1
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Shanmugavel SC, Zhu Y. Structured illumination contrast transfer function for high resolution quantitative phase imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40151-40165. [PMID: 38041322 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a sub-diffraction resolution imaging of non-fluorescent samples through quantitative phase imaging. This is achieved through a novel application of structured illumination microscopy (SIM), a super-resolution imaging technique established primarily for fluorescence microscopy. Utilizing our contrast transfer function formalism with SIM, we extract the high spatial frequency components of the phase profile from the defocused intensity images, enabling the reconstruction of a quantitative phase image with a frequency spectrum that surpasses the diffraction limit imposed by the imaging system. Our approach offers several advantages including a deterministic, phase-unwrapping-free algorithm and an easily implementable, non-interferometric setup. We validate the proposed technique for high-resolution phase imaging through both simulation and experimental results, demonstrating a two-fold enhancement in resolution. A lateral resolution of 0.814 µm is achieved for the phase imaging of human cheek cells using a 0.42 NA objective lens and an illumination wavelength of 660 nm, highlighting the efficacy of our approach for high-resolution quantitative phase imaging.
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2
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Liang F, Zhu J, Chai H, Feng Y, Zhao P, Liu S, Yang Y, Lin L, Cao L, Wang W. Non-Invasive and Minute-Frequency 3D Tomographic Imaging Enabling Long-Term Spatiotemporal Observation of Single Cell Fate. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2201492. [PMID: 36950762 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive and rapid imaging technique at subcellular resolution is significantly important for multiple biological applications such as cell fate study. Label-free refractive-index (RI)-based 3D tomographic imaging constitutes an excellent candidate for 3D imaging of cellular structures, but its full potential in long-term spatiotemporal cell fate observation is locked due to the lack of an efficient integrated system. Here, a long-term 3D RI imaging system incorporating a cutting-edge white light diffraction phase microscopy module with spatiotemporal stability, and an acoustofluidic device to roll and culture single cells in a customized live cell culture chamber is reported. Using this system, 3D RI imaging experiments are conducted for 250 cells and demonstrate efficient cell identification with high accuracy. Importantly, long-term and frequency-on-demand 3D RI imaging of K562 and MCF-7 cancer cells reveal different characteristics during normal cell growth, drug-induced cell apoptosis, and necrosis of drug-treated cells. Overall, it is believed that the proposed 3D tomographic imaging technique opens up a new avenue for visualizing intracellular structures and will find many applications such as disease diagnosis and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huichao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongxiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Linhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liangcai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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3
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Ding H, Li F, Meng Z, Feng S, Ma J, Nie S, Yuan C. Auto-focusing and quantitative phase imaging using deep learning for the incoherent illumination microscopy system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26385-26403. [PMID: 34615075 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the quantitative phase information which is vital in the biomedical study is hard to be directly obtained with bright-field microscopy under incoherent illumination. In addition, it is impossible to maintain the living sample in focus over long-term observation. Therefore, both the autofocusing and quantitative phase imaging techniques have to be solved in microscopy simultaneously. Here, we propose a lightweight deep learning-based framework, which is constructed by residual structure and is constrained by a novel loss function model, to realize both autofocusing and quantitative phase imaging. It outputs the corresponding in-focus amplitude and phase information at high speed (10fps) from a single-shot out-of-focus bright-field image. The training data were captured with a designed system under a hybrid incoherent and coherent illumination system. The experimental results verify that the focused and quantitative phase images of non-biological samples and biological samples can be reconstructed by using the framework. It provides a versatile quantitative technique for continuous monitoring of living cells in long-term and label-free imaging by using a traditional incoherent illumination microscopy system.
