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Tagay Z, Romero R, Armitage NP. High-precision measurements of terahertz polarization states with a fiber coupled time-domain THz spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:15946-15954. [PMID: 38859233 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We present a new method for high precision measurements of polarization rotation in the frequency range from 0.2 to 2.2 THz using a fiber coupled time-domain THz spectrometer. A free standing wire-grid polarizer splits THz light into orthogonal components that are then measured by two separate detectors simultaneously. We theoretically model the uncertainties introduced by optical component non-idealities and predict that we may expect to achieve accuracies of 0.8% when anti-symmetrizing the response with respect to an applied field. Anti-symmetrization improves accuracy by more than four orders of magnitude. We demonstrate this method on a 2D electron gas in magnetic field and show that we achieve a precision of 20 μrad (1.1 mdeg) for small polarization rotation angles. A detailed description of the technique and data analysis procedure is provided, demonstrating its capability to precisely measure polarization states in the 0.2 to 2.2 THz range.
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2
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Ou H, Stantchev RI, Chen X, Blu T, Semtsiv M, Masselink WT, Serrano AH, Costa G, Young J, Chopra N, Lloyd-Hughes J, MacPherson E. Simultaneous measurement of orthogonal terahertz fields via an emission multiplexing scheme. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5567-5581. [PMID: 38439279 DOI: 10.1364/oe.505567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We propose a polarization sensitive terahertz time-domain spectrometer that can record orthogonally polarized terahertz fields simultaneously, using fibre-coupled photoconductive antennas and a scheme that modulated the emitter's polarization. The s and p channels of the multi-pixel terahertz emitter were modulated at different frequencies, thereby allowing orthogonal waveforms to be demultiplexed from the recorded signal in post-processing. The performance of the multi-pixel emitter used in this multiplexing scheme was comparable to that of a commercial single-polarization H-dipole antenna. The approach allowed two orthogonally polarized terahertz pulses to be recorded with good signal to noise (>1000:1) within half a second. We verified the capability of the spectrometer by characterizing a birefringent crystal and by imaging a polarization-sensitive metamaterial. This work has significant potential to improve the speed of terahertz polarization sensitive applications, such as ellipsometry and imaging.
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3
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Kanda N, Nakagawa M, Murotani Y, Matsunaga R. Time-domain characterization of electric field vector in multi-terahertz pulses using polarization-modulated electro-optic sampling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:1576-1584. [PMID: 38297706 DOI: 10.1364/oe.506405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrated characterizing the electric field waveform of multi-terahertz pulses (10 - 50 THz) as vector quantities in the time domain by applying the polarization modulated electro-optic sampling (POMEOS) method. The problem of an ultrabroadband gate pulse was solved by modifying the fitting function in POMEOS, and its validity was confirmed through numerical simulations. High accuracy and precision of approximately 1 mrad with 3 s accumulation were demonstrated. Our method can be applied not only to multi-terahertz polarization measurements for linear response but also to the evaluation of the driving field of intense pulses for nonlinear response or material control.
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4
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Aouali A, Chevalier S, Sommier A, Pradere C. Terahertz Constant Velocity Flying Spot for 3D Tomographic Imaging. J Imaging 2023; 9:112. [PMID: 37367460 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9060112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports on a terahertz tomography technique using constant velocity flying spot scanning as illumination. This technique is essentially based on the combination of a hyperspectral thermoconverter and an infrared camera used as a sensor, a source of terahertz radiation held on a translation scanner, and a vial of hydroalcoholic gel used as a sample and mounted on a rotating stage for the measurement of its absorbance at several angular positions. From the projections made in 2.5 h and expressed in terms of sinograms, the 3D volume of the absorption coefficient of the vial is reconstructed by a back-projection method based on the inverse Radon transform. This result confirms that this technique is usable on samples of complex and nonaxisymmetric shapes; moreover, it allows 3D qualitative chemical information with a possible phase separation in the terahertz spectral range to be obtained in heterogeneous and complex semitransparent media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderezak Aouali
- I2M TREFLE, UMR 5295 CNRS-UB-ENSAM, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Stéphane Chevalier
- I2M TREFLE, UMR 5295 CNRS-UB-ENSAM, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Alain Sommier
- I2M TREFLE, UMR 5295 CNRS-UB-ENSAM, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Christophe Pradere
- EPSYL-Alcen, Esplanade des Arts et Métiers, CEDEX, 33405 Talence, France
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5
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Ding Q, Zhu Y, Xiang L, Sun J, Shangguan Y, Zhang J, Li X, Jin L, Qin H. Terahertz direct polarization detector based on integrated antenna-coupled AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:42956-42966. [PMID: 36523005 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The foundation for polarization-based terahertz applications is the acquisition of polarization information. To develop an all-electronic terahertz straightforward polarization detection system, in this paper, a terahertz polarization detector based on three antenna-coupled AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) on a single chip is designed and fabricated. The function of the direct polarization detector is proven by measuring the polarization angle of linearly polarized continuous-wave terahertz radiation at 216 GHz. The average deviation and maximum deviation of the measured polarization angle are 3.7 degrees and 10 degrees, respectively. The error comes mainly from the disturbance of the local terahertz field by the interference effect. Simulations locate the sources of interference and guide the further device design and packaging of such kind of direct polarization detectors.
