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Mirzaei-Ghormish S, Shahabadi M, Smalley DE. Body-of-revolution finite-difference time-domain modeling of hybrid-plasmonic ring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36332-36342. [PMID: 36258563 DOI: 10.1364/oe.468596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Development of a computational technique for the analysis of quasi-normal modes in hybrid-plasmonic resonators is the main goal of this research. Because of the significant computational costs of this analysis, one has to take various symmetries of these resonators into account. In this research, we consider cylindrical symmetry of hybrid-plasmonic ring resonators and implement a body-of-revolution finite-difference time-domain (BOR-FDTD) technique to analyze these resonators. We extend the BOR-FDTD method by proposing two different sets of auxiliary fields to implement multi-term Drude-Lorentz and multi-term Lorentz models in BOR-FDTD. Moreover, we utilize the filter-diagonalization method to accurately compute the complex resonant frequencies of the resonators. This approach improves numerical accuracy and computational time compared to the Fourier transform method used in previous BOR-FDTD methods. Our numerical analysis is verified by a 2D axisymmetric solver in COMSOL Multiphysics.
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The Design and Research of a New Hybrid Surface Plasmonic Waveguide Nanolaser. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092230. [PMID: 33926014 PMCID: PMC8123586 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using the hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPW) principle as a basis, a new planar symmetric Ag-dielectric-SiO2 hybrid waveguide structure is designed and applied to nanolasers. First, the effects on the electric field distribution and the characteristic parameters of the waveguide structure of changes in the material, the nanometer radius, and the dielectric layer thickness were studied in detail using the finite element method with COMSOL Multiphysics software. The effects of two different dielectric materials on the HPW were studied. It was found that the waveguide performance could be improved effectively and the mode propagation loss was reduced when graphene was used as the dielectric, with the minimum effective propagation loss reaching 0.025. Second, the gain threshold and the quality factor of a nanolaser based on the proposed hybrid waveguide structure were analyzed. The results showed that the nanolaser has a lasing threshold of 1.76 μm-1 and a quality factor of 109 when using the graphene dielectric. A low-loss, low-threshold laser was realized, and the mode field was constrained by deep sub-wavelength light confinement. This structure has broad future application prospects in the integrated optics field and provides ideas for the development of subminiature photonic devices and high-density integrated circuits.
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Su Y, Chang P, Lin C, Helmy AS. Record Purcell factors in ultracompact hybrid plasmonic ring resonators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1790. [PMID: 31414043 PMCID: PMC6677546 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For integrated optical devices and traveling-wave resonators, realistic use of the superior wave-matter interaction offered by plasmonics is impeded by ohmic loss, which increases rapidly with mode volume reduction. In this work, we report composite hybrid plasmonic waveguides (CHPWs) that are not only capable of guiding subwavelength optical mode with long-range propagation but also unrestricted by stringent requirements in structural, material, or modal symmetry. In these asymmetric CHPWs, the versatility afforded by coupling dissimilar plasmonic modes provides improved fabrication tolerance and more degrees of device design optimization. Experimental realization of CHPWs demonstrates propagation loss and mode area of 0.03 dB/μm and 0.002 μm2, corresponding to the smallest combination among long-range plasmonic structures reported to date. CHPW ring resonators with 2.5-μm radius were realized with record Purcell factor compared with existing plasmonic and dielectric resonators of similar radii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Su
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - P. Chang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C. Lin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Choi DS, Singh M, Zhou H, Milchak M, Monahan B, Hahm JI. Evaluation of polarization rotation in the scattering responses from individual semiconducting oxide nanorods. AIP ADVANCES 2016; 6:045213. [PMID: 27158560 PMCID: PMC4841797 DOI: 10.1063/1.4948267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the interaction of visible light with the solid matters of semiconducting oxide nanorods (NRs) of zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (ITO), and zinc tin oxide (ZTO) at the single nanomaterial level. We subsequently identify an intriguing, material-dependent phenomenon of optical rotation in the electric field oscillation direction of the scattered light by systematically controlling the wavelength and polarization direction of the incident light, the NR tilt angle, and the analyzer angle. This polarization rotation effect in the scattered light is repeatedly observed from the chemically pure and highly crystalline ZnO NRs, but absent on the chemically doped NR variants of ITO and ZTO under all measurement circumstances. We further elucidate that the phenomenon of polarization rotation detected from single ZnO NRs is affected by the NR tilt angle, while the phenomenon itself occurs irrespective of the wavelength and incident polarization direction of the visible light. Combined with the widespread optical and optoelectronic use of the semiconducting oxide nanomaterials, these efforts may provide much warranted fundamental bases to tailor material-specific, single nanomaterial-driven, optically modulating functionalities which, in turn, can be beneficial for the realization of high-performance integrated photonic circuits and miniaturized bio-optical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37 & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37 & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Hebing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37 & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Marissa Milchak