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4
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Chen X, Kandel ME, Popescu G. Spatial light interference microscopy: principle and applications to biomedicine. ADVANCES IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS 2021; 13:353-425. [PMID: 35494404 PMCID: PMC9048520 DOI: 10.1364/aop.417837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM), a common-path, phase-shifting interferometer, built onto a phase-contrast microscope, with white-light illumination. As one of the most sensitive quantitative phase imaging (QPI) methods, SLIM allows for speckle-free phase reconstruction with sub-nanometer path-length stability. We first review image formation in QPI, scattering, and full-field methods. Then, we outline SLIM imaging from theory and instrumentation to diffraction tomography. Zernike's phase-contrast microscopy, phase retrieval in SLIM, and halo removal algorithms are discussed. Next, we discuss the requirements for operation, with a focus on software developed in-house for SLIM that enables high-throughput acquisition, whole slide scanning, mosaic tile registration, and imaging with a color camera. We introduce two methods for solving the inverse problem using SLIM, white-light tomography, and Wolf phase tomography. Lastly, we review the applications of SLIM in basic science and clinical studies. SLIM can study cell dynamics, cell growth and proliferation, cell migration, mass transport, etc. In clinical settings, SLIM can assist with cancer studies, reproductive technology, blood testing, etc. Finally, we review an emerging trend, where SLIM imaging in conjunction with artificial intelligence brings computational specificity and, in turn, offers new solutions to outstanding challenges in cell biology and pathology.
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Kandel ME, He YR, Lee YJ, Chen THY, Sullivan KM, Aydin O, Saif MTA, Kong H, Sobh N, Popescu G. Phase imaging with computational specificity (PICS) for measuring dry mass changes in sub-cellular compartments. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6256. [PMID: 33288761 PMCID: PMC7721808 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its specificity, fluorescence microscopy has become a quintessential imaging tool in cell biology. However, photobleaching, phototoxicity, and related artifacts continue to limit fluorescence microscopy's utility. Recently, it has been shown that artificial intelligence (AI) can transform one form of contrast into another. We present phase imaging with computational specificity (PICS), a combination of quantitative phase imaging and AI, which provides information about unlabeled live cells with high specificity. Our imaging system allows for automatic training, while inference is built into the acquisition software and runs in real-time. Applying the computed fluorescence maps back to the quantitative phase imaging (QPI) data, we measured the growth of both nuclei and cytoplasm independently, over many days, without loss of viability. Using a QPI method that suppresses multiple scattering, we measured the dry mass content of individual cell nuclei within spheroids. In its current implementation, PICS offers a versatile quantitative technique for continuous simultaneous monitoring of individual cellular components in biological applications where long-term label-free imaging is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail E Kandel
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuchen R He
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Taylor Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Onur Aydin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M Taher A Saif
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nahil Sobh
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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6
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Reproductive outcomes predicted by phase imaging with computational specificity of spermatozoon ultrastructure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18302-18309. [PMID: 32690677 PMCID: PMC7414137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001754117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to evaluate sperm at the microscopic level, at high-throughput, would be useful for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), as it can allow specific selection of sperm cells for in vitro fertilization (IVF). The tradeoff between intrinsic imaging and external contrast agents is particularly acute in reproductive medicine. The use of fluorescence labels has enabled new cell-sorting strategies and given new insights into developmental biology. Nevertheless, using extrinsic contrast agents is often too invasive for routine clinical operation. Raising questions about cell viability, especially for single-cell selection, clinicians prefer intrinsic contrast in the form of phase-contrast, differential-interference contrast, or Hoffman modulation contrast. While such instruments are nondestructive, the resulting image suffers from a lack of specificity. In this work, we provide a template to circumvent the tradeoff between cell viability and specificity by combining high-sensitivity phase imaging with deep learning. In order to introduce specificity to label-free images, we trained a deep-convolutional neural network to perform semantic segmentation on quantitative phase maps. This approach, a form of phase imaging with computational specificity (PICS), allowed us to efficiently analyze thousands of sperm cells and identify correlations between dry-mass content and artificial-reproduction outcomes. Specifically, we found that the dry-mass content ratios between the head, midpiece, and tail of the cells can predict the percentages of success for zygote cleavage and embryo blastocyst formation.
