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Ono T, Tsujimoto Y, Wakui K, Fujiwara M. Quantum interference of pulsed time-bin entanglement generated from silicon ring resonator. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1051. [PMID: 38200214 PMCID: PMC10781760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a pulsed operation of an entangled photon pair source that is based on a silicon ring resonator. Time-bin entangled photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths are generated via spontaneous four-wave mixing, which is excited by a pulsed pump laser. The entanglement between the generated photon pair is analyzed by using asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometers followed by single-photon detectors, resulting in non-classical interference with a visibility exceeding a classical limit. The reason for the degradation of the interference visibility is discussed using the theoretical model with experimental parameters. Our experimental results show successful pulsed generation of entanglement, which represents an important step towards a synchronized quantum network based on silicon photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Ono
- Program in Advanced Materials Science Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0396, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Tsujimoto
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8795, Japan
| | - Kentaro Wakui
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8795, Japan
| | - Mikio Fujiwara
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8795, Japan
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2
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Wu C, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ding J, Zhu P, Xue S, Yu X, Zheng Q, Yu M, Huang A, Fu X, Qiang X, Deng M, Wu J, Xu P. Optimization of quantum light sources and four-wave mixing based on a reconfigurable silicon ring resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9992-10010. [PMID: 35299412 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Being a key component on a photonic chip, the microring usually specializes in a certain nonlinear optical process and can not simultaneously meet different working conditions for different processes. Here, we theoretically and experimentally investigate a reconfigurable silicon microring resonator to act as a optimization strategy for both classical four-wave mixing and quantum light sources. Experimental results show that the four-wave mixing efficiency with continuous wave and pulsed pump can be both optimized to a high value well matching numerical analysis. A variety of quantum light sources - including the heralded single-photon source, two-photon source and multi-photon source - are demonstrated to present a high performance and their key parameters including the pair generation rates (PGR), the heralding efficiency (HE) and the coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) are controllable and optimizable. Such tunable nonlinear converter is immune to fabrication variations and can be popularized to other nonlinear optical materials, providing a simple and compact post-fabrication trimming strategy for on-chip all-optical signal processing and photonic quantum technologies.
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3
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Rosenfeld LM, Sulway DA, Sinclair GF, Anant V, Thompson MG, Rarity JG, Silverstone JW. Mid-infrared quantum optics in silicon. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37092-37102. [PMID: 33379550 DOI: 10.1364/oe.386615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Applied quantum optics stands to revolutionise many aspects of information technology, provided performance can be maintained when scaled up. Silicon quantum photonics satisfies the scaling requirements of miniaturisation and manufacturability, but at 1.55 µm it suffers from problematic linear and nonlinear loss. Here we show that, by translating silicon quantum photonics to the mid-infrared, a new quantum optics platform is created which can simultaneously maximise manufacturability and miniaturisation, while reducing loss. We demonstrate the necessary platform components: photon-pair generation, single-photon detection, and high-visibility quantum interference, all at wavelengths beyond 2 µm. Across various regimes, we observe a maximum net coincidence rate of 448 ± 12 Hz, a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of 25.7 ± 1.1, and, a net two-photon quantum interference visibility of 0.993 ± 0.017. Mid-infrared silicon quantum photonics will bring new quantum applications within reach.
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Samara F, Martin A, Autebert C, Karpov M, Kippenberg TJ, Zbinden H, Thew R. High-rate photon pairs and sequential Time-Bin entanglement with Si 3N 4 microring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19309-19318. [PMID: 31503692 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrated photonics is increasing in importance for compact, robust, and scalable enabling quantum technologies. This is particularly interesting for developing quantum communication networks, where resources need to be deployed in the field. We exploit photonic chip-based Si3N4 microring resonators to realise a photon pair source with low-loss, high-noise suppression and coincidence rates of 80×103 s-1. A simple photonic noise characterisation technique is presented that distinguishes linear and nonlinear contributions useful for system design and optimisation. We then demonstrate an all-fiber 750 MHz clock-rate sequential Time-Bin entanglement scheme with raw interference visibilities > 98 %.
