1
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Flower CJ, Jalali Mehrabad M, Xu L, Moille G, Suarez-Forero DG, Örsel O, Bahl G, Chembo Y, Srinivasan K, Mittal S, Hafezi M. Observation of topological frequency combs. Science 2024; 384:1356-1361. [PMID: 38900874 DOI: 10.1126/science.ado0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
On-chip generation of optical frequency combs using nonlinear ring resonators has enabled numerous applications of combs that were otherwise limited to mode-locked lasers. Nevertheless, on-chip frequency combs have relied predominantly on single-ring resonators. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of a novel class of frequency combs, the topological frequency combs, in a two-dimensional lattice of hundreds of ring resonators that hosts fabrication-robust topological edge states with linear dispersion. By pumping these edge states, we demonstrate the generation of a nested frequency comb that shows oscillation of multiple edge state resonances across ≈40 longitudinal modes and is spatially confined at the lattice edge. Our results provide an opportunity to explore the interplay between topological physics and nonlinear frequency comb generation in a commercially available nanophotonic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Flower
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mahmoud Jalali Mehrabad
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lida Xu
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Gregory Moille
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Daniel G Suarez-Forero
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Oğulcan Örsel
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gaurav Bahl
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yanne Chembo
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sunil Mittal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohammad Hafezi
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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2
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Hinney J, Kim S, Flatt GJK, Datta I, Alù A, Lipson M. Efficient excitation and control of integrated photonic circuits with virtual critical coupling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2741. [PMID: 38548757 PMCID: PMC10978855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Critical coupling in integrated photonic devices enables the efficient transfer of energy from a waveguide to a resonator, a key operation for many applications. This condition is achieved when the resonator loss rate is equal to the coupling rate to the bus waveguide. Carefully matching these quantities is challenging in practice, due to variations in the resonator properties resulting from fabrication and external conditions. Here, we demonstrate that efficient energy transfer to a non-critically coupled resonator can be achieved by tailoring the excitation signal in time. We rely on excitations oscillating at complex frequencies to load an otherwise overcoupled resonator, demonstrating that a virtual critical coupling condition is achieved if the imaginary part of the complex frequency equals the mismatch between loss and coupling rate. We probe a microring resonator with tailored pulses and observe a minimum intensity transmission T = 0.11 in contrast to a continuous-wave transmission T = 0.58 , corresponding to 8 times enhancement of intracavity intensity. Our technique opens opportunities for enhancing and controlling on-demand light-matter interactions for linear and nonlinear photonic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hinney
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Seunghwi Kim
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Graydon J K Flatt
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ipshita Datta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Michal Lipson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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3
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Kazakov D, Letsou TP, Beiser M, Zhi Y, Opačak N, Piccardo M, Schwarz B, Capasso F. Active mid-infrared ring resonators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:607. [PMID: 38242868 PMCID: PMC10799048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
High-quality optical ring resonators can confine light in a small volume and store it for millions of roundtrips. They have enabled the dramatic size reduction from laboratory scale to chip level of optical filters, modulators, frequency converters, and frequency comb generators in the visible and the near-infrared. The mid-infrared spectral region (3-12 μm), as important as it is for molecular gas sensing and spectroscopy, lags behind in development of integrated photonic components. Here we demonstrate the integration of mid-infrared ring resonators and directional couplers, incorporating a quantum cascade active region in the waveguide core. It enables electrical control of the resonant frequency, its quality factor, the coupling regime and the coupling coefficient. We show that one device, depending on its operating point, can act as a tunable filter, a nonlinear frequency converter, or a frequency comb generator. These concepts extend to the integration of multiple active resonators and waveguides in arbitrary configurations, thus allowing the implementation of purpose-specific mid-infrared active photonic integrated circuits for spectroscopy, communication, and microwave generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kazakov
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Theodore P Letsou
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Maximilian Beiser
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiyang Zhi
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nikola Opačak
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Piccardo
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores - Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), 1000-029, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Benedikt Schwarz
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, TU Wien, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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4
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Liu H, Brodnik GM, Zang J, Carlson DR, Black JA, Papp SB. Threshold and Laser Conversion in Nanostructured-Resonator Parametric Oscillators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:023801. [PMID: 38277595 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.023801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