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7
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Wang Y, Kandel ME, Fanous MJ, Hu C, Chen H, Lu X, Popescu G. Harmonically decoupled gradient light interference microscopy (HD-GLIM). OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1487-1490. [PMID: 32163998 PMCID: PMC7716386 DOI: 10.1364/ol.379732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Differential phase sensitive methods, such as Nomarski microscopy, play an important role in quantitative phase imaging due to their compatibility with partially coherent illumination and excellent optical sectioning ability. In this Letter, we propose a new system, to the best of our knowledge, to retrieve differential phase information from transparent samples. It is based on a 4f optical system with an amplitude-type spatial light modulator (SLM), which removes the need for traditional differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and specialized phase-only SLMs. We demonstrate the principle of harmonically decoupled gradient light interference microscopy using standard samples, as well as static and dynamic biospecimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mikhail E. Kandel
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Michael J. Fanous
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Chenfei Hu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - HsuanYu Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Xiaoxu Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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8
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Canales-Benavides A, Zhuo Y, Amitrano AM, Kim M, Hernandez-Aranda RI, Carney PS, Schnell M. Accessible quantitative phase imaging in confocal microscopy with sinusoidal-phase synthetic optical holography. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:A55-A64. [PMID: 30873960 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.000a55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a technically simple implementation of quantitative phase imaging in confocal microscopy based on synthetic optical holography with sinusoidal-phase reference waves. Using a Mirau interference objective and low-amplitude vertical sample vibration with a piezo-controlled stage, we record synthetic holograms on commercial confocal microscopes (Nikon, model: A1R; Zeiss: model: LSM-880), from which quantitative phase images are reconstructed. We demonstrate our technique by stain-free imaging of cervical (HeLa) and ovarian (ES-2) cancer cells and stem cell (mHAT9a) samples. Our technique has the potential to extend fluorescence imaging applications in confocal microscopy by providing label-free cell finding, monitoring cell morphology, as well as non-perturbing long-time observation of live cells based on quantitative phase contrast.
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9
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Nativ A, Feldman H, Shaked NT. Wafer defect detection by a polarization-insensitive external differential interference contrast module. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:3534-3538. [PMID: 29726531 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.003534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a system that is based on a new external, polarization-insensitive differential interference contrast (DIC) module specifically adapted for detecting defects in semiconductor wafers. We obtained defect signal enhancement relative to the surrounding wafer pattern when compared with bright-field imaging. The new DIC module proposed is based on a shearing interferometer that connects externally at the output port of an optical microscope and enables imaging thin samples, such as wafer defects. This module does not require polarization optics (such as Wollaston or Nomarski prisms) and is insensitive to polarization, unlike traditional DIC techniques. In addition, it provides full control of the DIC shear and orientation, which allows obtaining a differential phase image directly on the camera (with no further digital processing) while enhancing defect detection capabilities, even if the size of the defect is smaller than the resolution limit. Our technique has the potential of future integration into semiconductor production lines.
