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Li Q, Yu Y, Ding Z, Zhu F, Li Y, Tao K, Hua P, Lai T, Kuang H, Liu T. Analysis and reduction of noise-induced depolarization in catheter based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11130-11149. [PMID: 35473063 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In catheter based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), a optical fiber with a rapid rotation in the catheter can cause low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), polarization state instability, phase change of PS-OCT signals and then heavy noise-induced depolarization, which has a strong impact on the phase retardation measurement of the sample. In this paper, we analyze the noise-induced depolarization and find that the effect of depolarization can be reduced by polar decomposition after incoherent averaging in the Mueller matrix averaging (MMA) method. Namely, MMA can reduce impact of noise on phase retardation mapping. We present a Monte Carlo method based on PS-OCT to numerically describe noise-induced depolarization effect and contrast phase retardation imaging results by MMA and Jones matrix averaging (JMA) methods. The peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of simulated images processed by MMA is higher than about 8.9 dB than that processed by JMA. We also implement experiments of multiple biological tissues using the catheter based PS-OCT system. From the simulation and experimental results, we find the polarization contrasts processed by the MMA are better than those by JMA, especially at areas with high depolarization, because the MMA can reduce effect of noise-induced depolarization on the phase retardation measurement.
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2
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Blessing K, Schirmer J, Sharma G, Singh K. Novel input polarisation independent endoscopic cross-polarised optical coherence tomography probe. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000134. [PMID: 32738024 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead by the original idea to perform noninvasive optical biopsies of various tissues, optical coherence tomography found numerous medical applications within the last two decades. The interference based imaging technique opens the possibility to visualise subcellular morphology up to an imaging depth of 3 mm and up to micron level axial and lateral resolution. The birefringence properties of the tissue are visualised with enhanced contrast using polarisation sensitive or cross-polarised optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques. Although, it requires strict control over the polarisation states, resulting in several polarisation controlling elements. In this work, we propose a novel input-polarisation independent endoscopic system based on cross-polarised OCT. We tested the feasibility of our approach by measuring the polarisation change from a quarter-wave plate for different rotational angles. Further performance tests reveal a lateral resolution of 30 μm and a sensitivity of 103 dB. Images of the human nail bed and cow muscle tissue demonstrate the potential of the system to measure structural and birefringence properties of the tissue endoscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Blessing
- Research Group Singh, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Judith Schirmer
- Research Group Singh, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gargi Sharma
- Guck Division, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kanwarpal Singh
- Research Group Singh, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Vaselli M, Feroldi F, Willemse J, Graefe MG, van Iperen D, Goorsenberg AW, Bonta PI, Annema JT, de Boer JF. In vivo endoscopic multifunctional optical coherence tomography imaging of lungs periphery before and after bronchial thermoplasty. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202023804002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of a motorized distal scanning endoscope to acquire in vivo data in lungs of severe-asthma patients before and after an asthma treatment procedure called bronchial thermoplasty. Conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT) intensity images and polarisation sensitive OCT images were extracted from the acquired data. PS-OCT endoscopy allowing the visualization and segmentation of airway smooth muscle layer - which plays a key role in bronchoconstriction during asthma attacks - showed its potential as means to evaluate the effectiveness of bronchial thermoplasty.