We explore optical parametric oscillation (OPO) in nanophotonic resonators, enabling arbitrary, nonlinear phase matching and nearly lossless control of energy conversion. Such pristine OPO laser converters are determined by nonlinear light-matter interactions, making them both technologically flexible and broadly reconfigurable. We utilize a nanostructured inner-wall modulation in the resonator to achieve universal phase matching for OPO-laser conversion, but coherent backscattering also induces a counterpropagating pump laser. This depletes the intraresonator optical power in either direction, increasing the OPO threshold power and limiting laser-conversion efficiency, the ratio of optical power in target signal and idler frequencies to the pump. We develop an analytical model of this system that emphasizes an understanding of optimal laser-conversion and threshold behaviors, and we use the model to guide experiments with nanostructured-resonator OPO laser-conversion circuits, fully integrated on chip and unlimited by group-velocity dispersion. Our Letter demonstrates the fundamental connection between OPO laser-conversion efficiency and the resonator coupling rate, subject to the relative phase and power of counterpropagating pump fields. We achieve (40±4) mW of on-chip power, corresponding to (41±4)% conversion efficiency, and discover a path toward near-unity OPO laser-conversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Liu
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Grant M Brodnik
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jizhao Zang
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - David R Carlson
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Octave Photonics, Louisville, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer A Black
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Scott B Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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5
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Fang Z, Mills B, Chen R, Zhang J, Xu P, Hu J, Majumdar A. Arbitrary Programming of Racetrack Resonators Using Low-Loss Phase-Change Material Sb 2Se 3. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:97-103. [PMID: 38127716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The programmable photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is an enabling technology behind optical interconnects and quantum information processing. Conventionally, the programmability of PICs is driven by the thermo-optic effect, free carrier dispersion, or mechanical tuning. These effects afford either high speed or a large extinction ratio, but all require constant power or bias to maintain the states, which is undesirable for programmability with infrequent switching. Recent progress in programmable PICs based on nonvolatile phase-change materials (PCMs) offers an attractive solution to a truly "set-and-forget" switch that requires zero static energy. Here, we report an essential building block of large-scale programmable PICs─a racetrack resonator with independent control of coupling and phase. We changed the resonance extinction ratio (ER) without perturbing the resonance wavelength, leveraging a programmable unit based on a directional coupler and a low-loss PCM Sb2Se3. The unit is only 33-μm-long and has an operating bandwidth over 50 nm, a low insertion loss (∼0.36 dB), high ER (∼15 dB), and excellent fabrication yield of over 1000 cycles endurance across nine switches. The work is a crucial step toward future large-scale energy-efficient programmable PICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brian Mills
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jieying Zhang
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Peipeng Xu
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Detection Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Juejun Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Choi G, Su J. Impact of stimulated Raman scattering on dark soliton generation in a silica microresonator. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2023; 5:014001. [PMID: 36698962 PMCID: PMC9855653 DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/aca8e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Generating a coherent optical frequency comb at an arbitrary wavelength is important for fields such as precision spectroscopy and optical communications. Dark solitons which are coherent states of optical frequency combs in normal dispersion microresonators can extend the operating wavelength range of these combs. While the existence and dynamics of dark solitons has been examined extensively, requirements for the modal interaction for accessing the soliton state in the presence of a strong Raman interaction at near visible wavelengths has been less explored. Here, analysis on the parametric and Raman gain in a silica microresonator is performed, revealing that four-wave mixing parametric gain which can be created by a modal-interaction-aided additional frequency shift is able to exceed the Raman gain. The existence range of the dark soliton is analyzed as a function of pump power and detuning for given modal coupling conditions. We anticipate these results will benefit fields requiring optical frequency combs with high efficiency and selectable wavelength such as biosensing applications using silica microcavities that have a strong Raman gain in the normal dispersion regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangho Choi
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Judith Su
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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7
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Yelo-Sarrión J, Leo F, Gorza SP, Parra-Rivas P. Self-pulsing and chaos in the asymmetrically driven dissipative photonic Bose-Hubbard dimer: A bifurcation analysis. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2022; 32:083103. [PMID: 36049949 DOI: 10.1063/5.0088597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We perform a systematic study of the temporal dynamics emerging in the asymmetrically driven dissipative Bose-Hubbard dimer model. This model successfully describes the nonlinear dynamics of photonic diatomic molecules in linearly coupled Kerr resonators coherently excited by a single laser beam. Such temporal dynamics may include self-pulsing oscillations, period doubled oscillatory states, chaotic dynamics, and spikes. We have thoroughly characterized such dynamical states, their origin, and their regions of stability by applying bifurcation analysis and dynamical system theory. This approach has allowed us to identify and classify the instabilities, which are responsible for the appearance of different types of temporal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Yelo-Sarrión