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10
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Farrokhi H, Rohith TM, Boonruangkan J, Han S, Kim H, Kim SW, Kim YJ. High-brightness laser imaging with tunable speckle reduction enabled by electroactive micro-optic diffusers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15318. [PMID: 29127389 PMCID: PMC5681511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High coherence of lasers is desirable in high-speed, high-resolution, and wide-field imaging. However, it also causes unavoidable background speckle noise thus degrades the image quality in traditional microscopy and more significantly in interferometric quantitative phase imaging (QPI). QPI utilizes optical interference for high-precision measurement of the optical properties where the speckle can severely distort the information. To overcome this, we demonstrated a light source system having a wide tunability in the spatial coherence over 43% by controlling the illumination angle, scatterer's size, and the rotational speed of an electroactive-polymer rotational micro-optic diffuser. Spatially random phase modulation was implemented for the lower speckle imaging with over a 50% speckle reduction without a significant degradation in the temporal coherence. Our coherence control technique will provide a unique solution for a low-speckle, full-field, and coherent imaging in optically scattering media in the fields of healthcare sciences, material sciences and high-precision engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Farrokhi
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Thazhe Madam Rohith
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jeeranan Boonruangkan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Seunghwoi Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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11
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Cordeiro C, Abilez OJ, Goetz G, Gupta T, Zhuge Y, Solgaard O, Palanker D. Optophysiology of cardiomyocytes: characterizing cellular motion with quantitative phase imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:4652-4662. [PMID: 29082092 PMCID: PMC5654807 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.004652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging enables precise characterization of cellular shape and motion. Variation of cell volume in populations of cardiomyocytes can help distinguish their types, while changes in optical thickness during beating cycle identify contraction and relaxation periods and elucidate cell dynamics. Parameters such as characteristic cycle shape, beating frequency, duration and regularity can be used to classify stem-cell derived cardiomyocytes according to their health and, potentially, cell type. Unlike classical patch-clamp based electrophysiological characterization of cardiomyocytes, this interferometric approach enables rapid and non-destructive analysis of large populations of cells, with longitudinal follow-up, and applications to tissue regeneration, personalized medicine, and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cordeiro
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Oscar J. Abilez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Georges Goetz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tushar Gupta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yan Zhuge
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Olav Solgaard
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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12
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Tayebi B, Han JH, Sharif F, Jafarfard MR, Kim DY. Compact single-shot four-wavelength quantitative phase microscopy with polarization- and frequency-division demultiplexing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:20172-20182. [PMID: 29041701 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel single-shot four-wavelength quantitative phase microscopy (FW-QPM). Four lasers operating at different wavelengths are multiplexed with a pair of dichroic mirrors and a polarization beam splitter in a three-mirror quasi-common-path interferometer. After a single-shot interference pattern is obtained with a monochrome camera, four holograms of different wavelengths were demultiplexed from it in the frequency domain with polarization- and frequency-division multiplexing. Polarization-division demultiplexing scheme uses polarization dependent visibility changes in an interference pattern, and it plays a critical role in making only two interference patterns exist within a single quadrant in the frequency domain. We have used a single-mode optical fiber as a phase object sample and demonstrated that a measured single-shot interference pattern can be successfully demultiplexed into four different interferograms of different wavelengths with our proposed scheme.
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13
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Zuo C, Sun J, Li J, Zhang J, Asundi A, Chen Q. High-resolution transport-of-intensity quantitative phase microscopy with annular illumination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7654. [PMID: 28794472 PMCID: PMC5550517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06837-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
For quantitative phase imaging (QPI) based on transport-of-intensity equation (TIE), partially coherent illumination provides speckle-free imaging, compatibility with brightfield microscopy, and transverse resolution beyond coherent diffraction limit. Unfortunately, in a conventional microscope with circular illumination aperture, partial coherence tends to diminish the phase contrast, exacerbating the inherent noise-to-resolution tradeoff in TIE imaging, resulting in strong low-frequency artifacts and compromised imaging resolution. Here, we demonstrate how these issues can be effectively addressed by replacing the conventional circular illumination aperture with an annular one. The matched annular illumination not only strongly boosts the phase contrast for low spatial frequencies, but significantly improves the practical imaging resolution to near the incoherent diffraction limit. By incorporating high-numerical aperture (NA) illumination as well as high-NA objective, it is shown, for the first time, that TIE phase imaging can achieve a transverse resolution up to 208 nm, corresponding to an effective NA of 2.66. Time-lapse imaging of in vitro Hela cells revealing cellular morphology and subcellular dynamics during cells mitosis and apoptosis is exemplified. Given its capability for high-resolution QPI as well as the compatibility with widely available brightfield microscopy hardware, the proposed approach is expected to be adopted by the wider biology and medicine community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zuo
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China.
| | - Jiasong Sun
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Jiaji Li
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Smart Computational Imaging (SCI) Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China
| | - Anand Asundi
- Centre for Optical and Laser Engineering (COLE), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging & Intelligent Sense, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210094, China.
