanning from 2.2 to 14.5 µm (more than 2.7 octaves, at -40dB level) is generated. Finally, a possible fabrication process of the reverse-strip AlGaAs waveguide is introduced. Our research results have important applications in MIR photonics, MIR spectroscopy, optical precision measurement, and more.
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Mishra RD, Singh L, Rajput S, Kaushik V, Srivastava S, Kumar M. Engineered nanophotonic waveguide with ultra-low dispersion. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4732-4737. [PMID: 34143031 DOI: 10.1364/ao.428534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A silicon-based engineered hybrid plasmonic waveguide with ultra-low dispersion is proposed. The ridge-shaped structure of the nanophotonic waveguide enables nano-scale confinement with electrically tunable characteristics using the plasma dispersion effect in silicon. The waveguide exhibits ultra-low dispersion of $1.28\;{{\rm ps}^2}/{\rm m}$ at telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm) in C band together with dual flatband dispersion over a wavelength range of 370 nm. The hybrid plasmonic mode is made to be confined in 15 nm thick ${{\rm SiO}_2}$ with a propagation loss of 15.3 dB/mm utilizing the engineered ridge structure comprising Si, ${{\rm SiO}_2}$, and gold. In addition, the proposed waveguide shows six zero-dispersion wavelengths. The imaginary and real parts of the effective refractive index of the guided hybrid plasmonic mode are reported to be tunable with the applied voltage. The reported numerical results can pave the way for achieving intensity modulators and other electrically tunable devices at telecommunication wavelengths. The ultra-low dispersion and electrical tuning make this nanophotonic waveguide an absolute contender for applications including efficient nonlinear signal processing such as wide wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing, supercontinuum generation, and other nanoscale integrated photonic devices.
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Zhang J, Zheng J, Xu P, Wang Y, Majumdar A. Ultra-low-power nonvolatile integrated photonic switches and modulators based on nanogap-enhanced phase-change waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37265-37275. [PMID: 33379564 DOI: 10.1364/oe.411254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose a nanogap-enhanced phase-change waveguide with silicon PIN heaters. Thanks to the enhanced light-matter interaction in the nanogap, the proposed structure exhibits strong attenuation (Δα = ∼35 dB/µm) and optical phase (Δneff = ∼1.2) modulation at λ = 1550 nm when achieving complete phase transitions. We further investigate two active optical devices based on the proposed waveguide, including an electro-absorption modulator and a 1 × 2 directional-coupler optical switch. Finite-difference time-domain simulation of the proposed modulator shows a high extinction ratio of ∼17 dB at 1550 nm with an active segment of volume only ∼0.004λ3. By exploiting a directional coupler design, we present a 1 × 2 optical switch with an insertion loss of < 4 dB and a compact coupling length of ∼ 15 µm while maintaining small crosstalk less than -7.2 dB over an optical bandwidth of 50 nm. Thermal analysis shows that a 10 V pulse of 30 ns (1×1 modulator) and 55 ns (1×2 switch) in duration is required to raise the GST temperature of the phase-change waveguide above the melting temperature to induce the amorphization; however, the complete crystallization occurs by applying a 5 V pulse of 180 ns (1×1 modulator) and a 6 V pulse of 200 ns (1×2 switch), respectively.
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6
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Friman AV, Shubin NM, Kapaev VV, Gorbatsevich AA. Subpicosecond light pulses induced by Fano antiresonance buildup process. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14590-14604. [PMID: 32403497 DOI: 10.1364/oe.392870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple technique of cutting short pulses out of a sharp edge input signal. The technique is based on the Fano antiresonance buildup dynamics. The output pulse duration is inverse proportional to the coupling strength to the resonator. We show that this coupling can be effectively increased by using more than one resonator and exploiting the antiresonance coalescence phenomenon. Analytical calculations for a model of standing-wave resonators and whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators are performed within the coupled mode theory. We show that the latter can provide better pulse compression. Analytical results for WGM resonators are verified numerically by finite difference time domain method. Ability to generate pulses as short as a few hundreds of femtoseconds at 1.55 μm wavelength has been demonstrated for a potentially CMOS compatible silicon waveguide, which does not require optical nonlinearities to operate.