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4
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Sharma S, Hartl G, Naveed SK, Blessing K, Sharma G, Singh K. Input polarization-independent polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography using a depolarizer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:043706. [PMID: 32357732 DOI: 10.1063/5.0001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography is gaining attention because of its ability to diagnose certain pathological conditions at an early stage. The majority of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography systems require a polarization controller and a polarizer to obtain the optimal polarization state of the light at the sample. Such systems are prone to misalignment since any movement of the optical fiber normally coupled to the light source will change the polarization state of the incident beam. We propose and demonstrate an input polarization-independent polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system using a depolarizer that works for any input polarization state of the light source. The change in the optical power at the sample for arbitrary input polarized light for the standard polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system was found to be approximately 84% compared to 9% for our proposed method. The developed system was used to measure the retardance and optical axis orientation of a quarter-wave plate and the obtained values matched closely to the expectation. To further demonstrate the capability of measuring the birefringent properties of biological samples, we also imaged the nail bed. We believe that the proposed system is a robust polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography system and that it will improve the diagnostic capabilities in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtsr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Hartl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtsr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sheeza K Naveed
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtsr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Blessing
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtsr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gargi Sharma
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtsr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kanwarpal Singh
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtsr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Control of the temporal and polarization response of a multimode fiber. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5085. [PMID: 31704923 PMCID: PMC6841946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of the spatial and temporal properties of light propagating in disordered media have been demonstrated over the last decade using spatial light modulators. Most of the previous studies demonstrated spatial focusing to the speckle grain size, and manipulation of the temporal properties of the achieved focus. In this work, we demonstrate an approach to control the total temporal impulse response, not only at a single speckle grain but over all spatial degrees of freedom (spatial and polarization modes) at any arbitrary delay time through a multimode fiber. Global enhancement or suppression of the total light intensity exiting a multimode fibre is shown for arbitrary delays and polarization states. This work could benefit to applications that require pulse delivery in disordered media.
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6
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Carles G, Zammit P, Harvey AR. Holistic Monte-Carlo optical modelling of biological imaging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15832. [PMID: 31676825 PMCID: PMC6825179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The invention and advancement of biological microscopy depends critically on an ability to accurately simulate imaging of complex biological structures embedded within complex scattering media. Unfortunately no technique exists for rigorous simulation of the complete imaging process, including the source, instrument, sample and detector. Monte-Carlo modelling is the gold standard for the modelling of light propagation in tissue, but is somewhat laborious to implement and does not incorporate the rejection of scattered light by the microscope. On the other hand microscopes may be rigorously and rapidly modelled using commercial ray-tracing software, but excluding the interaction with the biological sample. We report a hybrid Monte-Carlo optical ray-tracing technique for modelling of complete imaging systems of arbitrary complexity. We make the software available to enable user-friendly and rigorous virtual prototyping of biological microscopy of arbitrary complexity involving light scattering, fluorescence, polarised light propagation, diffraction and coherence. Examples are presented for the modelling and optimisation of representative imaging of neural cells using light-sheet and micro-endoscopic fluorescence microscopy and imaging of retinal vasculature using confocal and non-confocal scanning-laser ophthalmoscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Carles
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Paul Zammit
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew R Harvey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Feroldi F, Willemse J, Davidoiu V, Gräfe MGO, van Iperen DJ, Goorsenberg AWM, Annema JT, Daniels JMA, Bonta PI, de Boer JF. In vivo multifunctional optical coherence tomography at the periphery of the lungs. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:3070-3091. [PMID: 31259075 PMCID: PMC6583343 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Remodeling of tissue, such as airway smooth muscle (ASM) and extracellular matrix, is considered a key feature of airways disease. No clinically accepted diagnostic method is currently available to assess airway remodeling or the effect of treatment modalities such as bronchial thermoplasty in asthma, other than invasive airway biopsies. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) generates cross-sectional, near-histological images of airway segments and enables identification and quantification of airway wall layers based on light scattering properties only. In this study, we used a custom motorized OCT probe that combines standard and polarization sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) to visualize birefringent tissue in vivo in the airway wall of a patient with severe asthma in a minimally invasive manner. We used optic axis uniformity (OAxU) to highlight the presence of uniformly arranged fiber-like tissue, helping visualizing the abundance of ASM and connective tissue structures. Attenuation coefficient images of the airways are presented for the first time, showing superior architectural contrast compared to standard OCT images. A novel segmentation algorithm was developed to detect the surface of the endoscope sheath and the surface of the tissue. PS-OCT is an innovative imaging technique that holds promise to assess airway remodeling including ASM and connective tissue in a minimally invasive, real-time manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Feroldi
