1
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Liu L, Chen WT, Zhao J, Zhang C. Two Structural Designs of Broadband, Low-Loss, and Compact TM Magneto-Optical Isolator Based on GaAs-on-Insulator. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:400. [PMID: 38470731 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Integrated optical isolators are important building blocks for photonic integrated chips. Despite significant advances in isolators integrated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms, integrated isolators on GaAs-on-insulator platforms are rarely reported. In this paper, two structural designs of optical isolators based on the TM basic mode of GaAs-on-insulator are proposed. The non-reciprocal phase shift (NRPS) of GaAs/Ce:YIG waveguides with different geometric structures are calculated using numerical simulation. The isolators achieve 35 dB isolation bandwidths greater than 53.5 nm and 70 nm at 1550 nm, with total insertion losses of 2.59 dB and 2.25 dB, respectively. A multi-mode interferometric (MMI) coupler suitable for these two structures is proposed. In addition, suitable manufacturing processes are discussed based on the simulated process tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wan-Ting Chen
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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2
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Zhou Z, Ou X, Fang Y, Alkhazraji E, Xu R, Wan Y, Bowers JE. Prospects and applications of on-chip lasers. ELIGHT 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 36618904 PMCID: PMC9810524 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-022-00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrated silicon photonics has sparked a significant ramp-up of investment in both academia and industry as a scalable, power-efficient, and eco-friendly solution. At the heart of this platform is the light source, which in itself, has been the focus of research and development extensively. This paper sheds light and conveys our perspective on the current state-of-the-art in different aspects of application-driven on-chip silicon lasers. We tackle this from two perspectives: device-level and system-wide points of view. In the former, the different routes taken in integrating on-chip lasers are explored from different material systems to the chosen integration methodologies. Then, the discussion focus is shifted towards system-wide applications that show great prospects in incorporating photonic integrated circuits (PIC) with on-chip lasers and active devices, namely, optical communications and interconnects, optical phased array-based LiDAR, sensors for chemical and biological analysis, integrated quantum technologies, and finally, optical computing. By leveraging the myriad inherent attractive features of integrated silicon photonics, this paper aims to inspire further development in incorporating PICs with on-chip lasers in, but not limited to, these applications for substantial performance gains, green solutions, and mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhican Zhou
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiangpeng Ou
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuetong Fang
- Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangdong, China
| | - Emad Alkhazraji
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Renjing Xu
- Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangdong, China
| | - Yating Wan
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Energy Efficiency, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - John E. Bowers
- Institute for Energy Efficiency, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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3
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Singh N, Kärtner FX. Nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometer isolator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5973-5980. [PMID: 35209546 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Isolators are important devices in optics, especially for low noise systems, as even a small amount of back reflection can be detrimental to the quality of the signal generated by the source impacting downstream applications. Traditionally, magneto-optical materials have been used in isolators for bulk and fiber based optical systems. However, they tend to have high insertion loss, and are complicated to integrate on a photonics chip. Another class of isolators is based on optical nonlinearity that do not require external magnetic bias. However, the devices demonstrated so far suffer from either limited bandwidth, high insertion loss or fabrication complexity. In this work, we demonstrate a monolithic, fully complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible, nonlinear Mach-Zehnder interferometer isolator based on third order optical nonlinearity, that overcomes such issues. In this proof of principle study, we show up to 15 dB isolation with 0.4 dB insertion loss and a device footprint of 0.4 mm2 which can easily be improved on further. The device is broadband and is independent of wavelength, material, and the platform. Not only can such a device be used for integrated optical systems but also for the fibre based optical systems.