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7
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Dispersion tailoring of silicon nanowire optical rectangular waveguide (SNORW). SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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8
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Melchert O, Willms S, Bose S, Yulin A, Roth B, Mitschke F, Morgner U, Babushkin I, Demircan A. Soliton Molecules with Two Frequencies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:243905. [PMID: 31922846 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.243905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a peculiar mechanism for the formation of bound states of light pulses of substantially different optical frequencies, in which pulses are strongly bound across a vast frequency gap. This is enabled by a propagation constant with two separate regions of anomalous dispersion. The resulting soliton compound exhibits moleculelike binding energy, vibration, and radiation and can be understood as a mutual trapping providing a striking analogy to quantum mechanics. The phenomenon constitutes an intriguing case of two light waves mutually affecting and controlling each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Melchert
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Strasse 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Willms
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Surajit Bose
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexey Yulin
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, 197101 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 3, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Strasse 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fedor Mitschke
- Institute for Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Morgner
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Strasse 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ihar Babushkin
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ayhan Demircan
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Centre for Optical Technologies, Nienburger Strasse 17, 30167, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Park BJ, Jin YH, Park NR, Kim JT, Kim MK. Nanolayer-embedded pseudo-photonic crystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:47LT01. [PMID: 31434058 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3d74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, novel high-performance nanophotonic devices have been realized by applying ultrathin two-dimensional nanolayer materials to nanophotonics. In this paper, we propose nanolayer-embedded compact pseudo-photonic crystals (PPCs) that enable strong interaction between ultrathin nanolayers and photonic crystal modes. In typical two-dimensional slab photonic crystals, the transverse-magnetic (TM) photonic crystal bandgap is not well formed, making it difficult to operate the TM photonic crystal waveguide modes. However, by utilizing the low-frequency TM PPC bands, a long propagation TM waveguide mode, a slow TM waveguide mode, and a TM photonic bandgap are all readily available. In particular, the insertion of a nanometer-thick low-refractive-index layer in the vertical center of TM PPC waveguide can localize the electric fields tightly in nanometer space, causing strong field interaction with the inserted nanolayer material. Using the TM slow light near PPC band edges, field interaction with the nanolayer is significantly enhanced. We can also realize nanolayer-embedded high-quality-factor (Q-factor > 104) PPC cavities using the TM PPC bandgap. We believe that the proposed TM PPCs will play an important role in the strong interaction of ultrathin nanolayer materials with photonic crystal modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Jun Park
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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10
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Malinowski M, Bustos-Ramirez R, Tremblay JE, Camacho-Gonzalez GF, Wu MC, Delfyett PJ, Fathpour S. Towards On-Chip Self-Referenced Frequency-Comb Sources Based on Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E391. [PMID: 31212675 PMCID: PMC6631226 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Miniaturization of frequency-comb sources could open a host of potential applications in spectroscopy, biomedical monitoring, astronomy, microwave signal generation, and distribution of precise time or frequency across networks. This review article places emphasis on an architecture with a semiconductor mode-locked laser at the heart of the system and subsequent supercontinuum generation and carrier-envelope offset detection and stabilization in nonlinear integrated optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Malinowski
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Ricardo Bustos-Ramirez
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Jean-Etienne Tremblay
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | | | - Ming C Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Peter J Delfyett
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
| | - Sasan Fathpour
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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11
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Gonzalez GFC, Malinowski M, Honardoost A, Fathpour S. Design of a hybrid chalcogenide-glass on lithium-niobate waveguide structure for high-performance cascaded third- and second-order optical nonlinearities. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:D1-D6. [PMID: 31044813 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.0000d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion engineering for efficient supercontinuum generation (SCG) is investigated in a hybrid nonlinear photonic platform that allows cascaded third- and second-order optical nonlinearities in transverse-electric (TE) guided modes. The highly nonlinear chalcogenide waveguides enable SCG spanning over 1.25 octaves (from about 1160 nm to more than 2800 nm at 20 dB below maximum power), while the TE polarization attained is compatible with efficient second-harmonic generation in a subsequent thin-film lithium niobate waveguide integrated monolithically on the same chip. A low-energy pump pulsed laser source of only 25 pJ with 250 fs duration, centered at a wavelength of 1550 nm, can achieve such wideband SCG. The design presented is suitable for the f-to-2f carrier-envelope offset detection technique of stabilized optical frequency comb sources.