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6
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Chen M, Wang Y, Zhao Z. Monolithic Metamaterial-Integrated Graphene Terahertz Photodetector with Wavelength and Polarization Selectivity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17263-17273. [PMID: 36129770 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The frequency spectra and polarization states of terahertz waves can convey significant information about physical interactions and material properties. Compact and miniaturized on-chip platforms for effective capturing of these quantities are being extensively investigated because of their promising potential for paramount applications of terahertz technology such as in situ sensing and characterization. Here, we present a metamaterial-graphene hybrid device that integrates the functions of photodetection, wavelength, and polarization selectivity into a monolithic architecture. Leveraging the ultrahigh design freedom of metamaterial optical properties and the electronically controllable hot-carrier-assisted photothermoelectric effect in graphene, our detector shows resonantly enhanced photoresponse at two specific target wavelengths with orthogonal polarizations. We demonstrate its versatile capabilities for spectrally selective and polarization resolved imaging on a single-chip platform that is free from advanced optical components. Our strategy is beneficial to the future development of multifunctional, compact, and low-cost terahertz sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Dangerous Articles and Explosives Detection Technologies, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Dangerous Articles and Explosives Detection Technologies, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziran Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Dangerous Articles and Explosives Detection Technologies, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Nakagawa M, Okano M, Watanabe S. Polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system without mechanical moving parts. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29421-29434. [PMID: 36299117 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on the measurement of terahertz electric-field vector waveforms by using a system that contains no mechanical moving parts. It is known that two phase-locked femtosecond lasers with different repetition rates can be used to perform time-domain spectroscopy without using a mechanical delay stage. Furthermore, an electro-optic modulator can be used to perform polarization measurements without rotating any polarizers or waveplates. We experimentally demonstrate the combination of these two methods and explain the analysis of data obtained by such a system. Such a system provides a robust platform that can promote the usage of polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy in basic science and practical applications. For the experimental demonstration, we alter the polarization of a terahertz wave with a polarizer.