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4
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Hu H, Qi J, Wu Q, Fu X, Wu H, Zhang S, Chen Z, Chen J, Yao J, Yu X, Sun Q, Xu J. Coin Paradox Spin-Orbit Interaction Enhances Magneto-Optical Effect and Its Application in On-Chip Integrated Optical Isolator. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:175. [PMID: 34874503 PMCID: PMC8651837 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We designed a simple on-chip integrated optical isolator made up of a metal-insulator-metal waveguide and a disc cavity filled with magneto-optical material to enhance the transverse magneto-optical effect through the coin paradox spin-orbit interaction (SOI). The simulation results of the non-reciprocal transmission properties of this optical structure show that a high-performance on-chip integrated optical isolator is obtained. The maximum isolation ratio is greater than 60 dB with a corresponding insertion loss of about 2 dB. The great performance of the optical isolator is attributed to the strong transverse magneto-optical effect, which is enhanced by the coin paradox SOI. Moreover, the enhancement of the transverse magneto-optical effect through the coin paradox SOI is more substantial for smaller azimuthal mode number n. Benefiting from this, the transverse magneto-optical effect remains strong in a wide wavelength range. Additionally, a smaller cavity has a stronger transverse magneto-optical effect in the same wavelength range. Our research provides a new perspective for creating highly integrated magneto-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jiwei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi China
| | - Xianhui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Hongjin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Sihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Zongqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Jianghong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Xuanyi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi China
| | - Jingjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 Shanxi China
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5
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Investigation on the Growth and Properties of Six Garnet Single Crystals with Large Lattice Constants. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Dostart N, Ehrlichman Y, Gentry C, Popović MA. Integrated optical isolators using electrically driven acoustic waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36055-36069. [PMID: 33379709 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose and investigate the performance of integrated photonic isolators based on non-reciprocal mode conversion facilitated by unidirectional, traveling acoustic waves. A triply-guided waveguide system on-chip, comprising two optical modes and an electrically-driven acoustic mode, facilitates the non-reciprocal mode conversion and is combined with spatial mode filters to create the isolator. The co-guided and co-traveling arrangement enables isolation with no additional optical loss, without magnetic-optic materials, and with low power consumption. The approach is theoretically evaluated with simulations predicting over 20 dB of isolation and 2.6 dB of insertion loss with a 370 GHz optical bandwidth and 1 cm device length. The isolator uses only 1 mW of electrical drive power, an improvement of 1-3 orders of magnitude over the state of the art. The electronic drive and lack of magneto-optic materials suggest the potential for straightforward integration with drive circuits, including in monolithic CMOS electronic-photonic platforms, enabling a fully contained 'black box' optical isolator with two optical ports and DC electrical power.
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7
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Lin N, Zhang S, Chen H, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Hu X, Zhuang N. Structural design of cubic Sr,V:CeFeO 3 thin films with a strong magneto-optical effect and high compatibility with a Si substrate. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7713-7721. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04837e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orthorhombic CeFeO3 is optimized to be cubic perovskite with high compatibility with Si substrate by introducing Sr, V ions into lattice. Cubic Sr,V:CeFeO3 film exhibit strong magneto-optical effect due to spin-coupling hybrid of Ce 4f with Fe/V 3d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Lin
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
- Institute of Optical Crystalline Materials
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
- Institute of Optical Crystalline Materials
| | - Haixin Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
- Institute of Optical Crystalline Materials
| | - Yunjin Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
- Institute of Optical Crystalline Materials
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
- Institute of Optical Crystalline Materials
| | - Yongfan Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
- Institute of Optical Crystalline Materials
| | - Naifeng Zhuang
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
- Institute of Optical Crystalline Materials
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8
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Liu L, Yue J, Fan X, Xue W. On-chip passive optical diode with low-power consumption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:33463-33472. [PMID: 30645498 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.033463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-silicon passive optical diode with low-power consumption and high nonreciprocal transmission ratios (NTRs) based on cascaded opto-mechanical microring resonators (MRRs). As the oxide substrates of the opto-mechanical MRRs are removed, the nonlinear effects in the free-hanging waveguides could be efficiently activated by low optical powers. The operation principle of the optical diode is based on the asymmetric resonance red-shifts of the two MRRs in the forward and backward transmissions, which could be effectively induced by the nonlinear effects. In the experiment, with injecting an optical power low as 0.96 dBm, a high NTR of 33.6 dB and a relatively broad 20-dB bandwidth of 0.11 nm are achieved. The proposed passive optical diode is competent to process optical signals with dominant advantages of CMOS-compatibility, a compact footprint, low-power consumptions and high NTRs, which has significant applications for on-chip signal processing systems, such as logic gates and optical computing.