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12
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Mia MB, Jaidye N, Kim S. Extremely high dispersions in heterogeneously coupled waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:10426-10437. [PMID: 31052902 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a heterogeneously coupled Si/SiO2/SiN waveguide structure that can achieve extremely high dispersions (> | ± 107| ps · nm-1km-1). A strong mode coupling between the Si and SiN waveguides introduces a normal dispersion to symmetric mode and an anomalous dispersion to anti-symmetric mode, and the large group velocity difference between the two waveguides results in such high dispersions. Geometric parameters of the structure control the peak dispersions and the central wavelength of the mode coupling, and these engineering capabilities are studied numerically. Analytical representations on the heterogeneously coupled waveguides are also introduced and these equations explain the effects of geometric parameters. This extremely dispersive waveguide scheme can be constructed with other material combinations as well and should be of interest in ultrafast signal processing and spectroscopic applications.
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13
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Grassani D, Tagkoudi E, Guo H, Herkommer C, Yang F, Kippenberg TJ, Brès CS. Mid infrared gas spectroscopy using efficient fiber laser driven photonic chip-based supercontinuum. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1553. [PMID: 30948726 PMCID: PMC6449389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Directly accessing the middle infrared, the molecular functional group spectral region, via supercontinuum generation processes based on turn-key fiber lasers offers the undeniable advantage of simplicity and robustness. Recently, the assessment of the coherence of the mid-IR dispersive wave in silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguides, pumped at telecom wavelength, established an important first step towards mid-IR frequency comb generation based on such compact systems. Yet, the spectral reach and efficiency still fall short for practical implementation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that large cross-section Si3N4 waveguides pumped with 2 μm fs-fiber laser can reach the important spectroscopic spectral region in the 3-4 μm range, with up to 35% power conversion and milliwatt-level output powers. As a proof of principle, we use this source for detection of C2H2 by absorption spectroscopy. Such result makes these sources suitable candidate for compact, chip-integrated spectroscopic and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Grassani
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Eirini Tagkoudi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hairun Guo
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), SB-IPHYS, Station 3, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200343, China
| | - Clemens Herkommer
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), SB-IPHYS, Station 3, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Garching, 85748, Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Group for Fibre Optics (GFO), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), SB-IPHYS, Station 3, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Camille-Sophie Brès
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), STI-IEL, Station 11, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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14
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Chen WT, Zhu AY, Sanjeev V, Khorasaninejad M, Shi Z, Lee E, Capasso F. A broadband achromatic metalens for focusing and imaging in the visible. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:220-226. [PMID: 29292382 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-017-0034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A key goal of metalens research is to achieve wavefront shaping of light using optical elements with thicknesses on the order of the wavelength. Such miniaturization is expected to lead to compact, nanoscale optical devices with applications in cameras, lighting, displays and wearable optics. However, retaining functionality while reducing device size has proven particularly challenging. For example, so far there has been no demonstration of broadband achromatic metalenses covering the entire visible spectrum. Here, we show that by judicious design of nanofins on a surface, it is possible to simultaneously control the phase, group delay and group delay dispersion of light, thereby achieving a transmissive achromatic metalens with large bandwidth. We demonstrate diffraction-limited achromatic focusing and achromatic imaging from 470 to 670 nm. Our metalens comprises only a single layer of nanostructures whose thickness is on the order of the wavelength, and does not involve spatial multiplexing or cascading. While this initial design (numerical aperture of 0.2) has an efficiency of about 20% at 500 nm, we discuss ways in which our approach may be further optimized to meet the demand of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ting Chen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Y Zhu
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vyshakh Sanjeev
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Zhujun Shi
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Lee
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Li Y, Li J, Huo Y, Chen M, Yang S, Chen H. Spatial-mode-coupling-based dispersion engineering for integrated optical waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:2807-2816. [PMID: 29401816 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion ultimately limits the efficiency of the nonlinear process in the optical waveguide. Traditional dispersion engineering method is to tailor the cross-section of the waveguide with both of the height and width. However, the fabrication process limits the design freedom of the height in some cases. To solve the problem, we develop a dispersion engineering technique based on spatial mode coupling. Just by tailoring the width of waveguide without altering the height, the proposed method achieves anomalous dispersion with a range of 70 nm numerically and experimentally changes the dispersion of a micro-ring resonator from -750 ± 30 ps/nm/km to 1300 ± 200 ps/nm/km over a wavelength range of 25 nm with high Q of 0.8 million on the Si3N4/SiO2 waveguide platform. This technique overcomes the restrict from the fabrication process to the optical waveguide on the dispersion control and can enlarge application of the nonlinear optics on chip.