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37 & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Brian Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37 & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jong-In Hahm
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37 & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Kwon MS, Ku B, Kim Y. Plasmofluidic Disk Resonators. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23149. [PMID: 26979929 PMCID: PMC4793221 DOI: 10.1038/srep23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Waveguide-coupled silicon ring or disk resonators have been used for optical signal processing and sensing. Large-scale integration of optical devices demands continuous reduction in their footprints, and ultimately they need to be replaced by silicon-based plasmonic resonators. However, few waveguide-coupled silicon-based plasmonic resonators have been realized until now. Moreover, fluid cannot interact effectively with them since their resonance modes are strongly confined in solid regions. To solve this problem, this paper reports realized plasmofluidic disk resonators (PDRs). The PDR consists of a submicrometer radius silicon disk and metal laterally surrounding the disk with a 30-nm-wide channel in between. The channel is filled with fluid, and the resonance mode of the PDR is strongly confined in the fluid. The PDR coupled to a metal-insulator-silicon-insulator-metal waveguide is implemented by using standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. If the refractive index of the fluid increases by 0.141, the transmission spectrum of the waveguide coupled to the PDR of radius 0.9 μm red-shifts by 30 nm. The PDR can be used as a refractive index sensor requiring a very small amount of analyte. Plus, the PDR filled with liquid crystal may be an ultracompact intensity modulator which is effectively controlled by small driving voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Kwon
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonwoo Ku
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghan Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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Dai J, Zhang M, Zhou F, Wang Y, Lu L, Liu D. All-optical logic operation of polarized light signals in highly nonlinear silicon hybrid plasmonic microring resonators. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:4471-4477. [PMID: 25967504 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
All-optical logic operation is theoretically demonstrated by means of polarization-dependent four-wave mixing (FWM) processes in a highly nonlinear silicon hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPWG) microring resonator. We design an ultra-compact (radii = 1 μm) microring resonator (MRR) that is realized by using a silicon HPWG with the capacity for subwavelength-bending. The HPWG exhibits very high confinement (Aeff~0.045 μm(2)) that can result in a remarkably high nonlinear parameter (γ~3000 W(-1) m(-1)), given a highly nonlinear gap material. By manipulating the polarization properties of the pump and signals with a very low electric field (|E|~10(8) Vm(-1)), all-optical NOT, NOR, and NAND logical operations are obtained through the FWM process. These compact all-optical nanoplasmonic devices are stable, fabrication simplified, and silicon on insulator (SOI) compatible.
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Lin GR, Su SP, Wu CL, Lin YH, Huang BJ, Wang HY, Tsai CT, Wu CI, Chi YC. Si-rich SiNx based Kerr switch enables optical data conversion up to 12 Gbit/s. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9611. [PMID: 25923653 PMCID: PMC4413840 DOI: 10.1038/srep09611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon photonic interconnection on chip is the emerging issue for next-generation integrated circuits. With the Si-rich SiNx micro-ring based optical Kerr switch, we demonstrate for the first time the wavelength and format conversion of optical on-off-keying data with a bit-rate of 12 Gbit/s. The field-resonant nonlinear Kerr effect enhances the transient refractive index change when coupling the optical data-stream into the micro-ring through the bus waveguide. This effectively red-shifts the notched dip wavelength to cause the format preserved or inversed conversion of data carried by the on-resonant or off-resonant probe, respectively. The Si quantum dots doped Si-rich SiNx strengthens its nonlinear Kerr coefficient by two-orders of magnitude higher than that of bulk Si or Si3N4. The wavelength-converted and cross-amplitude-modulated probe data-stream at up to 12-Gbit/s through the Si-rich SiNx micro-ring with penalty of -7 dB on transmission has shown very promising applicability to all-optical communication networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong-Ru Lin
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Pin Su
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Lun Wu
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Hsiang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bo-Ji Huang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huai-Yung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Ting Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-I Wu
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chieh Chi
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Subbaraman H, Xu X, Hosseini A, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Kwong D, Chen RT. Recent advances in silicon-based passive and active optical interconnects. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:2487-2510. [PMID: 25836116 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonics has experienced phenomenal transformations over the last decade. In this paper, we present some of the notable advances in silicon-based passive and active optical interconnect components, and highlight some of our key contributions. Light is also cast on few other parallel technologies that are working in tandem with silicon-based structures, and providing unique functions not achievable with any single system acting alone. With an increasing utilization of CMOS foundries for silicon photonics fabrication, a viable path for realizing extremely low-cost integrated optoelectronics has been paved. These advances are expected to benefit several application domains in the years to come, including communication networks, sensing, and nonlinear systems.