- OPERA-Photonique, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Francois Leo
- OPERA-Photonique, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Simon-Pierre Gorza
- OPERA-Photonique, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pedro Parra-Rivas
- OPERA-Photonique, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F. D. Roosevelt, CP 194/5, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhong K, Zhou X, Tsang HK. Broadband high-Q multimode silicon concentric racetrack resonators for widely tunable Raman lasers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3534. [PMID: 35725566 PMCID: PMC9209424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimode silicon resonators with ultralow propagation losses for ultrahigh quality (Q) factors have been attracting attention recently. However, conventional multimode silicon resonators only have high Q factors at certain wavelengths because the Q factors are reduced at wavelengths where fundamental modes and higher-order modes are both near resonances. Here, by implementing a broadband pulley directional coupler and concentric racetracks, we present a broadband high-Q multimode silicon resonator with average loaded Q factors of 1.4 × 106 over a wavelength range of 440 nm (1240–1680 nm). The mutual coupling between the two multimode racetracks can lead to two supermodes that mitigate the reduction in Q factors caused by the mode coupling of the higher-order modes. Based on the broadband high-Q multimode resonator, we experimentally demonstrated a broadly tunable Raman silicon laser with over 516 nm wavelength tuning range (1325–1841 nm), a threshold power of (0.4 ± 0.1) mW and a slope efficiency of (8.5 ± 1.5) % at 25 V reverse bias. The authors demonstrate a new approach for multimode resonators to maintain high-quality-factor resonances across a broad wavelength range using the detuning between the symmetric and anti-symmetric supermodes in concentric racetrack resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojing Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Keyi Zhong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Xuetong Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Hon Ki Tsang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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9
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Choi G, Gin A, Su J. Optical frequency combs in aqueous and air environments at visible to near-IR wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:8690-8699. [PMID: 35299315 PMCID: PMC8970704 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect and identify molecules at high sensitivity without the use of labels or capture agents is important for medical diagnostics, threat identification, environmental monitoring, and basic science. Microtoroid optical resonators, when combined with noise reduction techniques, have been shown capable of label-free single molecule detection; however, they still require a capture agent and prior knowledge of the target molecule. Optical frequency combs can potentially provide high precision spectroscopic information on molecules within the evanescent field of the microresonator; however, this has not yet been demonstrated in air or aqueous biological sensing. For aqueous solutions in particular, impediments include coupling and thermal instabilities, reduced Q factor, and changes to the mode spectrum. Here we overcome a key challenge toward single-molecule spectroscopy using optical microresonators: the generation of a frequency comb at visible to near-IR wavelengths when immersed in either air or aqueous solution. The required dispersion is achieved via intermodal coupling, which we show is attainable using larger microtoroids, but with the same shape and material that has previously been shown ideal for ultra-high sensitivity biosensing. We believe that the continuous evolution of this platform will allow us in the future to simultaneously detect and identify single molecules in both gas and liquid at any wavelength without the use of labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwangho Choi
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Adley Gin
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Judith Su
- College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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10
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Efficient Kerr soliton comb generation in micro-resonator with interferometric back-coupling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1292. [PMID: 35277485 PMCID: PMC8917225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear Kerr micro-resonators have enabled fundamental breakthroughs in the understanding of dissipative solitons, as well as in their application to optical frequency comb generation. However, the conversion efficiency of the pump power into a soliton frequency comb typically remains below a few percent. We fabricate and characterize a hybrid Mach-Zehnder ring resonator geometry, consisting of a micro-ring resonator embedded in an additional cavity with twice the optical path length of the ring. The resulting interferometric back coupling enables to achieve an unprecedented control of the pump depletion: pump-to-frequency comb conversion efficiencies of up to 55% of the input pump power is experimentally demonstrated with a soliton crystal comb. We assess the robustness of the proposed on-chip geometry by generating a large variety of dissipative Kerr soliton combs, which require a lower amount of pump power to be accessed, when compared with an isolated micro-ring resonator with identical parameters. Micro-resonators with feedback enable accessing new regimes of coherent soliton comb generation, and are well suited for comb applications in astronomy, spectroscopy and telecommunications. Increasing the conversion efficiency of soliton crystals will enable further application of optical frequency comb. Here the authors engineer an hybrid Mach-Zehnder micro-ring resonator to achieve 80% pump-to-comb conversion efficiency based on dissipative Kerr solitons.