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16
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Singh N, Xin M, Vermeulen D, Shtyrkova K, Li N, Callahan PT, Magden ES, Ruocco A, Fahrenkopf N, Baiocco C, Kuo BPP, Radic S, Ippen E, Kärtner FX, Watts MR. Octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum generation in silicon on insulator from 1.06 μm to beyond 2.4 μm. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17131. [PMID: 30839639 PMCID: PMC6107049 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-based nonlinear optical devices in the near-infrared are in strong demand. Due to two-photon absorption in silicon, however, much nonlinear research is shifting towards unconventional photonics platforms. In this work, we demonstrate the generation of an octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum in a silicon waveguide covering the spectral region from the near- to shortwave-infrared. With input pulses of 18 pJ in energy, the generated signal spans the wavelength range from the edge of the silicon transmission window, approximately 1.06 to beyond 2.4 μm, with a -20 dB bandwidth covering 1.124-2.4 μm. An octave-spanning supercontinuum was also observed at the energy levels as low as 4 pJ (-35 dB bandwidth). We also measured the coherence over an octave, obtaining , in good agreement with the simulations. In addition, we demonstrate optimization of the third-order dispersion of the waveguide to strengthen the dispersive wave and discuss the advantage of having a soliton at the long wavelength edge of an octave-spanning signal for nonlinear applications. This research paves the way for applications, such as chip-scale precision spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, optical frequency metrology, frequency synthesis and wide-band wavelength division multiplexing in the telecom window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetesh Singh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Xin
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Diedrik Vermeulen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katia Shtyrkova
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nanxi Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Patrick T Callahan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emir Salih Magden
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alfonso Ruocco
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Fahrenkopf
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Christopher Baiocco
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Bill P-P Kuo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Stojan Radic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Erich Ippen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Centre for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL)-DESY and University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Michael R Watts
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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17
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Dorche AE, Abdollahramezani S, Taheri H, Eftekhar AA, Adibi A. Extending chip-based Kerr-comb to visible spectrum by dispersive wave engineering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:22362-22374. [PMID: 29041548 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.022362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous group velocity dispersion is a key parameter for generating bright solitons, and thus wideband Kerr frequency combs. Extension of the frequency combs spectrum to visible wavelengths has been a major challenge because of the strong normal dispersion of conventional photonic materials at these wavelengths. In this paper, we numerically demonstrate a wideband frequency comb extending from near-infrared to visible wavelengths (∼1200 nm to 650 nm). The proposed frequency comb micro-resonator takes advantage of a wideband blue-shifted anomalous dispersion, achieved in an optimized over-etched silicon nitride waveguide and strong power transfer to shorter wavelengths through radiative dispersive waves, achieved by modulating the dispersion in a coupled resonator architecture. We show the possibility of obtaining a close to visible dispersive Cherenkov radiation peak that is only 10 dB below the overall comb peak and can be tuned by adjusting the coupling structure in the coupled resonator architecture.
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18
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Benedikovic D, Berciano M, Alonso-Ramos C, Le Roux X, Cassan E, Marris-Morini D, Vivien L. Dispersion control of silicon nanophotonic waveguides using sub-wavelength grating metamaterials in near- and mid-IR wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:19468-19478. [PMID: 29041140 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.019468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the group velocity dispersion of silicon nanophotonic waveguides has been recognized as a key ingredient to enhance the development of various on-chip optical applications. However, the strong wavelength dependence of the dispersion in waveguides implemented on the high index contrast silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform substantially hinders their wideband operation, which in turn, limits their deployment. In this work, we exploit the potential of non-resonant sub-wavelength grating (SWG) nanostructures to perform a flexible and wideband control of dispersion in SOI waveguides. In particular, we demonstrated that the overall dispersion of the SWG-engineered metamaterial waveguides can be tailored across the transparency window of the SOI platform, keeping easy-to-handle single-etch step manufacturing. The SWG silicon waveguides overcladded by silicon nitride exhibit significant reduction of wavelength dependence of dispersion, yet providing intriguing and customizable synthesis of various attractive dispersion profiles. These include large normal up to low anomalous operation regimes, both of which could make a great promise for plethora of emerging applications in silicon photonics.
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19
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Yang M, Guo Y, Wang J, Han Z, Wada K, Kimerling LC, Agarwal AM, Michel J, Li G, Zhang L. Mid-IR supercontinuum generated in low-dispersion Ge-on-Si waveguides pumped by sub-ps pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:16116-16122. [PMID: 28789119 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ge-on-Si is an attractive material platform for mid-IR broadband sources on a chip because of its wide transparency window, high Kerr nonlinearity and CMOS compatibility. We present a low-loss Ge-on-Si waveguide with flat and low dispersion from 3 to 11 µm, which enables a coherent supercontinuum from 2 to 12 µm, generated using a sub-ps pulsed pump. We show that 700-fs pump pulses with a low peak power of 400 W are needed to generate such a wide supercontinuum, and the waveguide length is around 5.35 mm.