- LaserLaB Amsterdam and Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joy Willemse
- LaserLaB Amsterdam and Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Valentina Davidoiu
- LaserLaB Amsterdam and Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Maximilian G. O. Gräfe
- LaserLaB Amsterdam and Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirck J. van Iperen
- LaserLaB Amsterdam and Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annika W. M. Goorsenberg
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke T. Annema
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. A. Daniels
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, VUmc Location, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter I. Bonta
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- LaserLaB Amsterdam and Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Tao K, Sun K, Ding Z, Ma Y, Kuang H, Zhao H, Lai T, Zhou Y, Liu T. Catheter-Based Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography Using Similar Mueller Matrix Method. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2019; 67:60-68. [PMID: 30932827 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2019.2908031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research of catheter-based polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is a challenging field. In this paper, we present a new polarization determination method, similar Mueller matrix (SMM) method, for a catheter-based PS-OCT system using a standard clinical catheter probe with an outer diameter of 0.9 mm. METHODS The SMM method can remove the diattenuation and depolarization compositions by polar decomposition. By constructing the similarity between the measured Mueller matrices and sample matrices, the phase retardance of the sample can be determined from the trace of the measured matrices. RESULTS In the experiments, we find that images processed by the SMM method without any averaging or phase correction have a better polarization contrast of multiple biological tissues than those by the Jones matrix based method. We also preliminarily achieve phase retardance imaging of the ex vivo porcine cardiac blood vessel. CONCLUSION Compared with the Jones matrix based method, the presented SMM method can provide a more robust birefringence imaging of biological tissues under low signal-to-noise ratio, depolarization, diattenuation, and phase instability. SIGNIFICANCE The SMM method has a potential to become a widely accepted polarization determination method for catheter-based PS-OCT.
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Walther J, Li Q, Villiger M, Farah CS, Koch E, Karnowski K, Sampson DD. Depth-resolved birefringence imaging of collagen fiber organization in the human oral mucosa in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1942-1956. [PMID: 31086712 PMCID: PMC6484997 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stromal collagen organization has been identified as a potential prognostic indicator in a variety of cancers and other diseases accompanied by fibrosis. Changes in the connective tissue are increasingly considered for grading dysplasia and progress of oral squamous cell carcinoma, investigated mainly ex vivo by histopathology. In this study, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) with local phase retardation imaging is used for the first time to visualize depth-resolved (i.e., local) birefringence of healthy human oral mucosa in vivo. Depth-resolved birefringence is shown to reveal the expected local collagen organization. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, 3D image stacks were acquired at labial and lingual locations of the oral mucosa, chosen as those most commonly affected by cancerous alterations. To enable an intuitive evaluation of the birefringence images suitable for clinical application, color depth-encoded en-face projections were generated. Compared to en-face views of intensity or conventional cumulative phase retardation, we show that this novel approach offers improved visualization of the mucosal connective tissue layer in general, and reveals the collagen fiber architecture in particular. This study provides the basis for future prospective pathological and comparative in vivo studies non-invasively assessing stromal changes in conspicuous and cancerous oral lesions at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Walther
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Qingyun Li
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Martin Villiger
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camile S. Farah
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research and Education, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Edmund Koch
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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10