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11
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Jang JK, Okawachi Y, Zhao Y, Ji X, Joshi C, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Conversion efficiency of soliton Kerr combs. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3657-3660. [PMID: 34329249 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the conversion efficiency (CE) of soliton modelocked Kerr frequency combs. Our analysis reveals three distinct scaling regimes of CE with the cavity free spectral range (FSR), which depends on the relative contributions of the coupling and propagation loss to the total cavity loss. Our measurements, for the case of critical coupling, verify our theoretical prediction over a range of FSRs and pump powers. Our numerical simulations also indicate that mode crossings have an adverse effect on the achievable CE. Our results indicate that microresonator combs operating with spacings in the electronically detectable regime are highly inefficient, which could have implications for integrated Kerr comb devices.
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12
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Marty G, Combrié S, Raineri F, De Rossi A. Photonic Crystal Optical Parametric Oscillator. NATURE PHOTONICS 2021; 15:53-58. [PMID: 33767738 PMCID: PMC7610394 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-020-00737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a new class of Optical Parametric Oscillators, based on a 20μm-long semiconductor Photonic Crystal Cavity and operating at Telecom wavelengths. Because the confinement results from Bragg scattering, the optical cavity contains a few modes, approximately equispaced in frequency. Parametric oscillation is reached when these high Q modes are thermally tuned into a triply resonant configuration, whereas any other parametric interaction is strongly suppressed. The lowest pump power threshold is estimated to 50 - 70μW. This source behaves as an ideal degenerate Optical Parametric Oscillator addressing the needs in the field of quantum optical circuits, paving the way to the dense integration of highly efficient nonlinear sources of squeezed light or entangled photons pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marty
- Thales Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, 1 avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotetchnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sylvain Combrié
- Thales Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, 1 avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fabrice Raineri
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotetchnologies, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, France
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Alfredo De Rossi
- Thales Research and Technology, Campus Polytechnique, 1 avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
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13
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Wang H, Lu YK, Wu L, Oh DY, Shen B, Lee SH, Vahala K. Dirac solitons in optical microresonators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:205. [PMID: 33361759 PMCID: PMC7758338 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mode-coupling-induced dispersion has been used to engineer microresonators for soliton generation at the edge of the visible band. Here, we show that the optical soliton formed in this way is analogous to optical Bragg solitons and, more generally, to the Dirac soliton in quantum field theory. This optical Dirac soliton is studied theoretically, and a closed-form solution is derived in the corresponding conservative system. Both analytical and numerical solutions show unusual properties, such as polarization twisting and asymmetrical optical spectra. The closed-form solution is also used to study the repetition rate shift in the soliton. An observation of the asymmetrical spectrum is analysed using theory. The properties of Dirac optical solitons in microresonators are important at a fundamental level and provide a road map for soliton microcomb generation in the visible band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Wang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yu-Kun Lu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lue Wu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Dong Yoon Oh
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Rockley Photonics Inc., Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Boqiang Shen
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA
| | - Kerry Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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14
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Qi Z, Leshem A, Jaramillo-Villegas JA, D'Aguanno G, Carruthers TF, Gat O, Weiner AM, Menyuk CR. Deterministic access of broadband frequency combs in microresonators using cnoidal waves in the soliton crystal limit. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36304-36315. [PMID: 33379727 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to deterministically obtain broad bandwidth frequency combs in microresonators. These broadband frequency combs correspond to cnoidal waves in the limit when they can be considered soliton crystals or single solitons. The method relies on moving adiabatically through the (frequency detuning)×(pump amplitude) parameter space, while avoiding the chaotic regime. We consider in detail Si3N4 microresonators with small or intermediate dimensions and an SiO2 microresonator with large dimensions, corresponding to prior experimental work. We also discuss the impact of thermal effects on the stable regions for the cnoidal waves. Their principal effect is to increase the detuning for all the stable regions, but they also skew the stable regions, since higher pump power corresponds to higher power and hence increased temperature and detuning. The change in the detuning is smaller for single solitons than it is for soliton crystals. Without temperature effects, the stable regions for single solitons and soliton crystals almost completely overlap. When thermal effects are included, the stable region for single solitons separates from the stable regions for the soliton crystals, explaining in part the effectiveness of backwards-detuning to obtaining single solitons.