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Zhu S, Lo GQ, Kwong DL. Silicon nitride based plasmonic components for CMOS back-end-of-line integration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:23376-23390. [PMID: 24104251 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.023376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride waveguides provide low propagation loss but weak mode confinement due to the relatively small refractive index contrast between the Si₃N₄ core and the SiO2 cladding. On the other hand, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic waveguides offer strong mode confinement but large propagation loss. In this work, MIM-like plasmonic waveguides and passive devices based on horizontal Cu-Si₃N₄-Cu or Cu-SiO₂-Si₃N₄-SiO₂-Cu structures are integrated in the conventional Si₃N₄ waveguide circuits using standard CMOS backend processes, and are characterized around 1550-nm telecom wavelengths using the conventional fiber-waveguide-fiber method. The Cu-Si₃N₄(~100 nm)-Cu devices exhibit ~0.78-dB/μm propagation loss for straight waveguides, ~38% coupling efficiency with the conventional 1-μm-wide Si₃N₄ waveguide through a 2-μm-long taper coupler, ~0.2-dB bending loss for sharp 90° bends, and ~0.1-dB excess loss for ultracompact 1 × 2 and 1 × 4 power splitters. Inserting a ~10-nm SiO₂ layer between the Si3N4 core and the Cu cover (i.e., the Cu-SiO2(~10 nm)-Si₃N₄(~100 nm)-SiO2(~10 nm)-Cu devices), the propagation loss and the coupling efficiency are improved to ~0.37 dB/μm and ~52% while the bending loss and the excess loss are degraded to ~3.2 dB and ~2.1 dB, respectively. These experimental results are roughly consistent with the numerical simulation results after taking the influence of possible imperfect fabrication into account. Ultracompact plasmonic ring resonators with 1-μm radius are demonstrated with an extinction ratio of ~18 dB and a quality factor of ~84, close to the theoretical prediction.
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Zhu S, Lo GQ, Kwong DL. Theoretical investigation of ultracompact and athermal Si electro-optic modulator based on Cu-TiO2-Si hybrid plasmonic donut resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:12699-12712. [PMID: 23736489 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.012699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An ultracompact silicon electro-optic modulator operating at 1550-nm telecom wavelengths is proposed and analyzed theoretically, which consists of a Cu-TiO(2)-Si hybrid plasmonic donut resonator evanescently coupled with a conventional Si channel waveguide. Owing to a negative thermo-optic coefficient of TiO(2) (~-1.8 × 10(-4) K(-1)), the real part of effective modal index of the curved Cu-TiO(2)-Si hybrid waveguide can be temperature-independent (i.e., athermal) if the TiO(2) interlayer and the beneath Si core have a certain thickness ratio. A voltage applied between the ring-shaped Cu cap and a cylinder metal electrode positioned at the center of the donut,--which makes Ohmic contact to Si, induces a ~1-nm-thick free-electron accumulation layer at the TiO(2)/Si interface. The optical field intensity in this thin accumulation layer is significantly enhanced if the accumulation concentration is sufficiently large (i.e., > ~6 × 10(20) cm(-3)), which in turn modulates both the resonance wavelengths and the extinction ratio of the donut resonator simultaneously. For a modulator with the total footprint inclusive electrodes of ~8.6 μm(2), 50-nm-thick TiO(2), and 160-nm-thick Si core, FDTD simulation predicts that it has an insertion loss of ~2 dB, a modulation depth of ~8 dB at a voltage swing of ~6 V, a speed-of-response of ~35 GHz, and a switching energy of ~0.45 pJ/bit, and it is athermal around room temperature. The modulator's performances can be further improved by optimization of the coupling strength between the bus waveguide and the donut resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Zhu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Science Park Road, Science Park-II, 117685 Singapore.
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