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Feroldi F, Verlaan M, Knaus H, Davidoiu V, Vugts DJ, van Dongen GAMS, Molthoff CFM, de Boer JF. High resolution combined molecular and structural optical imaging of colorectal cancer in a xenograft mouse model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6186-6204. [PMID: 31065422 PMCID: PMC6491025 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of immunotherapies for cancer treatment, there is a rising clinical need to visualize the tumor microenvironment (TME) non-invasively in detail, which could be crucial to predict the efficacy of therapy. Nuclear imaging techniques enable whole-body imaging but lack the required spatial resolution. Conversely, near-infrared immunofluorescence (immuno-NIRF) is able to reveal tumor cells and/or other cell subsets in the TME by targeting the expression of a specific membrane receptor with fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides three-dimensional morphological imaging of tissues without exogenous contrast agents. The combination of the two allows molecular and structural contrast at a resolution of ~15 µm, allowing for the specific location of a cell-type target with immuno-NIRF as well as revealing the three-dimensional architectural context with OCT. For the first time, combined immuno-NIRF and OCT of a tumor is demonstrated in situ in a xenograft mouse model of human colorectal cancer, targeted by a clinically-safe fluorescent mAb, revealing unprecedented details of the TME. A handheld scanner for ex vivo examination and an endoscope designed for imaging bronchioles in vivo are presented. This technique promises to complement nuclear imaging for diagnosing cancer invasiveness, precisely determining tumor margins, and studying the biodistribution of newly developed antibodies in high detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Feroldi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Verlaan
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Knaus
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Davidoiu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A. M. S. van Dongen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla F. M. Molthoff
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Li Q, Karnowski K, Noble PB, Cairncross A, James A, Villiger M, Sampson DD. Robust reconstruction of local optic axis orientation with fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5437-5455. [PMID: 30460138 PMCID: PMC6238922 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging to recover local optic axis orientation from samples probed with fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). In addition to the effect of preceding tissue layers, the transmission through fiber and system elements, and imperfect system alignment, need to be compensated. Here, we present a method to retrieve the required correction factors from measurements with depth-multiplexed PS-OCT, which accurately measures the full Jones matrix. The correction considers both retardation and diattenuation and is applied in the wavenumber domain, preserving the axial resolution of the system. The robustness of the method is validated by measuring a birefringence phantom with a misaligned system. Imaging ex-vivo lamb trachea and human bronchus demonstrates the utility of reconstructing the local optic axis orientation to assess smooth muscle, which is expected to be useful in the assessment of airway smooth muscle thickness in asthma, amongst other fiber-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Peter B. Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Alvenia Cairncross
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Alan James
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth,
Australia
| | - Martin Villiger
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical + Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009,
Australia
- University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey,
United Kingdom
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12
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Leitgeb RA, Baumann B. Multimodal Optical Medical Imaging Concepts Based on Optical Coherence Tomography. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2018; 6. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2018.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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13
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Jaspers MEH, Feroldi F, Vlig M, de Boer JF, van Zuijlen PPM. In vivo polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography of human burn scars: birefringence quantification and correspondence with histologically determined collagen density. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-8. [PMID: 29264892 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining adequate information on scar characteristics is important for monitoring their evolution and the effectiveness of clinical treatment. The aberrant type of collagen in scars may give rise to specific birefringent properties, which can be determined using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate a method to quantify the birefringence of the scanned volume and correlate it with the collagen density as measured from histological slides. Five human burn scars were measured in vivo using a handheld probe and custom-made PS-OCT system. The local retardation caused by the tissue birefringence was extracted using the Jones formalism. To compare the samples, histograms of birefringence values of each volume were produced. After imaging, punch biopsies were harvested from the scar area of interest and sent in for histological evaluation using Herovici polychrome staining. Two-dimensional en face maps showed higher birefringence in scars compared to healthy skin. The Pearson's correlation coefficient for the collagen density as measured by histology versus the measured birefringence was calculated at r=0.80 (p=0.105). In conclusion, the custom-made PS-OCT system was capable of in vivo imaging and quantifying the birefringence of human burn scars, and a nonsignificant correlation between PS-OCT birefringence and histological collagen density was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle E H Jaspers
- Red Cross Hospital, Burn Center, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centers, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Red Cross Hospital, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Feroldi
- VU University, LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centers, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F de Boer
- VU University, LaserLaB Amsterdam, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P M van Zuijlen
- Red Cross Hospital, Burn Center, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Association of Dutch Burn Centers, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
- Red Cross Hospital, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
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14