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15
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Gong Z, Li M, Liu X, Xu Y, Lu J, Bruch A, Surya JB, Zou C, Tang HX. Photonic Dissipation Control for Kerr Soliton Generation in Strongly Raman-Active Media. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:183901. [PMID: 33196267 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.183901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcavity solitons enable miniaturized coherent frequency comb sources. However, the formation of microcavity solitons can be disrupted by stimulated Raman scattering, particularly in the emerging crystalline microcomb materials with high Raman gain. Here, we propose and implement dissipation control-tailoring the energy dissipation of selected cavity modes-to purposely raise or lower the threshold of Raman lasing in a strongly Raman-active lithium niobate microring resonator and realize on-demand soliton mode locking or Raman lasing. Numerical simulations are carried out to confirm our analyses and agree well with experiment results. Our work demonstrates an effective approach to address strong stimulated Raman scattering for microcavity soliton generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Optics and Optics Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xianwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Yuntao Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Juanjuan Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Alexander Bruch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Joshua B Surya
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Changling Zou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Optics and Optics Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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16
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Tan K, Menotti M, Vernon Z, Sipe JE, Liscidini M, Morrison B. Stimulated four-wave mixing in linearly uncoupled resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:873-876. [PMID: 32058493 DOI: 10.1364/ol.381563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate stimulated four-wave mixing in two linearly uncoupled integrated $ {{\rm Si}_3}{{\rm N}_4} $Si3N4 micro-resonators. In our structure, the resonance combs of each resonator can be tuned independently, with the energy transfer from one resonator to the other occurring in the presence of a nonlinear interaction. This method allows flexible and efficient on-chip control of the nonlinear interaction, and is readily applicable to other third-order nonlinear phenomena.
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17
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Kim BY, Okawachi Y, Jang JK, Yu M, Ji X, Zhao Y, Joshi C, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Turn-key, high-efficiency Kerr comb source. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4475-4478. [PMID: 31517910 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an approach for automated Kerr comb generation in the normal group-velocity dispersion (GVD) regime. Using a coupled-ring geometry in silicon nitride, we precisely control the wavelength location and splitting strength of avoided mode crossings to generate low-noise frequency combs with pump-to-comb conversion efficiencies of up to 41%, which is the highest reported to date for normal-GVD Kerr combs. Our technique enables on-demand generation of a high-power comb source for applications such as wavelength-division multiplexing in optical communications.
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18
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Wang C, Zhang M, Yu M, Zhu R, Hu H, Loncar M. Monolithic lithium niobate photonic circuits for Kerr frequency comb generation and modulation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:978. [PMID: 30816151 PMCID: PMC6395685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08969-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microresonator Kerr frequency combs could provide miniaturised solutions for a wide range of applications. Many of these applications however require further manipulation of the generated frequency comb signal using photonic elements with strong second-order nonlinearity (χ(2)). To date these functionalities have largely been implemented as discrete components due to material limitations, which comes at the expense of extra system complexity and increased optical losses. Here we demonstrate the generation, filtering and electro-optic modulation of a frequency comb on a single monolithic integrated chip, using a nanophotonic lithium-niobate platform that simultaneously possesses large electro-optic (χ(2)) and Kerr (χ(3)) nonlinearities, and low optical losses. We generate broadband Kerr frequency combs using a dispersion-engineered high-Q lithium-niobate microresonator, select a single comb line using an electrically programmable add-drop filter, and modulate the intensity of the selected line. Our results pave the way towards monolithic integrated frequency comb solutions for spectroscopy, data communication, ranging and quantum photonics. Kerr microcombs promise the miniaturization of frequency comb sources, but many applications require additional second-order nonlinearities. Here, Wang et al. demonstrate that comb generation and second-order functionalities can be monolithically integrated on a single lithium niobate chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Electronic Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mian Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,HyperLight Corporation, 501 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mengjie Yu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Hu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marko Loncar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Barturen M, Abadía N, Milano J, Costanzo Caso PA, Plant DV. Manipulation of extinction features in frequency combs through the usage of graphene. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:15490-15502. [PMID: 30114809 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.015490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lately, the integration of two-dimensional materials into semiconductor devices has allowed the modification of their effective index by simply applying a modest voltage (between 0 and 3 volts). In this work, we present a device composed of two evanescently coupled silicon microring resonators where both rings have a graphene layer on top. This design is aimed to produce frequency combs with transmission characteristics controlled upon voltage application to the graphene layer. We numerically analyze the device response as a function of the incident wavelength and applied voltage. The results showed a low input intensity (0.6 GW/cm2) needed and a rapid response time (0.1 μs), in comparison to devices controlled by heat injection.