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9
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Floess D, Giessen H. Nonreciprocal hybrid magnetoplasmonics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:116401. [PMID: 30270847 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aad6a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Faraday effect describes the phenomenon that a magnetized material can alter the polarization state of transmitted light. Interestingly, unlike most light-matter interactions in nature, it breaks Lorentz reciprocity. This exceptional behavior is utilized for applications such as optical isolators, which are core elements in communication and laser systems. While there is high demand for sub-micron nonreciprocal photonic devices, the realization of such systems is extremely challenging as conventional magneto-optic materials only provide weak magneto-optic response within small volumes. Plasmonics could be a key to overcome this hurdle in the future: over the last years there have been several lines of work demonstrating that different types of metallic nanostrutures can be utilized to greatly enhance the magneto-optic response of conventional materials. In this review we give an overview over the state of the art in the field and highlight recent developments on hybrid plasmonic Faraday rotators. Our discussions are mainly focused on the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions and cover both experimental realizations as well as analytical descriptions. Special attention will be paid to recent developments on hybrid plasmonic thin film systems consisting of gold and europium chalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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10
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Guan M, Wang L, Zhao S, Zhou Z, Dong G, Su W, Min T, Ma J, Hu Z, Ren W, Ye ZG, Nan CW, Liu M. Ionic Modulation of the Interfacial Magnetism in a Bilayer System Comprising a Heavy Metal and a Magnetic Insulator for Voltage-Tunable Spintronic Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802902. [PMID: 30109765 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The voltage modulation of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is of practical and theoretical significance; due to its advantages of compactness, high-speed response, and energy efficiency, it can be used for various spintronic applications, including spin-Hall, spin-pumping, and spin-Seebeck effects. In this study, a significant ferromagnetic resonance change is achieved within the YIG/Pt bilayer heterostructures uisng ionic modulation, which is accomplished by modifying the interfacial magnetism in the deposited "capping" platinum layer. With a small voltage bias of 4.5 V, a large ferromagnetic field shift of 690 Oe is achieved in heterostructures of YIG (13 nm)/Pt (3 nm)/(ionic liquid, IL)/(Au capacitor). The remarkable magnetoelectric (ME) tunability comes from the additional and voltage-induced ferromagnetic ordering, caused by uncompensated d-orbital electrons in the Pt metal layer. Confirmed by first-principle calculations, this finding paves the way for novel voltage-tunable YIG-based spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guan
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shishun Zhao
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Guohua Dong
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Wei Su
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Tai Min
- Center for Spintronics and Quantum System, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jing Ma
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhongqiang Hu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zuo-Guang Ye
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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11
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Shui K, Nie L, Zhang Y, Peng B, Xie J, Deng L, Bi L. Design of a compact waveguide optical isolator based on multimode interferometers using magneto-optical oxide thin films grown on silicon-on-insulator substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:12856-12867. [PMID: 27410305 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.012856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of a waveguide optical isolator based on multimode interferometer (MMI) structure using silicon on insulator (SOI) and deposited magneto-optical (MO) thin films. The optical isolator is based on a vertical 1 × 2 SOI MMI utilizing the nonreciprocal phase shift (NRPS) difference of different TM modes of the MO garnet thin film/SOI waveguide. By constructing a silicon/MO thin film/silicon structure, we demonstrate that the NRPS of the fundamental and first order TM modes can show opposite signs for certain device dimensions, therefore significantly reduce the device length. For a 310.42 μm long device, 20 dB isolation bandwidth larger than 1.6 nm with total insertion loss of 0.817 dB is achieved at 1550 nm wavelength. The fabrication tolerances and materials losses are also discussed to satisfy the state-of-the-art fabrication technology and material properties.