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Liu S, Sotomi Y, Eggermont J, Nakazawa G, Torii S, Ijichi T, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Lelieveldt BPF, Dijkstra J. Tissue characterization with depth-resolved attenuation coefficient and backscatter term in intravascular optical coherence tomography images. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-16. [PMID: 28901053 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.9.096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An important application of intravascular optical coherence tomography (IVOCT) for atherosclerotic tissue analysis is using it to estimate attenuation and backscatter coefficients. This work aims at exploring the potential of the attenuation coefficient, a proposed backscatter term, and image intensities in distinguishing different atherosclerotic tissue types with a robust implementation of depth-resolved (DR) approach. Therefore, the DR model is introduced to estimate the attenuation coefficient and further extended to estimate the backscatter-related term in IVOCT images, such that values can be estimated per pixel without predefining any delineation for the estimation. In order to exclude noisy regions with a weak signal, an automated algorithm is implemented to determine the cut-off border in IVOCT images. The attenuation coefficient, backscatter term, and the image intensity are further analyzed in regions of interest, which have been delineated referring to their pathology counterparts. Local statistical values were reported and their distributions were further compared with a two-sample t-test to evaluate the potential for distinguishing six types of tissues. Results show that the IVOCT intensity, DR attenuation coefficient, and backscatter term extracted with the reported implementation are complementary to each other on characterizing six tissue types: mixed, calcification, fibrous, lipid-rich, macrophages, and necrotic core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liu
- Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Imaging Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yohei Sotomi
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Eggermont
- Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Imaging Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gaku Nakazawa
- Tokai University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Kanaagawa, Japan
| | - Sho Torii
- Tokai University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Kanaagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ijichi
- Tokai University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Kanaagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Onuma
- Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cardialysis, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick W Serruys
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, United Kingdom
| | - Boudewijn P F Lelieveldt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Imaging Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke Dijkstra
- Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Imaging Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography: A Review of Technology and Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Gora MJ, Suter MJ, Tearney GJ, Li X. Endoscopic optical coherence tomography: technologies and clinical applications [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2405-2444. [PMID: 28663882 PMCID: PMC5480489 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the current state of technology development and clinical applications of endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT). Key design and engineering considerations are discussed for most OCT endoscopes, including side-viewing and forward-viewing probes, along with different scanning mechanisms (proximal-scanning versus distal-scanning). Multi-modal endoscopes that integrate OCT with other imaging modalities are also discussed. The review of clinical applications of endoscopic OCT focuses heavily on diagnosis of diseases and guidance of interventions. Representative applications in several organ systems are presented, such as in the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems. A brief outlook of the field of endoscopic OCT is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina J Gora
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- ICube Laboratory, CNRS, Strasbourg University, 1 Place de l'Hopital, Strasbourg 67091, France
| | - Melissa J Suter
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Avenue, Traylor 710, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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17
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Braaf B, de Boer JF. Self-interference fluorescence microscopy with three-phase detection for depth-resolved confocal epi-fluorescence imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:6475-6496. [PMID: 28380997 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.006475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional confocal fluorescence imaging of in vivo tissues is challenging due to sample motion and limited imaging speeds. In this paper a novel method is therefore presented for scanning confocal epi-fluorescence microscopy with instantaneous depth-sensing based on self-interference fluorescence microscopy (SIFM). A tabletop epi-fluorescence SIFM setup was constructed with an annular phase plate in the emission path to create a spectral self-interference signal that is phase-dependent on the axial position of a fluorescent sample. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on a 3 × 3 fiber-coupler was developed for a sensitive phase analysis of the SIFM signal with three photon-counter detectors instead of a spectrometer. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer created three intensity signals that alternately oscillated as a function of the SIFM spectral phase and therefore encoded directly for the axial sample position. Controlled axial translation of fluorescent microsphere layers showed a linear dependence of the SIFM spectral phase with sample depth over axial image ranges of 500 µm and 80 µm (3.9 × Rayleigh range) for 4 × and 10 × microscope objectives respectively. In addition, SIFM was in good agreement with optical coherence tomography depth measurements on a sample with indocyanine green dye filled capillaries placed at multiple depths. High-resolution SIFM imaging applications are demonstrated for fluorescence angiography on a dye-filled capillary blood vessel phantom and for autofluorescence imaging on an ex vivo fly eye.