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14
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Nativ A, Shaked NT. Compact interferometric module for full-field interferometric phase microscopy with low spatial coherence illumination. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1492-1495. [PMID: 28409780 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a compact and external off-axis interferometric module that can achieve interference with low spatial coherence illumination over the entire field of view. The interferometer is easy to align and stable and can be connected to the output of an existing microscope illuminated with a low spatial coherence light source, thus allowing quantitative phase imaging with a low degree of spatial noise. We demonstrate the imaging and the interference properties of the proposed interferometric module and use it for quantitative phase imaging of reflective samples.
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15
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Shin S, Kim K, Lee K, Lee S, Park Y. Effects of spatiotemporal coherence on interferometric microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:8085-8097. [PMID: 28380929 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.008085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Illumination coherence plays a major role in various imaging systems, from microscopy, metrology, digital holography, optical coherence tomography, to ultrasound imaging. Here, we present a systematic study on the effects of degrees of spatiotemporal coherence of an illumination (DSTCI) on imaging quality of interferometric microscopy. An optical field with arbitrary DSTCI was decomposed into wavelets with constituent spatiotemporal frequencies, and the effects on image quality were quantitatively investigated. The results show the synergistic effects on reduction of speckle noise when DSTCI is decreased. This study presents a method to systematically control DSTCI, and the result provides an essential reference on the effects of DSTCI on the imaging quality. We believe that the presented methods and results can be implemented in various imaging systems for characterizing and improving the imaging quality.
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Zheng C, Zhou R, Kuang C, Zhao G, Yaqoob Z, So PTC. Digital micromirror device-based common-path quantitative phase imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1448-1451. [PMID: 28362789 PMCID: PMC5730056 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel common-path quantitative phase imaging (QPI) method based on a digital micromirror device (DMD). The DMD is placed in a plane conjugate to the objective back-aperture plane for the purpose of generating two plane waves that illuminate the sample. A pinhole is used in the detection arm to filter one of the beams after sample to create a reference beam. Additionally, a transmission-type liquid crystal device, placed at the objective back-aperture plane, eliminates the specular reflection noise arising from all the "off" state DMD micromirrors, which is common in all DMD-based illuminations. We have demonstrated high sensitivity QPI, which has a measured spatial and temporal noise of 4.92 nm and 2.16 nm, respectively. Experiments with calibrated polystyrene beads illustrate the desired phase measurement accuracy. In addition, we have measured the dynamic height maps of red blood cell membrane fluctuations, showing the efficacy of the proposed system for live cell imaging. Most importantly, the DMD grants the system convenience in varying the interference fringe period on the camera to easily satisfy the pixel sampling conditions. This feature also alleviates the pinhole alignment complexity. We envision that the proposed DMD-based common-path QPI system will allow for system miniaturization and automation for a broader adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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17
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Rostykus M, Soulez F, Unser M, Moser C. Compact lensless phase imager. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:4438-4445. [PMID: 28241646 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.004438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lensless quantitative phase imaging is of high interest for obtaining a large field of view (FOV), typically the size of the camera chip, to observe biological cell material with high contrast. It has the potential to be widely spread due to its inherent simplicity. However, the tradeoff is the added complexity due to the illumination. Current illumination systems are several centimeters away from the sample, use mechanics to obtain super resolution (i.e., smaller than the detector pixel size) or different illumination directions, and block the view to the sample. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a side illumination system which reduces the height by an order of magnitude while providing an unobstructed view of the sample. We achieve this by shaping the illumination using multiplexed analog holograms that produce 9 illumination angles. We demonstrate experimentally imaging of phase samples with a FOV of ~17mm2.