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12
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Sacher WD, Davenport ML, Heck MJR, Mikkelsen JC, Poon JKS, Bowers JE. Unidirectional hybrid silicon ring laser with an intracavity S-bend. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:26369-26376. [PMID: 26480150 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.026369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a hybrid silicon ring laser with an internal amplifying S-bend that couples a fraction of the counter-clockwise circulating light into the the clockwise direction. The device supported single-mode, unidirectional laser oscillation at certain bias conditions. A spatial field distribution model is derived to describe the unidirectional operation. A unidirectional clockwise laser output with a suppression ratio up to 18.6 dB over the counter-clockwise mode was achieved.
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13
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Cao H, Yang Z, Zhao M, Wu L, Zhang P. Broadband optical isolator based on helical metamaterials. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2015; 32:778-781. [PMID: 26366900 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.32.000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Based on helical metamaterials, a new broadband optical isolator with a triple-helix structure is proposed in this paper. The right-handed circularly polarized light can transmit through the isolator with its polarization unchanged. The reverse propagating light, which is caused by the reflection of the latter optical devices, is converted into left-handed circularly polarized light that is suppressed by the proposed isolator because of absorption. Our design has some unprecedented advantages such as broad frequency ranges and a compact structure; moreover, neither polarizers nor adscititious magnetic fields are required. Properties of the isolator are investigated using the finite-difference time-domain method, and this phenomenon is studied by the mechanism of helical antenna theory.
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14
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Dong P. Travelling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulators functioning as optical isolators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10498-10505. [PMID: 25969090 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On-chip optical isolators not requiring the use of magneto-optical materials has become a long-standing challenge in integrated optics. Here, we demonstrate that a traditional travelling-wave modulator can effectively function as an optical isolator, when driven under a prescribed modulation condition. By using an off-shelve lithium niobate modulator, we achieve more than 12.5 dB isolation over an 11.3-THz bandwidth at telecommunication wavelengths with a fiber-to-fiber insertion loss of 5.5 dB, by employing only a single radio-frequency drive signal. We also verify that the proposed active isolator can be functional in a laser system to effectively prevent instability due to strong back reflections. Since travelling-wave modulators are common devices in III-V and silicon photonics, our simple but efficient architecture may provide a practical solution to non-reciprocal light routing in photonic integrated circuits.
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15
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Sun XY, Zhang C, Aimon NM, Goto T, Onbasli M, Kim DH, Choi HK, Ross CA. Combinatorial pulsed laser deposition of magnetic and magneto-optical Sr(GaxTiyFe0.34-0.40)O3-δ perovskite films. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:640-6. [PMID: 25296176 DOI: 10.1021/co5000773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ferromagnetic Sr(GaxTiyFe0.34-0.40)O3-δ (0.1 ≤ x, y ≤ 0.5) films with single-crystal perovskite structure were epitaxially grown on (001) (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 substrates by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition (CPLD) and compared with previous results from films grown from single targets. In CPLD films the Fe was present as both Fe(2+) and Fe(3+). The distribution of Sr, Ga, Ti, and O was homogeneous, but Fe-rich nanowires with diameter of 3 nm were present perpendicular to the film plane. The unit cell was tetragonally distorted with the ratio of out-of-plane to in-plane lattice parameter decreasing from 1.06 to 1.02 as the Ga content increased. The magnetic easy axis of the films changed from out-of-plane when Ti content y > 0.3 to isotropic as the Ga content increased, consistent with a reduction in magnetoelastic anisotropy. The Ga lowered the Faraday rotation and the magnetization but increased the optical transmittance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yin Sun
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Singapore-MIT
Alliance, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576
| | - Nicolas M. Aimon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Taichi Goto
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mehmet Onbasli
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dong Hun Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hong Kyoon Choi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - C. A. Ross
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Goto T, Onbasli MC, Kim DH, Singh V, Inoue M, Kimerling LC, Ross CA. A nonreciprocal racetrack resonator based on vacuum-annealed magnetooptical cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:19047-19054. [PMID: 25320991 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.019047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum annealed polycrystalline cerium substituted yttrium iron garnet (CeYIG) films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on non-garnet substrates were used in nonreciprocal racetrack resonators. CeYIG annealed at 800°C for 30 min provided a large Faraday rotation angle, close to the single crystal value. Crystallinity, magnetic properties, refractive indices and absorption coefficients were measured. The resonant transmission peak of the racetrack resonator covered with CeYIG was non-reciprocally shifted by applying an in-plane magnetic field.