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18
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de Boer JF, Hitzenberger CK, Yasuno Y. Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography - a review [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1838-1873. [PMID: 28663869 PMCID: PMC5480584 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is now a well-established modality for high-resolution cross-sectional and three-dimensional imaging of transparent and translucent samples and tissues. Conventional, intensity based OCT, however, does not provide a tissue-specific contrast, causing an ambiguity with image interpretation in several cases. Polarization sensitive (PS) OCT draws advantage from the fact that several materials and tissues can change the light's polarization state, adding an additional contrast channel and providing quantitative information. In this paper, we review basic and advanced methods of PS-OCT and demonstrate its use in selected biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. de Boer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Authors were listed in alphabetical order and contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Christoph K. Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Authors were listed in alphabetical order and contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Yoshiaki Yasuno
- Computational Optics Group, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Authors were listed in alphabetical order and contributed equally to the manuscript
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19
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Yamanari M, Tsuda S, Kokubun T, Shiga Y, Omodaka K, Aizawa N, Yokoyama Y, Himori N, Kunimatsu-Sanuki S, Maruyama K, Kunikata H, Nakazawa T. Estimation of Jones matrix, birefringence and entropy using Cloude-Pottier decomposition in polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3551-3573. [PMID: 27699120 PMCID: PMC5030032 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of polarimetric parameters has been a fundamental issue to assess biological tissues that have form birefringence or polarization scrambling in polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). We present a mathematical framework to provide a maximum likelihood estimation of the target covariance matrix and its incoherent target decomposition to estimate a Jones matrix of a dominant scattering mechanism, called Cloude-Pottier decomposition, thereby deriving the phase retardation and the optic axis of the sample. In addition, we introduce entropy that shows the randomness of the polarization property. Underestimation of the entropy at a low sampling number is mitigated by asymptotic quasi maximum likelihood estimator. A bias of the entropy from random noises is corrected to show only the polarization property inherent in the sample. The theory is validated with experimental measurements of a glass plate and waveplates, and applied to the imaging of a healthy human eye anterior segment as an image filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamanari
- Department of Technology Development, Tomey Corporation, 2-11-33 Noritakeshinmachi, Nishi-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 451-0051, Japan;
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Taiki Kokubun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Naoko Aizawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yu Yokoyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Noriko Himori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shiho Kunimatsu-Sanuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Maruyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunikata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan;
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20
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Villiger M, Lorenser D, McLaughlin RA, Quirk BC, Kirk RW, Bouma BE, Sampson DD. Deep tissue volume imaging of birefringence through fibre-optic needle probes for the delineation of breast tumour. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28771. [PMID: 27364229 PMCID: PMC4929466 DOI: 10.1038/srep28771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying tumour margins during breast-conserving surgeries is a persistent challenge. We have previously developed miniature needle probes that could enable intraoperative volume imaging with optical coherence tomography. In many situations, however, scattering contrast alone is insufficient to clearly identify and delineate malignant regions. Additional polarization-sensitive measurements provide the means to assess birefringence, which is elevated in oriented collagen fibres and may offer an intrinsic biomarker to differentiate tumour from benign tissue. Here, we performed polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography through miniature imaging needles and developed an algorithm to efficiently reconstruct images of the depth-resolved tissue birefringence free of artefacts. First ex vivo imaging of breast tumour samples revealed excellent contrast between lowly birefringent malignant regions, and stromal tissue, which is rich in oriented collagen and exhibits higher birefringence, as confirmed with co-located histology. The ability to clearly differentiate between tumour and uninvolved stroma based on intrinsic contrast could prove decisive for the intraoperative assessment of tumour margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Villiger
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dirk Lorenser
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert A. McLaughlin
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bryden C. Quirk
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rodney W. Kirk
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David D. Sampson
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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