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20
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Marchetti R, Vitali V, Lacava C, Cristiani I, Charbonnier B, Muffato V, Fournier M, Minzioni P. Group-velocity dispersion in SOI-based channel waveguides with reduced-height. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:9761-9767. [PMID: 28468356 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.009761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental characterization, in the telecom C-band, of group-velocity dispersion (D) in 100-nm high rectangular strip waveguides realized by silicon-on-insulator technology. We compare the experimental results with numerical predictions, showing that 100-nm high waveguides exhibit normal dispersion and that the absolute value of the dispersion coefficient D decreases as the waveguide width is increased. D at 1550 nm varies from -8130 to -3900 ps/(nm·km) by increasing the waveguide width from 500 to 800 nm.
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21
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Ramirez JM, Vakarin V, Frigerio J, Chaisakul P, Chrastina D, Le Roux X, Ballabio A, Vivien L, Isella G, Marris-Morini D. Ge-rich graded-index Si 1-xGex waveguides with broadband tight mode confinement and flat anomalous dispersion for nonlinear mid-infrared photonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:6561-6567. [PMID: 28381003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.006561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the use of Ge-rich graded-index Si1-xGex rib waveguides as building blocks to develop integrated nonlinear optical devices for broadband operation in the mid-IR. The vertical Ge gradient concentration in the waveguide core renders unique properties to the guided optical mode, providing tight mode confinement over a broadband mid-IR wavelength range from λ = 3 µm to 8 µm. Additionally, the gradual vertical confinement pulls the optical mode upwards in the waveguide core, overlapping with the Ge-rich area where the nonlinear refractive index is larger. Moreover, the Ge-rich graded-index Si1-xGex waveguides allow efficient tailoring of the chromatic dispersion curves, achieving flat anomalous dispersion for the quasi-TM optical mode with D ≤ 14 ps/nm/km over a ~1.4 octave span while retaining an optimum third-order nonlinear parameter, γeff. These results confirm the potential of Ge-rich graded-index Si1-xGex waveguides as an attractive platform to develop mid-IR nonlinear approaches requiring broadband dispersion engineering.
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22
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Liang H, He Y, Luo R, Lin Q. Ultra-broadband dispersion engineering of nanophotonic waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29444-29451. [PMID: 28059330 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose double-cladded and multi-cladded waveguide structures that enable flexible engineering of group-velocity dispersion over multi-octave spanning spectral range, allowing to produce intriguing dispersion characteristics that oscillate between normal and anomalous dispersion in a sinusoidal-like fashion with controllable magnitude, which will be very useful for nonlinear photonic applications. The proposed waveguides are easy to fabricate in practice, which we expect to have great potential for broad applications in nonlinear photonics, quantum optics, and optical communication.
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23
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Castelló-Lurbe D, Vermeulen N, Silvestre E. Towards an analytical framework for tailoring supercontinuum generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:26629-26645. [PMID: 27857395 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.026629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A fully analytical toolbox for supercontinuum generation relying on scenarios without pulse splitting is presented. Furthermore, starting from the new insights provided by this formalism about the physical nature of direct and cascaded dispersive wave emission, a unified description of this radiation in both normal and anomalous dispersion regimes is derived. Previously unidentified physics of broadband spectra reported in earlier works is successfully explained on this basis. Finally, a foundry-compatible few-millimeters-long silicon waveguide allowing octave-spanning supercontinuum generation pumped at telecom wavelengths in the normal dispersion regime is designed, hence showcasing the potential of this new analytical approach.
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24
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Jafari Z, Zarifkar A. Fabrication-friendly subwavelength-structure-assisted waveguide for dispersion engineering. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:9084-9090. [PMID: 27857293 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.009084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A subwavelength structure deposited on top of a silicon strip is utilized as a novel tool for dispersion engineering. The equivalent refractive index of the subwavelength structure can be tailored through adjusting its period and duty cycle. As finding suitable materials with both appropriate refractive index and fabrication compatibility is one of the main difficulties in dispersion engineering, the possibility of refractive index engineering is the most significant advantage of the proposed waveguide. It can be beneficial for controlling the properties of the fundamental quasi-TM mode and consequently its dispersion characteristics without any concern about material compatibility. Utilizing this waveguide geometry, a wide and flattened low-dispersion bandwidth can be achieved. Moreover, high anomalous and normal dispersion is realizable without any degradation in dispersion flatness over bandwidth. Therefore, the proposed waveguide structure is promising for dispersion tailoring in both linear and nonlinear applications.