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Li J, Chen Q, Sun J, Zhang J, Zuo C. Multimodal computational microscopy based on transport of intensity equation. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:126003. [PMID: 27918802 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.12.126003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transport of intensity equation (TIE) is a powerful tool for phase retrieval and quantitative phase imaging, which requires intensity measurements only at axially closely spaced planes without a separate reference beam. It does not require coherent illumination and works well on conventional bright-field microscopes. The quantitative phase reconstructed by TIE gives valuable information that has been encoded in the complex wave field by passage through a sample of interest. Such information may provide tremendous flexibility to emulate various microscopy modalities computationally without requiring specialized hardware components. We develop a requisite theory to describe such a hybrid computational multimodal imaging system, which yields quantitative phase, Zernike phase contrast, differential interference contrast, and light field moment imaging, simultaneously. It makes the various observations for biomedical samples easy. Then we give the experimental demonstration of these ideas by time-lapse imaging of live HeLa cell mitosis. Experimental results verify that a tunable lens-based TIE system, combined with the appropriate postprocessing algorithm, can achieve a variety of promising imaging modalities in parallel with the quantitative phase images for the dynamic study of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Li
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Smart Computational Imaging Laboratory, XiaoLingWei Street No. 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, ChinabNanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging and Intelligent Sense, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging and Intelligent Sense, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Jiasong Sun
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Smart Computational Imaging Laboratory, XiaoLingWei Street No. 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, ChinabNanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging and Intelligent Sense, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Smart Computational Imaging Laboratory, XiaoLingWei Street No. 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, ChinabNanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging and Intelligent Sense, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
| | - Chao Zuo
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Smart Computational Imaging Laboratory, XiaoLingWei Street No. 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, ChinabNanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Spectral Imaging and Intelligent Sense, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210094, China
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Nardin G, Colomb T, Emery Y, Moser C. Versatile spectral modulation of a broadband source for digital holographic microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:27791-27804. [PMID: 27906347 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.027791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the potential of spatial light modulators for the spectral control of a broadband source in digital holographic microscopy. Used in a 'pulse-shaping' geometry, the spatial light modulator provides a versatile control over the bandwidth and wavelength of the light source. The control of these properties enables adaptation to various experimental conditions. As a first application, we show that the source bandwidth can be adapted to the off-axis geometry to provide quantitative phase imaging over the whole field of view. As a second application, we generate sequences of appropriate wavelengths for a hierarchical optical phase unwrapping algorithm, which enables the measurement of the topography of high-aspect ratio structures without phase ambiguity. Examples are given with step heights up to 50 µm.
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20
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Castañeda R, Muñoz H. Spectrum of classes of point emitters: new tool for nonparaxial optical field modeling. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:1421-1429. [PMID: 27505639 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.001421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerical modeling of optical fields provides valuable support to both theoretical research and technological development in many optics fields. Fourier methods have been the most widely used tools of numerical modeling. However, important limitations have restricted their application in contemporary research that involve high numerical apertures, short propagation distances, and spatially partially coherent states of light, for instance. The spectrum of classes of point emitters is introduced as a numerical tool that overcomes such limitations for the design, analysis, and synthesis of nonparaxial optical fields in arbitrary states of spatial coherence. In this context, optical processing is realized as the filtering on the spectrum of classes of point emitters performed by the complex degree of spatial coherence that could be implemented dynamically by using programmable devices.
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21
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Nguyen TH, Edwards C, Goddard LL, Popescu G. Quantitative phase imaging of weakly scattering objects using partially coherent illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:11683-93. [PMID: 27410094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.011683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we extend our recent work on partially coherent quantitative phase imaging (pcQPI) from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) imaging of weakly scattering samples. Due to the mathematical complexity, most theoretical modeling of quantitative phase image formation under partial coherence has focused on thin, well-focused samples. It is unclear how these abberations are affected by defocusing. Also, as 3D QPI techniques continue to develop, a better model needs to be developed to understand and quantify these aberrations when imaging thicker samples. Here, using the first order Born's approximation, we derived a mathematical framework that provides an intuitive model of image formation under varying degrees of coherence. Our description provides a clear connection between the halo effect and phase underestimation, defocusing and the 3D structure of the sample under investigation. Our results agree very well with the experiments and show that the microscope objective defines the sectioning ability of the imaging system while the condenser lens is responsible for the halo effect.