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Menotti M, Morrison B, Tan K, Vernon Z, Sipe JE, Liscidini M. Nonlinear Coupling of Linearly Uncoupled Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:013904. [PMID: 31012691 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.013904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a system composed of two resonators that are coupled solely through a nonlinear interaction, and where the linear properties of each resonator can be controlled locally. We show that this class of dynamical systems has peculiar properties with important consequences for the study of classical and quantum nonlinear optical phenomena. As an example we discuss the case of dual-pump spontaneous four-wave mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Menotti
- Xanadu, 372 Richmond Street W, Toronto, Ontario M5V 1X6, Canada
| | - B Morrison
- Xanadu, 372 Richmond Street W, Toronto, Ontario M5V 1X6, Canada
| | - K Tan
- Xanadu, 372 Richmond Street W, Toronto, Ontario M5V 1X6, Canada
| | - Z Vernon
- Xanadu, 372 Richmond Street W, Toronto, Ontario M5V 1X6, Canada
| | - J E Sipe
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - M Liscidini
- Impact Centre, University of Toronto, 411-112 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Lu X, Li Q, Westly DA, Moille G, Singh A, Anant V, Srinivasan K. Chip-integrated visible-telecom photon pair sources for quantum communication. NATURE PHYSICS 2019; 15:10.1038/s41567-018-0394-3. [PMID: 31275426 PMCID: PMC6605094 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photon pair sources are fundamental building blocks for quantum entanglement and quantum communication. Recent studies in silicon photonics have documented promising characteristics for photon pair sources within the telecommunications band, including sub-milliwatt optical pump power, high spectral brightness, and high photon purity. However, most quantum systems suitable for local operations, such as storage and computation, support optical transitions in the visible or short near-infrared bands. In comparison to telecommunications wavelengths, the significantly higher optical attenuation in silica at such wavelengths limits the length scale over which optical-fiber-based quantum communication between such local nodes can take place. One approach to connect such systems over fiber is through a photon pair source that can bridge the visible and telecom bands, but an appropriate source, which should produce narrow-band photon pairs with a high signal-to-noise ratio, has not yet been developed. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip visible-telecom photon pair source for the first time, using high quality factor silicon nitride microresonators to generate bright photon pairs with an unprecedented coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR) up to (3.8 ± 0.2) × 103. We further demonstrate dispersion engineering of the microresonators to enable the connection of different species of trapped atoms/ions, defect centers, and quantum dots to the telecommunications bands for future quantum communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Lu
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daron A. Westly
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Gregory Moille
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Ma C, Wang X, Mookherjea S. Photon-pair and heralded single photon generation initiated by a fraction of a 10 Gbps data stream. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:22904-22915. [PMID: 30184947 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.022904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A fraction of a classical 10 Gigabits-per-second, non-return-to-zero data stream at 1.55 micron wavelengths from a standard telecommunications optical transceiver was tapped and used to generate photon-pairs and heralded single photons using a silicon microring resonator at room temperature. These results show that there may be no need for a separate laser to generate high-quality photon pairs for quantum applications in a typical optical communications network.
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Faruque II, Sinclair GF, Bonneau D, Rarity JG, Thompson MG. On-chip quantum interference with heralded photons from two independent micro-ring resonator sources in silicon photonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:20379-20395. [PMID: 30119349 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High visibility on-chip quantum interference among indistinguishable single-photons from multiples sources is a key prerequisite for integrated linear optical quantum computing. Resonant enhancement in micro-ring resonators naturally enables brighter, purer and more indistinguishable single-photon production without any tight spectral filtering. The indistinguisha-bility of heralded single-photons from multiple micro-ring resonators has not been measured in any photonic platform. Here, we report on-chip indistinguishability measurements of heralded single-photons generated from independent micro-ring resonators by using an on-chip Mach-Zehnder interferometer and spectral demultiplexer. We measured the raw heralded two-photon interference fringe visibility as 72 ± 3%. This result agrees with our model, which includes device imperfections, spectral impurity and multi-pair emissions. We identify multi-pair emissions as the main factor limiting the nonclassical interference visibility, and show a route towards achieving near unity visibility in future experiments.