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25
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Visible to near-infrared supercontinuum generation in yttrium orthosilicate bulk crystal and ion implanted planar waveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31612. [PMID: 27527662 PMCID: PMC4985816 DOI: 10.1038/srep31612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the supercontinuum generation in yttrium orthosilicate bulk crystal and 6-mm-long ion implanted planar waveguide. The waveguide is fabricated by 6 MeV oxygen ions implantation with fluence of 5 × 1014 ions/cm2 at room temperature. The yttrium orthosilicate bulk crystal and waveguide are pumped using a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser with a center wavelength of 800 nm. The generated broadest supercontinuum spans 720 nm (at −30 dB points) from 380 to 1100 nm in bulk crystal and 510 nm (at −30 dB points) from 490 to 1000 nm in ion implanted waveguide, respectively. Compared to the bulk crystal, the ion implanted waveguide requires almost three orders of magnitude lower pump power to achieve a similar level of broadening. The supercontinuum is generated in the normal dispersion regime and exhibits a relatively smooth spectral shape. Our research findings indicate that ion implantation is an efficient method to produce waveguide in yttrium orthosilicate crystal for low-threshold supercontinuum generation.
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26
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Abstract
We show a new class of complex solitary wave that exists in a nonlinear optical cavity with appropriate dispersion characteristics. The cavity soliton consists of multiple soliton-like spectro-temporal components that exhibit distinctive colors but coincide in time and share a common phase, formed together via strong inter-soliton four-wave mixing and Cherenkov radiation. The multicolor cavity soliton shows intriguing spectral locking characteristics and remarkable capability of spectrum management to tailor soliton frequencies, which would be very useful for versatile generation and manipulation of multi-octave spanning phase-locked Kerr frequency combs, with great potential for applications in frequency metrology, optical frequency synthesis, and spectroscopy.
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27
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Shi Y, Xu P, Shen X, Dai S, Nie Q. Reverse pillar chalcogenide glass waveguides with ultraflat and low dispersion profile over an ultrawide bandwidth. APPLIED OPTICS 2016; 55:1017-1021. [PMID: 26906369 DOI: 10.1364/ao.55.001017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two types of reverse pillar integrated chalcogenide glass (As₂S₃) waveguides are proposed in this study. These geometries exhibit an ultraflat and low dispersion profile with four zero dispersion wavelengths. Its low dispersion is approximately ±10 ps/nm/km over a 2240 nm bandwidth (for L waveguide) and ±13 ps/nm/km over a 2030 nm bandwidth (for F waveguide). Waveguide dispersion engineering is achieved by tuning the structural parameters of the waveguide, which has less sensitivity to the variations of structural parameters compared with silicon pillar waveguides. Moreover, the nonlinear coefficient and phase-matching condition in four-wave mixing (FWM) showed a great potential for broadband FWM processes in the near- and middle-infrared regions.
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28
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Castelló-Lurbe D, Silvestre E. Supercontinuum generation in silicon waveguides relying on wave-breaking. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25462-25473. [PMID: 26480064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four-wave-mixing processes enabled during optical wave-breaking (OWB) are exploited in this paper for supercontinuum generation. Unlike conventional approaches based on OWB, phase-matching is achieved here for these nonlinear interactions, and, consequently, new frequency production becomes more efficient. We take advantage of this kind of pulse propagation to obtain numerically a coherent octave-spanning mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a silicon waveguide pumping at telecom wavelengths in the normal dispersion regime. This scheme shows a feasible path to overcome limits imposed by two-photon absorption on spectral broadening in silicon waveguides.
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29
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Zhou F, Zhang M, Dai J, Wang Y, Deng L, Liu D. Efficient and broadband wavelength conversion in a slot waveguide with the periodic structure altering the phase-mismatch. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:7753-7759. [PMID: 26368901 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.007753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency wavelength conversion based on the quasi-phase-matching technique is proposed and simulated in a silicon slot waveguide. Due to the tight light confinement and high nonlinear material (silicon nanocrystal) filled in the slot region, a large nonlinear coefficient of 4100/(W·m) is achieved. With the waveguide width changing alternately to manage the phase-mismatch, periodical attenuation of the idler power is suppressed even in the presence of severe dispersion. Numerical simulation shows that an efficiency of -12.3 dB at 1850 nm and a 3-dB bandwidth of 484 nm are available for the 1550 nm wavelength pump in a 4 mm long silicon slot waveguide.