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20
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Dutt A, Joshi C, Ji X, Cardenas J, Okawachi Y, Luke K, Gaeta AL, Lipson M. On-chip dual-comb source for spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:e1701858. [PMID: 29511733 PMCID: PMC5834308 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy is a powerful technique for real-time, broadband optical sampling of molecular spectra, which requires no moving components. Recent developments with microresonator-based platforms have enabled frequency combs at the chip scale. However, the need to precisely match the resonance wavelengths of distinct high quality-factor microcavities has hindered the development of on-chip dual combs. We report the simultaneous generation of two microresonator combs on the same chip from a single laser, drastically reducing experimental complexity. We demonstrate broadband optical spectra spanning 51 THz and low-noise operation of both combs by deterministically tuning into soliton mode-locked states using integrated microheaters, resulting in narrow (<10 kHz) microwave beat notes. We further use one comb as a reference to probe the formation dynamics of the other comb, thus introducing a technique to investigate comb evolution without auxiliary lasers or microwave oscillators. We demonstrate high signal-to-noise ratio absorption spectroscopy spanning 170 nm using the dual-comb source over a 20-μs acquisition time. Our device paves the way for compact and robust spectrometers at nanosecond time scales enabled by large beat-note spacings (>1 GHz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Dutt
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xingchen Ji
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jaime Cardenas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yoshitomo Okawachi
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin Luke
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alexander L. Gaeta
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michal Lipson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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21
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Milián C, Kartashov YV, Skryabin DV, Torner L. Cavity solitons in a microring dimer with gain and loss. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:979-982. [PMID: 29489760 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We address a pair of vertically coupled microring resonators with gain and loss pumped by a single-frequency field. Coupling between microrings results in a twofold splitting of the single microring resonance that increases when gain and losses decrease, giving rise to two cavity soliton (CS) families. We show that the existence regions of CSs are tunable and that both CS families can be stable in the presence of an imbalance between gain and losses in the two microrings. These findings enable experimental realization of frequency combs in configurations with active microrings and contribute toward the realization of compact multisoliton comb sources.
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22
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Adib GA, Sabry YM, Khalil D. Analysis of dual coupler nested coupled cavities. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:9457-9468. [PMID: 29216059 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.009457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coupled ring resonators are now forming the basic building blocks in several optical systems serving different applications. In many of these applications, a small full width at half maximum is required, along with a large free spectral range. In this work, a configuration of passive coupled cavities constituting dual coupler nested cavities is proposed. A theoretical study of the configuration is presented allowing us to obtain analytical expressions of its different spectral characteristics. The transfer function of the configuration is also used to generate design curves while comparing these results with analytical expressions. Finally, the configuration is compared with other coupled cavity configurations.
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23
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Lee SH, Oh DY, Yang QF, Shen B, Wang H, Yang KY, Lai YH, Yi X, Li X, Vahala K. Towards visible soliton microcomb generation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1295. [PMID: 29101367 PMCID: PMC5670225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01473-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequency combs have applications that extend from the ultra-violet into the mid-infrared bands. Microcombs, a miniature and often semiconductor-chip-based device, can potentially access most of these applications, but are currently more limited in spectral reach. Here, we demonstrate mode-locked silica microcombs with emission near the edge of the visible spectrum. By using both geometrical and mode-hybridization dispersion control, devices are engineered for soliton generation while also maintaining optical Q factors as high as 80 million. Electronics-bandwidth-compatible (20 GHz) soliton mode locking is achieved with low pumping powers (parametric oscillation threshold powers as low as 5.4 mW). These are the shortest wavelength soliton microcombs demonstrated to date and could be used in miniature optical clocks. The results should also extend to visible and potentially ultra-violet bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Dong Yoon Oh
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Qi-Fan Yang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Boqiang Shen
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ki Youl Yang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yu-Hung Lai
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Xu Yi
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Xinbai Li
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kerry Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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24
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Dorche AE, Abdollahramezani S, Taheri H, Eftekhar AA, Adibi A. Extending chip-based Kerr-comb to visible spectrum by dispersive wave engineering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:22362-22374. [PMID: 29041548 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.022362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous group velocity dispersion is a key parameter for generating bright solitons, and thus wideband Kerr frequency combs. Extension of the frequency combs spectrum to visible wavelengths has been a major challenge because of the strong normal dispersion of conventional photonic materials at these wavelengths. In this paper, we numerically demonstrate a wideband frequency comb extending from near-infrared to visible wavelengths (∼1200 nm to 650 nm). The proposed frequency comb micro-resonator takes advantage of a wideband blue-shifted anomalous dispersion, achieved in an optimized over-etched silicon nitride waveguide and strong power transfer to shorter wavelengths through radiative dispersive waves, achieved by modulating the dispersion in a coupled resonator architecture. We show the possibility of obtaining a close to visible dispersive Cherenkov radiation peak that is only 10 dB below the overall comb peak and can be tuned by adjusting the coupling structure in the coupled resonator architecture.