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8
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Xu K, Liu M, Arbab MH. Broadband terahertz time-domain polarimetry based on air plasma filament emissions and spinning electro-optic sampling in GaP. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2022; 120:181107. [PMID: 35539361 PMCID: PMC9068238 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report on a time-domain polarimetry (TDP) system for generating and detecting broadband terahertz (THz) waves of different polarization angles. We generate THz waves from two-color laser filaments and determine their polarization states with a detection bandwidth of up to 8 THz using a spinning gallium phosphide crystal. The polarization of THz emission can be controlled by adjusting the position and tilt angle of the β-barium borate crystal. We characterize the precision of this system for polarimetric measurements at fixed time delay to be 1.6 ° and 1.9 ° for complete time-domain waveforms. We also demonstrate the feasibility of our TDP system by measuring broadband optical properties of anisotropic samples in both transmission and reflection geometries. The THz-TDP technique can be easily integrated in conventional THz time-domain spectroscopy setups using nonlinear crystal detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangyi Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - M. Hassan Arbab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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9
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Lajevardipour A, Vilagosh Z, Appadoo D, Davis J, Juodkazis S, Wood A. Spectroscopy of excised skin patches exposed to THz and far-IR radiation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4610-4626. [PMID: 34457435 PMCID: PMC8367247 DOI: 10.1364/boe.424267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Applications of far infrared (Far-IR) and terahertz (THz) radiation in areas such as healthcare and security are fast-growing. As a consequence, humans and the environment are becoming more exposed to mm-wave and Far-IR radiation than previously. We examined typical skin-care and sunscreen ingredients and propitiatory products with transmission FTIR, ATR-FTIR and THz-time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) methods using fresh and dehydrated toad and fresh human skin samples for their absorption properties in these frequency ranges. The skin hydration compounds glycerol and sorbitol have comparable absorption characteristics to physiological bulk water. Products containing these and similar hydrating compounds have significant Far-IR absorption characteristics. The sunscreen ingredients ZnO (20 micron), TiO2 (mesh 325), and graphene platelet demonstrate a generally poor Far-IR absorbance, with TiO2 displaying some frequency-specific absorption in the 3-6 THz and 12 THz regions. The Far-IR absorbance of proprietary sunscreens was, however, shown not to be significant. The absorption properties of melanin, collagen, bound water, and other constituents are significant in dehydrated skin samples but are not of the same order of importance as the hydrating agents examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Lajevardipour
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
| | - Zoltan Vilagosh
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
| | - Dominique Appadoo
- ANSTO-Australian Synchrotron, THz/Far-IR Beamline, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Davis
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Andrew Wood
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
- Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia
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10
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Terahertz Time-Domain Polarimetry for Principal Optical Axes of Anisotropic Crystals. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8060213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose a method for measuring the terahertz properties for two principal optical axes of anisotropic crystals without optical activity using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The method put forward in this paper utilizes the inherent polarization sensitivity of the THz-TDS electro-optic detection system. We demonstrate the practical application of the method by measuring the temperature dependence of the refractive index and the absorption coefficient of a lithium triborate crystal for three optical axes.
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11
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Stokes-Mueller method for comprehensive characterization of coherent terahertz waves. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15426. [PMID: 32963295 PMCID: PMC7508837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72049-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideally, the full characterization of coherent terahertz (THz) pulses would provide information on the amplitude and direction of its THz electric field, in space and in time, with unlimited dynamic range. Here, we propose and demonstrate a new approach based on the Stokes–Mueller formalism. Our approach can measure the full temporal and spatial variation of coherent THz fields, as well as its polarization state with a high dynamic range. This method employs a simple configuration, using a polarization state analyzer after the electro-optic sampling crystal. This technique could allow high sensitivity due to its ability to use thick detection crystals, which also would lead to improved spectral resolution by allowing longer scans in the time domain.
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12
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Peng K, Jevtics D, Zhang F, Sterzl S, Damry DA, Rothmann MU, Guilhabert B, Strain MJ, Tan HH, Herz LM, Fu L, Dawson MD, Hurtado A, Jagadish C, Johnston MB. Three-dimensional cross-nanowire networks recover full terahertz state. Science 2020; 368:510-513. [PMID: 32355027 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz radiation encompasses a wide band of the electromagnetic spectrum, spanning from microwaves to infrared light, and is a particularly powerful tool for both fundamental scientific research and applications such as security screening, communications, quality control, and medical imaging. Considerable information can be conveyed by the full polarization state of terahertz light, yet to date, most time-domain terahertz detectors are sensitive to just one polarization component. Here we demonstrate a nanotechnology-based semiconductor detector using cross-nanowire networks that records the full polarization state of terahertz pulses. The monolithic device allows simultaneous measurements of the orthogonal components of the terahertz electric field vector without cross-talk. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capabilities of the detector for the study of metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Peng
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Dimitars Jevtics
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Fanlu Zhang
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sabrina Sterzl
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Djamshid A Damry
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Mathias U Rothmann
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Benoit Guilhabert
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Michael J Strain
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Hark H Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Lan Fu
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Martin D Dawson
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Antonio Hurtado
- Institute of Photonics, SUPA Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Michael B Johnston
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK.