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30
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Singh N, Hudson DD, Eggleton BJ. Silicon-on-sapphire pillar waveguides for Mid-IR supercontinuum generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:17345-17354. [PMID: 26191744 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.017345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose pillar integrated silicon waveguides to exploit the entire transparent window of silicon. These geometries posses a broad and flat dispersion (from 2 to 6 μm) with four zero dispersion wavelengths. We calculate supercontinuum generation spanning over two octaves (2 to >8 μm) with long wavelengths interacting weakly with the lossy substrate. These structures have higher mode confinement in the silicon - away from the substrate, which makes them substrate independent and are promising for exploring new nonlinear phenomena and highly sensitive molecular sensing over the entire silicon's transparency range.
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31
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Sun Q, Huang N, Wang Z. Supercontinuum generation in strip/slot hybrid waveguide with flat and low dispersion. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:4850-4856. [PMID: 26192523 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.004850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A strip/slot hybrid waveguide with double horizontal silicon nanocrystals slots is proposed to achieve flat and low dispersion with four zero dispersion wavelengths. By tuning structural parameters of the waveguide, dispersion tailoring is fully characterized. The flat dispersion varying between -13 and 14 ps/(nm·km) is obtained over an 845 nm bandwidth. A broadband supercontinuum spectrum, spanning from 1.15 to 3.65 μm in the -15 dB level, was generated in this waveguide pumped by a femtosecond pulse at 1.86 μm. Results indicate that the waveguide has great potential in near- and mid-infrared nonlinear applications.
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32
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Xu ZY, Li YH, Wang LJ. In situ fine tailoring of group velocity dispersion in optical microfibers via nanocoatings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:28338-28345. [PMID: 25402075 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.028338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a convenient technique for in situ fine group velocity dispersion (GVD) tailoring in optical microfibers via dielectric nanocoatings. This was elaborated by successively depositing poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocoatings around a 1.2 μm-diameter optical microfiber with a modified dip-coating method. In situ dispersion measurements showed that the GVD was tailored by 55 ps/nm•km at 1580 nm, and the zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) was red shifted by 30 nm. Numerical simulations showed that GVD tailoring in optical microfibers could bring signal (idler) tuning in spontaneous four-wave mixing (FWM) and spectral bandwidth expanding in supercontinuum (SC) generation, implying that this in situ fine GVD tailoring technique would offer optical microfibers with many new opportunities for applications in nonlinear optics.
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33
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Bao C, Zhang L, Matsko A, Yan Y, Zhao Z, Xie G, Agarwal AM, Kimerling LC, Michel J, Maleki L, Willner AE. Nonlinear conversion efficiency in Kerr frequency comb generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6126-6129. [PMID: 25361295 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We analytically and numerically investigate the nonlinear conversion efficiency in ring microresonator-based mode-locked frequency combs under different dispersion conditions. Efficiency is defined as the ratio of the average round trip energy values for the generated pulse(s) to the input pump light. We find that the efficiency degrades with growth of the comb spectral width and is inversely proportional to the number of comb lines. It depends on the cold-cavity properties of a microresonator only and can be improved by increasing the coupling coefficient. Also, it can be increased in the multi-soliton state.
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34
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Jin B, Yuan J, Yu C, Sang X, Wei S, Zhang X, Wu Q, Farrell G. Efficient and broadband parametric wavelength conversion in a vertically etched silicon grating without dispersion engineering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6257-6268. [PMID: 24663974 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and broadband parametric wavelength converter is proposed in the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide without dispersion engineering. The vertical grating is utilized to achieve the quasi-phase-matching (QPM) of four-wave mixing (FWM). By alternating the phase-mismatch between two values with opposite signs, the parametric attenuation is suppressed. The conversion efficiency at the designated signal wavelength is significantly improved, and the 3-dB conversion bandwidth is also extended effectively. It is demonstrated that the conversion bandwidth is insensitive to both the propagation length and the grating width, which alleviates the tradeoff between the conversion bandwidth and the peak conversion efficiency. For a continuous-wave (CW) pump at 1550 nm, a conversion bandwidth of 331 nm and a peak efficiency of -12.8 dB can be realized in a 1.5-cm-long grating with serious phase-mismatch.