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Godden TM, Muñiz-Piniella A, Claverley JD, Yacoot A, Humphry MJ. Phase calibration target for quantitative phase imaging with ptychography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:7679-7692. [PMID: 27137054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.007679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) utilizes refractive index and thickness variations that lead to optical phase shifts. This gives contrast to images of transparent objects. In quantitative biology, phase images are used to accurately segment cells and calculate properties such as dry mass, volume and proliferation rate. The fidelity of the measured phase shifts is of critical importance in this field. However to date, there has been no standardized method for characterizing the performance of phase imaging systems. Consequently, there is an increasing need for protocols to test the performance of phase imaging systems using well-defined phase calibration and resolution targets. In this work, we present a candidate for a standardized phase resolution target, and measurement protocol for the determination of the transfer of spatial frequencies, and sensitivity of a phase imaging system. The target has been carefully designed to contain well-defined depth variations over a broadband range of spatial frequencies. In order to demonstrate the utility of the target, we measure quantitative phase images on a ptychographic microscope, and compare the measured optical phase shifts with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) topography maps and surface profile measurements from coherence scanning interferometry. The results show that ptychography has fully quantitative nanometer sensitivity in optical path differences over a broadband range of spatial frequencies for feature sizes ranging from micrometers to hundreds of micrometers.
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Edwards C, Arbabi A, Bhaduri B, Wang X, Ganti R, Yunker PJ, Yodh AG, Popescu G, Goddard LL. Measuring the Nonuniform Evaporation Dynamics of Sprayed Sessile Microdroplets with Quantitative Phase Imaging. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11020-11032. [PMID: 26389788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate real-time quantitative phase imaging as a new optical approach for measuring the evaporation dynamics of sessile microdroplets. Quantitative phase images of various droplets were captured during evaporation. The images enabled us to generate time-resolved three-dimensional topographic profiles of droplet shape with nanometer accuracy and, without any assumptions about droplet geometry, to directly measure important physical parameters that characterize surface wetting processes. Specifically, the time-dependent variation of the droplet height, volume, contact radius, contact angle distribution along the droplet's perimeter, and mass flux density for two different surface preparations are reported. The studies clearly demonstrate three phases of evaporation reported previously: pinned, depinned, and drying modes; the studies also reveal instances of partial pinning. Finally, the apparatus is employed to investigate the cooperative evaporation of the sprayed droplets. We observe and explain the neighbor-induced reduction in evaporation rate, that is, as compared to predictions for isolated droplets. In the future, the new experimental methods should stimulate the exploration of colloidal particle dynamics on the gas-liquid-solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Edwards
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amir Arbabi
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Basanta Bhaduri
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Raman Ganti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Peter J Yunker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arjun G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lynford L Goddard
- Photonic Systems Laboratory, Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Jenkins MH, Gaylord TK. Quantitative phase microscopy via optimized inversion of the phase optical transfer function. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:8566-79. [PMID: 26479636 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.008566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the field of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has wide-ranging biomedical applicability, many QPI methods are not well-suited for such applications due to their reliance on coherent illumination and specialized hardware. By contrast, methods utilizing partially coherent illumination have the potential to promote the widespread adoption of QPI due to their compatibility with microscopy, which is ubiquitous in the biomedical community. Described herein is a new defocus-based reconstruction method that utilizes a small number of efficiently sampled micrographs to optimally invert the partially coherent phase optical transfer function under assumptions of weak absorption and slowly varying phase. Simulation results are provided that compare the performance of this method with similar algorithms and demonstrate compatibility with large phase objects. The accuracy of the method is validated experimentally using a microlens array as a test phase object. Lastly, time-lapse images of live adherent cells are obtained with an off-the-shelf microscope, thus demonstrating the new method's potential for extending QPI capability widely in the biomedical community.