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Yang Y, Galland C, Liu Y, Tan K, Ding R, Li Q, Bergman K, Baehr-Jones T, Hochberg M. Experimental demonstration of broadband Lorentz non-reciprocity in an integrable photonic architecture based on Mach-Zehnder modulators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:17409-17422. [PMID: 25090554 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.017409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lorentz reciprocity is a direct consequence of Maxwell equations governing the propagation of light in passive linear media with symmetric permittivity and permeability tensors. Here, we demonstrate the first active optical isolator and circulator implemented in a linear and reciprocal material platform using commercial Mach-Zehnder modulators. In a proof-of-principle experiment based on single-mode polarization-maintaining fibers, we achieve more than 12.5 dB isolation over an unprecedented 8.7 THz bandwidth at telecommunication wavelengths, with only 9.1 dB total insertion loss. Our architecture provides a practical answer to the challenge of non-reciprocal light routing in photonic integrated circuits.
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18
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Shoji Y, Mizumoto T. Magneto-optical non-reciprocal devices in silicon photonics. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:014602. [PMID: 27877640 PMCID: PMC5090601 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/1/014602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicon waveguide optical non-reciprocal devices based on the magneto-optical effect are reviewed. The non-reciprocal phase shift caused by the first-order magneto-optical effect is effective in realizing optical non-reciprocal devices in silicon waveguide platforms. In a silicon-on-insulator waveguide, the low refractive index of the buried oxide layer enhances the magneto-optical phase shift, which reduces the device footprints. A surface activated direct bonding technique was developed to integrate a magneto-optical garnet crystal on the silicon waveguides. A silicon waveguide optical isolator based on the magneto-optical phase shift was demonstrated with an optical isolation of 30 dB and insertion loss of 13 dB at a wavelength of 1548 nm. Furthermore, a four port optical circulator was demonstrated with maximum isolations of 15.3 and 9.3 dB in cross and bar ports, respectively, at a wavelength of 1531 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shoji
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizumoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
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19
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Bi L, Hu J, Jiang P, Kim HS, Kim DH, Onbasli MC, Dionne GF, Ross CA. Magneto-Optical Thin Films for On-Chip Monolithic Integration of Non-Reciprocal Photonic Devices. MATERIALS 2013; 6:5094-5117. [PMID: 28788379 PMCID: PMC5452783 DOI: 10.3390/ma6115094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Achieving monolithic integration of nonreciprocal photonic devices on semiconductor substrates has been long sought by the photonics research society. One way to achieve this goal is to deposit high quality magneto-optical oxide thin films on a semiconductor substrate. In this paper, we review our recent research activity on magneto-optical oxide thin films toward the goal of monolithic integration of nonreciprocal photonic devices on silicon. We demonstrate high Faraday rotation at telecommunication wavelengths in several novel magnetooptical oxide thin films including Co substituted CeO2−δ, Co- or Fe-substituted SrTiO3−δ, as well as polycrystalline garnets on silicon. Figures of merit of 3~4 deg/dB and 21 deg/dB are achieved in epitaxial Sr(Ti0.2Ga0.4Fe0.4)O3−δ and polycrystalline (CeY2)Fe5O12 films, respectively. We also demonstrate an optical isolator on silicon, based on a racetrack resonator using polycrystalline (CeY2)Fe5O12/silicon strip-loaded waveguides. Our work demonstrates that physical vapor deposited magneto-optical oxide thin films on silicon can achieve high Faraday rotation, low optical loss and high magneto-optical figure of merit, therefore enabling novel high-performance non-reciprocal photonic devices monolithically integrated on semiconductor substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 4 Sec. 2 Jianshe N. Street, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, 305 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Hyun Suk Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Dong Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Gerald F Dionne
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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20
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Sobu Y, Shoji Y, Sakurai K, Mizumoto T. GaInAsP/InP MZI waveguide optical isolator integrated with spot size converter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:15373-15381. [PMID: 23842323 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.015373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a waveguide optical isolator with a GaInAsP guiding layer integrated with spot size converters (SSCs) for efficient coupling to optical fibers. The isolator is constructed with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which is composed of multi-mode interference (MMI) couplers, as well as nonreciprocal and reciprocal phase shifters. The nonreciprocal phase shifter is constructed with a magneto-optical cladding layer directly bonded to a semiconductor guiding layer. The performance of the GaInAsP waveguide optical isolator was demonstrated with a maximum optical isolation of 28.3 dB at a wavelength of 1558 nm for the TM mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sobu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S9-9 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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21