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25
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Lei X, Gu Z, Ma J, Qin G, Chen Z, Chen S. Investigation of the local dispersion change in anomalous dispersion microcavity and quantitative analysis of the phase-matching in Kerr comb generation. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:4828-4834. [PMID: 29047621 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.004828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We numerically simulate Kerr comb generation in an anomalous dispersion microcavity by modal expansion method and demonstrate that the initiation of comb generation is affected by the change of local dispersion possibly caused by avoided mode crossings. We also quantitatively analyze the instantaneous phase matching of different modes and reveal the characteristics of energy distribution in different modes in the dynamics of comb generation. We demonstrate that the local dispersion change can control the Kerr comb to transform between Type I and Type II combs. We also find that local dispersion is closely related to the stability of the power of Kerr comb lines, something that can change the dynamical state of the system near the Hamiltonian-Hopf bifurcation under an anomalous dispersion regime from a quasi-periodic oscillation state to a periodic state (Turing patterns).
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26
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Lee BS, Zhang M, Barbosa FAS, Miller SA, Mohanty A, St-Gelais R, Lipson M. On-chip thermo-optic tuning of suspended microresonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12109-12120. [PMID: 28786569 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Suspended optical microresonators are promising devices for on-chip photonic applications such as radio-frequency oscillators, optical frequency combs, and sensors. Scaling up these devices demands the capability to tune the optical resonances in an integrated manner. Here, we design and experimentally demonstrate integrated on-chip thermo-optic tuning of suspended microresonators by utilizing suspended wire bridges and microheaters. We demonstrate the ability to tune the resonance of a suspended microresonator in silicon nitride platform by 9.7 GHz using 5.3 mW of heater power. The loaded optical quality factor (QL ~92,000) stays constant throughout the detuning. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by completely turning on and off the optical coupling between two evanescently coupled suspended microresonators.
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27
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Baker CG, Bekker C, McAuslan DL, Sheridan E, Bowen WP. High bandwidth on-chip capacitive tuning of microtoroid resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:20400-20412. [PMID: 27607646 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, fabrication and characterization of silica microtoroid based cavity opto-electromechanical systems (COEMS). Electrodes patterned onto the microtoroid resonators allow for rapid capacitive tuning of the optical whispering gallery mode resonances while maintaining their ultrahigh quality factor, enabling applications such as efficient radio to optical frequency conversion, optical routing and switching applications.
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28
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Urbonas D, Balčytis A, Vaškevičius K, Gabalis M, Petruškevičius R. Air and dielectric bands photonic crystal microringresonator for refractive index sensing. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3655-3658. [PMID: 27472642 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the experimental and numerical analysis of a microring resonator with an integrated one-dimensional photonic crystal fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator platform and show its applicability in bulk refractive index sensing. The photonic crystal is formed by periodically patterned, partially etched cylindrical perforations, whose induced photonic bandgap is narrower than the range of measurable wavelengths (1520-1620 nm). Of particular interest is that the microring operates in both air and dielectric bands, and the sensitivities of the resonances on both edges of the bandgap were investigated. We showed that a higher field localization inside the volume of the perforations for the air band mode leads to an increase in sensitivity.
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29
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Wang PH, Jaramillo-Villegas JA, Xuan Y, Xue X, Bao C, Leaird DE, Qi M, Weiner AM. Intracavity characterization of micro-comb generation in the single-soliton regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:10890-7. [PMID: 27409909 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.010890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Soliton formation in on-chip micro-comb generation balances cavity dispersion and nonlinearity and allows coherent, low-noise comb operation. We study the intracavity waveform of an on-chip microcavity soliton in a silicon nitride microresonator configured with a drop port. Whereas combs measured at the through port are accompanied by a very strong pump line which accounts for >99% of the output power, our experiments reveal that inside the microcavity, most of the power is in the soliton. Time-domain measurements performed at the drop port provide information that directly reflects the intracavity field. Data confirm a train of bright, close to bandwidth-limited pulses, accompanied by a weak continuous wave (CW) background with a small phase shift relative to the comb.