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13
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Xu K, Bayati E, Oguchi K, Watanabe S, Winebrenner DP, Hassan Arbab M. Terahertz time-domain polarimetry (THz-TDP) based on the spinning E-O sampling technique: determination of precision and calibration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:13482-13496. [PMID: 32403822 PMCID: PMC7340380 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a terahertz time-domain polarimetry (THz-TDP) system by applying frequency modulation to electro-optic sampling detection in a nonlinear crystal. We characterized the precision of this system in determining the polarization angles to be 1.3° for fixed time delay, and 0.5° for complete time-domain waveform. Furthermore, we calculated the Jones matrix of the optical components used for beam propagation to calibrate the induced systematic error. The advantages of employing this calibration approach are demonstrated on a sapphire crystal investigated at different sample test positions in transmission configuration, and using high resistivity Si, AlN and quartz in reflection geometry. The new THz-TDP technique has the advantage of not using any external polarizers, and therefore is not constrained by their optical performance limitations, such as restricted bandwidths and frequency-dependent extinction ratio. Finally, the THz-TDP technique can be easily implemented on existing time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangyi Xu
- State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Elyas Bayati
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Kenichi Oguchi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Dale P. Winebrenner
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - M. Hassan Arbab
- State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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14
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Novelli F, Guchhait B, Havenith M. Towards Intense THz Spectroscopy on Water: Characterization of Optical Rectification by GaP, OH1, and DSTMS at OPA Wavelengths. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1311. [PMID: 32183131 PMCID: PMC7143731 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Water is the most prominent solvent. The unique properties of water are rooted in the dynamical hydrogen-bonded network. While TeraHertz (THz) radiation can probe directly the collective molecular network, several open issues remain about the interpretation of these highly anharmonic, coupled bands. In order to address this problem, we need intense THz radiation able to drive the liquid into the nonlinear response regime. Firstly, in this study, we summarize the available brilliant THz sources and compare their emission properties. Secondly, we characterize the THz emission by Gallium Phosphide (GaP), 2-{3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dimethylcyclohex-2-enylidene}malononitrile (OH1), and 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl-stilbazolium 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonate (DSTMS) crystals pumped by an amplified near-infrared (NIR) laser with tunable wavelength. We found that both OH1 as well as DSTMS could convert NIR laser radiation between 1200 and 2500 nm into THz radiation with high efficiency (> 2 × 10-4), resulting in THz peak fields exceeding 0.1 MV/cm for modest pump excitation (~ mJ/cm2). DSTMS emits the broadest spectrum, covering the entire bandwidth of our detector from ca. 0.5 to ~7 THz, also at a laser wavelength of 2100 nm. Future improvements will require handling the photothermal damage of these delicate organic crystals, and increasing the THz frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Novelli
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Biswajit Guchhait
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Martina Havenith
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
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15
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Okano M, Watanabe S. Internal Status of Visibly Opaque Black Rubbers Investigated by Terahertz Polarization Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:E9. [PMID: 30959993 PMCID: PMC6401994 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the internal status of rubber composites consisting of an insulating rubber matrix and conductive carbon black (CB) fillers ("black rubber") using polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The black rubber composites under stretched conditions exhibit a large optical anisotropy or birefringence in the terahertz regime. From systematic studies, it is revealed that the large birefringence of black rubbers is due to the orientation distribution of anisotropically shaped CB aggregates in the rubber matrix and the orientation distribution is strongly linked to the mechanical deformation of the black rubber. A model simulation based on this relation between deformation and reorientation allows conversion of the birefringence (optical) information into strain (mechanical) information. In addition, the spectroscopic information obtained using the THz-TDS technique is useful to evaluate the changes in the internal conductive filler network caused by the mechanical deformation. Our findings demonstrate that the terahertz polarization spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive inspection method for contactless investigation of the internal condition of black rubber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Okano
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
This review focuses on several recent research activities regarding precise and fast polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy systems for imaging purposes, and explains three interesting application examples. Owing to modulation techniques that have recently been developed for the evaluation of the instantaneous terahertz electric-field (E-field) vector, fast and precise terahertz polarization imaging becomes feasible. This terahertz technology enables high-resolution surface topography, precise understanding of the spatial E-field vector distribution of the focused terahertz pulse, and examination of strain-induced birefringence in polymeric materials. These examples constitute a new application area of terahertz photonics with emphasis on both fundamental optics and industrial applications.