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Ghosh S, Keyvaninia S, Van Roy W, Mizumoto T, Roelkens G, Baets R. Adhesively bonded Ce:YIG/SOI integrated optical circulator. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:965-967. [PMID: 23503275 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A classical 3-port optical circulator is demonstrated on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. A garnet die with a magneto-optical cerium-doped yttrium iron garnet (Ce:YIG) layer is bonded on top of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer circuit using a thin adhesive bonding layer. The power transmission between different ports is characterized in the presence of an external magnetic field, transversal to the light propagation direction. An isolation of 22 dB is measured at a wavelength of 1562 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ghosh
- Photonics Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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22
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Goto T, Onbaşlı MC, Ross CA. Magneto-optical properties of cerium substituted yttrium iron garnet films with reduced thermal budget for monolithic photonic integrated circuits. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:28507-28517. [PMID: 23263087 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.028507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of polycrystalline cerium substituted yttrium iron garnet (CeYIG) were grown on an yttrium iron garnet (YIG) seed layer on Si and Si-on-insulator substrates by pulsed laser deposition, and their optical and magneto-optical properties in the near-IR region were measured. A YIG seed layer of ~30 nm thick processed by rapid thermal anneal at 800°C provided a virtual substrate to promote crystallization of the CeYIG. The effect of the thermal budget of the YIG/CeYIG growth process on the film structure, magnetic and magnetooptical properties was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Goto
- Department of Materials and Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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23
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Shoji Y, Ito M, Shirato Y, Mizumoto T. MZI optical isolator with Si-wire waveguides by surface-activated direct bonding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:18440-18448. [PMID: 23038395 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.018440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We fabricate a Mach-Zehnder interferometer-based optical isolator using a silicon-wire waveguide with magneto-optic garnet cladding using direct bonding techniques. Using Si-wire waveguides, the size of the device is greatly reduced from that of our previous device. We investigate surface-activated direct bonding with nitrogen plasma treatment, which shows better bonding results than oxygen plasma treatment. A large magneto-optic phase shift of 0.8π and an optical isolation of 18 dB are obtained at a wavelength of 1322 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Shoji
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S3-11 Ookayama, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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Mizumoto T, Shoji Y, Takei R. Direct Wafer Bonding and Its Application to Waveguide Optical Isolators. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 5:985-1004. [PMID: 28817020 PMCID: PMC5458974 DOI: 10.3390/ma5050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the direct bonding technique focusing on the waveguide optical isolator application. A surface activated direct bonding technique is a powerful tool to realize a tight contact between dissimilar materials. This technique has the potential advantage that dissimilar materials are bonded at low temperature, which enables one to avoid the issue associated with the difference in thermal expansion. Using this technique, a magneto-optic garnet is successfully bonded on silicon, III-V compound semiconductors and LiNbO₃. As an application of this technique, waveguide optical isolators are investigated including an interferometric waveguide optical isolator and a semileaky waveguide optical isolator. The interferometric waveguide optical isolator that uses nonreciprocal phase shift is applicable to a variety of waveguide platforms. The low refractive index of buried oxide layer in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide enhances the magneto-optic phase shift, which contributes to the size reduction of the isolator. A semileaky waveguide optical isolator has the advantage of large fabrication-tolerance as well as a wide operation wavelength range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Mizumoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Yuya Shoji
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Takei
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan.
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