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25
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Majeed H, Kandel ME, Han K, Luo Z, Macias V, Tangella K, Balla A, Popescu G. Breast cancer diagnosis using spatial light interference microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:111210. [PMID: 26291148 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The standard practice in histopathology of breast cancers is to examine a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue biopsy under a microscope to diagnose whether a lesion is benign or malignant. This determination is made based on a manual, qualitative inspection, making it subject to investigator bias and resulting in low throughput. Hence, a quantitative, label-free, and high-throughput diagnosis method is highly desirable. We present here preliminary results showing the potential of quantitative phase imaging for breast cancer screening and help with differential diagnosis. We generated phase maps of unstained breast tissue biopsies using spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM). As a first step toward quantitative diagnosis based on SLIM, we carried out a qualitative evaluation of our label-free images. These images were shown to two pathologists who classified each case as either benign or malignant. This diagnosis was then compared against the diagnosis of the two pathologists on corresponding H&E stained tissue images and the number of agreements were counted. The agreement between SLIM and H&E based diagnosis was 88% for the first pathologist and 87% for the second. Our results demonstrate the potential and promise of SLIM for quantitative, label-free, and high-throughput diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassaan Majeed
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mikhail E Kandel
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kevin Han
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zelun Luo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Virgilia Macias
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, 840 South Wood Street, Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Krishnarao Tangella
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Christie Clinic and Department of Pathology, 1400 West Park Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andre Balla
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Pathology, 840 South Wood Street, Suite 130 CSN, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Edwards C, Bhaduri B, Griffin BG, Goddard LL, Popescu G. Epi-illumination diffraction phase microscopy with white light. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6162-5. [PMID: 25361304 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first reflection-based epi-illumination diffraction phase microscope with white light (epi-wDPM). The epi-wDPM system combines the off-axis, common-path, and white light approaches, in a reflection geometry enabling sub-nanometer spatial and temporal noise levels, while providing single-shot acquisition for opaque samples. We verified the epi-wDPM results by measuring control samples with known dimensions and comparing them to measurements from other well-established techniques. We imaged gold-coated HeLa cells to illustrate the tradeoffs between epi-wDPM with low and high spatial coherence.
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Nguyen TH, Edwards C, Goddard LL, Popescu G. Quantitative phase imaging with partially coherent illumination. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:5511-4. [PMID: 25360915 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we formulate a mathematical model for predicting experimental outcomes in quantitative phase imaging (QPI) when the illumination field is partially spatially coherent. We derive formulae that apply to QPI and discuss expected results for two classes of QPI experiments: common path and traditional interferometry, under varying degrees of spatial coherence. In particular, our results describe the physical relationship between the spatial coherence of the illuminating field and the halo effect, which is well known in phase-contrast microscopy. We performed experiments relevant to this common situation and found that our theory is in excellent agreement with the data. With this new understanding of the effects of spatial coherence, our formulae offer an avenue for removing halo artifacts from phase images.
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Edwards C, Zhou R, Hwang SW, McKeown SJ, Wang K, Bhaduri B, Ganti R, Yunker PJ, Yodh AG, Rogers JA, Goddard LL, Popescu G. Diffraction phase microscopy: monitoring nanoscale dynamics in materials science [invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2014; 53:G33-43. [PMID: 25322136 DOI: 10.1364/ao.53.000g33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) utilizes the fact that the phase of an imaging field is much more sensitive than its amplitude. As fields from the source interact with the specimen, local variations in the phase front are produced, which provide structural information about the sample and can be used to reconstruct its topography with nanometer accuracy. QPI techniques do not require staining or coating of the specimen and are therefore nondestructive. Diffraction phase microscopy (DPM) combines many of the best attributes of current QPI methods; its compact configuration uses a common-path off-axis geometry which realizes the benefits of both low noise and single-shot imaging. This unique collection of features enables the DPM system to monitor, at the nanoscale, a wide variety of phenomena in their natural environments. Over the past decade, QPI techniques have become ubiquitous in biological studies and a recent effort has been made to extend QPI to materials science applications. We briefly review several recent studies which include real-time monitoring of wet etching, photochemical etching, surface wetting and evaporation, dissolution of biodegradable electronic materials, and the expansion and deformation of thin-films. We also discuss recent advances in semiconductor wafer defect detection using QPI.
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