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17
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Kawada Y, Yoshioka K, Arashida Y, Katayama I, Takeda J, Takahashi H. Simultaneous acquisition of complex transmittance and birefringence with two counter-rotating, circularly polarized THz pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:30420-30434. [PMID: 30469916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate simultaneous measurements of the complex transmittance and birefringence using left- and right-handed circularly polarized terahertz (THz) pulses. We change the polarization of the THz pulses periodically by modulating the polarization of the pump pulses directed onto a ZnTe (111) crystal, and we convert linear to circular polarization using a broadband THz quarter-wave retarder. By integrating the alternating-emission system with the polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectrometer, we are able to obtain the electric-field vector of the transmitted terahertz pulses for both the left- and right-handed circular polarizations. Utilizing this technique, we are able to measure simultaneously the frequency-dependent complex refractive indices (real and imaginary parts) and the orientations of the slow and fast axes of birefringent materials, a quartz disc and a barium borate crystal, in a single temporal sweep.
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Sanjuan F, Gaborit G, Coutaz JL. Full electro-optic terahertz time-domain spectrometer for polarimetric studies. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:6055-6060. [PMID: 30118034 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.006055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a terahertz (THz) time-domain spectrometer dedicated to polarimetric studies. THz pulses are generated through optical rectification in a ⟨111⟩-cut cubic crystal. The ⟨111⟩ crystal cut produces a THz polarization state similar to that of the exciting laser beam. Detection of the THz pulses is performed by electro-optic sampling in a similar crystal, and a dual detection scheme allows us to measure simultaneously the two polarization components of the THz beam. We experimentally illustrate that the polarization of the THz beam can be adjusted by adjusting the laser polarization. This technique alleviates the need for a polarization controller at THz frequencies.
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Anisotropic optical response of optically opaque elastomers with conductive fillers as revealed by terahertz polarization spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39079. [PMID: 28008942 PMCID: PMC5180234 DOI: 10.1038/srep39079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are one of the most important materials in modern society because of the inherent viscoelastic properties due to their cross-linked polymer chains. Their vibration-absorbing and adhesive properties are especially useful and thus utilized in various applications, for example, tires in automobiles and bicycles, seismic dampers in buildings, and seals in a space shuttle. Thus, the nondestructive inspection of their internal states such as the internal deformation is essential in safety. Generally, industrial elastomers include various kinds of additives, such as carbon blacks for reinforcing them. The additives make most of them opaque in a wide spectral range from visible to mid-infrared, resulting in that the nondestructive inspection of the internal deformation is quite difficult. Here, we demonstrate transmission terahertz polarization spectroscopy as a powerful technique for investigating the internal optical anisotropy in optically opaque elastomers with conductive additives, which are transparent only in the terahertz frequency region. The internal deformation can be probed through the polarization changes inside the material due to the anisotropic dielectric response of the conductive additives. Our study about the polarization-dependent terahertz response of elastomers with conductive additives provides novel knowledge for in situ, nondestructive evaluation of their internal deformation.
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Suzuki T, Nagai M, Kishi Y. Extreme-sensitivity terahertz polarizer inspired by an anisotropic cut-through metamaterial. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:325-328. [PMID: 26766705 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Submilliradian accuracy utilizing terahertz waves is used to often discover and observe novel physical phenomena. However, conventional terahertz polarizers cannot simultaneously realize a high extinction ratio, which restricts the sensitivity of the polarization angle, and a high transmission power across a broad frequency band due to the wires involved. Here, inspired by metamaterials, we demonstrate an anisotropic cut-through metal-slit array for an ideal terahertz polarizer with a high extinction ratio and transmission power. Measurements confirm extinction ratios below approximately -50 dB and average transverse magnetic-mode transmission powers of over 80% from 0.3 to 2.2 THz. The extremely sensitive mechanism can shed light on a variety of path-breaking applications such as single-photon detection and quantum information and communication at lower frequencies.
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