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Caspani L, Xiong C, Eggleton BJ, Bajoni D, Liscidini M, Galli M, Morandotti R, Moss DJ. Integrated sources of photon quantum states based on nonlinear optics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17100. [PMID: 30167217 PMCID: PMC6062040 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate complex optical photon states involving entanglement between multiple optical modes is not only critical to advancing our understanding of quantum mechanics but will play a key role in generating many applications in quantum technologies. These include quantum communications, computation, imaging, microscopy and many other novel technologies that are constantly being proposed. However, approaches to generating parallel multiple, customisable bi- and multi-entangled quantum bits (qubits) on a chip are still in the early stages of development. Here, we review recent advances in the realisation of integrated sources of photonic quantum states, focusing on approaches based on nonlinear optics that are compatible with contemporary optical fibre telecommunications and quantum memory platforms as well as with chip-scale semiconductor technology. These new and exciting platforms hold the promise of compact, low-cost, scalable and practical implementations of sources for the generation and manipulation of complex quantum optical states on a chip, which will play a major role in bringing quantum technologies out of the laboratory and into the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Caspani
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Chunle Xiong
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Eggleton
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniele Bajoni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Liscidini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Galli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Morandotti
- INRS-EMT, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David J Moss
- Center for Microphotonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122 Australia
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Fujiwara M, Wakabayashi R, Sasaki M, Takeoka M. Wavelength division multiplexed and double-port pumped time-bin entangled photon pair generation using Si ring resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:3445-3453. [PMID: 28241558 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a wavelength division multiplexed time-bin entangled photon pair source in telecom wavelength using a 10 μm radius Si ring resonator. This compact resonator has two add ports and two drop ports. By pumping one add port by a continuous laser, we demonstrate an efficient generation of two-wavelength division multiplexed time-bin entangled photon pairs in the telecom C-band, which come out of one drop port, and are then split into the signal and idler photons via a wavelength filter. The resonator structure enhances four-wave mixing for pair generation. Moreover, we demonstrate the double-port pumping where two counter propagating pump lights are injected to generate entanglement from the two drop ports simultaneously. We successfully observe the highly entangled outputs from both two drop ports. Surprisingly, the count rate at each drop port is even increased by twice that of the single-port pumping. Possible mechanisms of this observation are discussed. Our technique allows for the efficient use of the Si ring resonator and widens its functionality for variety of applications.
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Wang X, Lentine A, DeRose C, Starbuck AL, Trotter D, Pomerene A, Mookherjea S. Wide-range and fast thermally-tunable silicon photonic microring resonators using the junction field effect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:23081-23093. [PMID: 27828374 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.023081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tunable silicon microring resonators with small, integrated micro-heaters which exhibit a junction field effect were made using a conventional silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic foundry fabrication process. The design of the resistive tuning section in the microrings included a "pinched" p-n junction, which limited the current at higher voltages and inhibited damage even when driven by a pre-emphasized voltage waveform. Dual-ring filters were studied for both large (>4.9 THz) and small (850 GHz) free-spectral ranges. Thermal red-shifting was demonstrated with microsecond-scale time constants, e.g., a dual-ring filter was tuned over 25 nm in 0.6 μs 10%-90% transition time, and with efficiency of 3.2 μW/GHz.
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Liscidini M, Sipe JE, Helt LG. Continuous wave photon pair generation in silicon-on-insultator waveguides and ring resonators and erratum: comment. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:9130-9131. [PMID: 27137340 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.009130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We consider the generation of photon pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing in ring resonators, as described by Clemmen et al. in Opt. Express17, 16558 (2009). We show that the theoretical limit predicted for the generation rate in their Erratum-Opt. Express 18, 14107 (2010)-is far too large due to an incorrect definition of a field enhancement factor.
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