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35
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Zhang L, Bao C, Singh V, Mu J, Yang C, Agarwal AM, Kimerling LC, Michel J. Generation of two-cycle pulses and octave-spanning frequency combs in a dispersion-flattened micro-resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:5122-5125. [PMID: 24281525 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.005122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We show that octave-spanning Kerr frequency combs with improved spectral flatness of comb lines can be generated in dispersion-flattened microring resonators. The resonator is formed by a strip/slot hybrid waveguide, exhibiting a flat and low anomalous dispersion between two zero-dispersion wavelengths that are separated by one octave from near-infrared to mid-infrared. Such flattened dispersion profiles allow for the generation of mode-locked frequency combs, using relatively low pump power to obtain two-cycle cavity solitons on a chip, associated with the octave-spanning comb bandwidth. The wavelength dependence of the optical loss and of the coupling coefficient and thus wavelength dependent Q-factor are also considered.
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36
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Jafari Z, Emami F. Strip/slot hybrid arsenic tri-sulfide waveguide with ultra-flat and low dispersion profile over an ultra-wide bandwidth. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:3082-3085. [PMID: 24104654 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A strip/slot hybrid arsenic tri-sulfide waveguide with a horizontal silicon dioxide slot is proposed. The waveguide exhibits an ultra-flat and low dispersion profile with four zero-dispersion wavelengths. Tuning structural parameters of the waveguide causes tailoring the dispersion. There is only a low dispersion of approximately ± 3 ps/(nm · km) over a 1035 nm bandwidth. It is shown that the waveguide has less sensitivity to the variations of the structural parameters and fabrication errors compared to silicon waveguides. Moreover, nonlinear coefficient, figure of merit, third-order dispersion and phase-matching condition in four-wave mixing are studied. This waveguide has a great potential for nonlinear applications in a wide range of wavelengths.
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37
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Wang S, Hu J, Guo H, Zeng X. Optical Cherenkov radiation in an As2S3 slot waveguide with four zero-dispersion wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:3067-3072. [PMID: 23481764 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.003067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose an approach for an efficient generation of optical Cherenkov radiation (OCR) in the near-infrared by tailoring the waveguide dispersion for a zero group-velocity mismatching between the radiation and the pump soliton. Based on an As(2)S(3) slot waveguide with subwavelength dimensions, dispersion profiles with four zero dispersion wavelengths are found to produce a phase-matching nonlinear process leading to a broadband resonant radiation. The broadband OCR investigated in the chalcogenide waveguide may find applications in on-chip wavelength conversion and near-infrared pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Wang
- The Key Lab of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Network, Shanghai University, 200072 Shanghai, China
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38
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Nolte PW, Bohley C, Schilling J. Tuning of zero group velocity dispersion in infiltrated vertical silicon slot waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:1741-1750. [PMID: 23389158 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work the design of Si / hybrid waveguides which contain a vertical infiltrated slot is studied. The case of slots infiltrated with a χ³ nonlinear material of relatively high refractive index (e.g. chalcogenide glasses) is specifically discussed. An optimized waveguide geometry with periodic refractive index modulation, a nonlinear figure of merit > 1 and minimum effective mode cross section is presented. Introducing a periodic refractive index variation along the waveguide allows the adjustment of the group velocity dispersion (GVD). Choosing the period accordingly, the phase matching condition for degenerate four wave mixing (GVD = 0) can be fulfilled at virtually any desired frequency and independently from the fixed optimized waveguide cross section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Nolte
- Centre for Innovation Competence SiLi-nano, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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39
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Zhu M, Liu H, Li X, Huang N, Sun Q, Wen J, Wang Z. Ultrabroadband flat dispersion tailoring of dual-slot silicon waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:15899-15907. [PMID: 22772280 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.015899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new strip/slot hybrid waveguide with double slots, which exhibits a flat and low dispersion over a 1098-nm bandwidth with four zero-dispersion wavelengths. Dispersion of dual-slot silicon waveguide is mainly determined by mode transition from a strip mode to a slot mode rather than by material dispersion. Dispersion tailoring is investigated by tuning different structural parameters of waveguides. Moreover, nonlinear coefficient of dual-slot silicon waveguide and phase-matching condition in FWM are both explored in detail. The dual-slot waveguide can be used to generate supercontinuum with bandwidth extending up to 1630 nm pumped by femtosecond pulses. This waveguide will have a great potential for ultrabroadband signal processing applications from near-infrared region to mid-infrared region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics Technology, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Xi'an, 710119, China
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