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30
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Grudinin IS, Mansour K, Yu N. Properties of fluoride microresonators for mid-IR applications. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2378-2381. [PMID: 27177007 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study crystalline fluoride microresonators for mid-infrared (mid-IR) applications. Whispering gallery mode resonators were fabricated with BaF2, CaF2, and MgF2 crystals. The quality factors were measured at wavelengths of 1.56 and 4.58 μm. The impacts of post-fabrication processing, impurities, and surface water are highlighted. The mid-IR optical losses due to multiphoton absorption are measured. It is found that MgF2 resonators have a room temperature Q-factor of 8.3×106 at a wavelength of 4.58 μm, limited by multiphoton absorption.
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31
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Kordts A, Pfeiffer MHP, Guo H, Brasch V, Kippenberg TJ. Higher order mode suppression in high-Q anomalous dispersion SiN microresonators for temporal dissipative Kerr soliton formation. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:452-455. [PMID: 26907395 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High-Q silicon nitride (SiN) microresonators enable optical Kerr frequency comb generation on a photonic chip and have recently been shown to support fully coherent combs based on temporal dissipative Kerr soliton formation. For bright soliton formation, it is necessary to operate SiN waveguides in the multimode regime in order to produce waveguide induced anomalous group velocity dispersion. However, this regime can lead to local disturbances of the dispersion due to avoided crossings caused by coupling between different mode families and, therefore, prevent the soliton formation. Here, we demonstrate that a single-mode "filtering" section inside high-Q resonators enables efficiently suppression of avoided crossings, while preserving high quality factors (Q∼10(6)). We verify the approach by demonstrating single soliton formation in SiN resonators with a filtering section.
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32
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Dutt A, Miller S, Luke K, Cardenas J, Gaeta AL, Nussenzveig P, Lipson M. Tunable squeezing using coupled ring resonators on a silicon nitride chip. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:223-226. [PMID: 26766679 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate continuous tuning of the squeezing-level generated in a double-ring optical parametric oscillator by externally controlling the coupling condition using electrically controlled integrated microheaters. We accomplish this by utilizing the avoided crossing exhibited by a pair of coupled silicon nitride microring resonators. We directly detect a change in the squeezing level from 0.5 dB in the undercoupled regime to 2 dB in the overcoupled regime, which corresponds to a change in the generated on-chip squeezing factor from 0.9 to 3.9 dB. Such wide tunability in the squeezing level can be harnessed for on-chip quantum-enhanced sensing protocols that require an optimal degree of squeezing.
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33
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Durán V, Tainta S, Torres-Company V. Ultrafast electrooptic dual-comb interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:30557-69. [PMID: 26698533 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dual-comb interferometry is a particularly compelling technique that relies on the phase coherence of two laser frequency combs for measuring broadband complex spectra. This method is rapidly advancing the field of optical spectroscopy and empowering new applications, from nonlinear microscopy to laser ranging. Up to now, most dual-comb interferometers were based on modelocked lasers, whose repetition rates have restricted the measurement speed to ~kHz. Here we demonstrate a dual-comb interferometer that is based on electrooptic frequency combs and measures consecutive complex spectra at an ultra-high refresh rate of 25 MHz. These results pave the way for novel scientific and metrology applications of frequency comb generators beyond the realm of molecular spectroscopy, where the measurement of ultrabroadband waveforms is of paramount relevance.
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Gao G, Li D, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Armghan A, Huang Q, Wang Y, Yu J, Xia J. Tuning of resonance spacing over whole free spectral range based on Autler-Townes splitting in a single microring resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:26895-26904. [PMID: 26480351 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.026895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a single microring resonator structure formed by incorporating a reflectivity-tunable loop mirror is demonstrated for the tuning of resonance spacing. Autler-Townes splitting in the resonator is utilized to tune the spacing between two adjacent resonances by controlling the strength of coupling between the two counter-propagating degenerate modes in the microring resonator. A theoretical model based on the transfer matrix method is built to analyze the device. The theoretical analysis indicates that the resonance spacing can be tuned from zero to one free spectral range (FSR). In experiment, by integrating metallic microheater, the tuning of resonance spacing in the range of the whole FSR (1.17 nm) is achieved within 9.82 mW heating power dissipation. The device has potential for applications in reconfigurable optical filtering and microwave photonics.
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