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Afsharnia M, Junaid S, Saravi S, Chemnitz M, Wondraczek K, Pertsch T, Schmidt MA, Setzpfandt F. Generation of infrared photon pairs by spontaneous four-wave mixing in a CS 2-filled microstructured optical fiber. Sci Rep 2024; 14:977. [PMID: 38200053 PMCID: PMC10781736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51482-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate frequency non-degenerate photon-pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing from a novel CS2-filled microstructured optical fiber. CS2 has high nonlinearity, narrow Raman lines, a broad transmission spectrum, and also has a large index contrast with the microstructured silica fiber. We can achieve phase matching over a large spectral range by tuning the pump wavelength, allowing the generation of idler photons in the infrared region, which is suitable for applications in quantum spectroscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate a coincidence-to-accidental ratio of larger than 90 and a pair generation efficiency of about [Formula: see text] per pump pulse, which shows the viability of this fiber-based platform as a photon-pair source for quantum technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Afsharnia
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Saher Junaid
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sina Saravi
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Chemnitz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Wondraczek
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Pertsch
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus A Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Street 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Setzpfandt
- Institute of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745, Jena, Germany
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2
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Mobini E, Espinosa DHG, Vyas K, Dolgaleva K. AlGaAs Nonlinear Integrated Photonics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13070991. [PMID: 35888808 PMCID: PMC9323658 DOI: 10.3390/mi13070991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Practical applications implementing integrated photonic circuits can benefit from nonlinear optical functionalities such as wavelength conversion, all-optical signal processing, and frequency-comb generation, among others. Numerous nonlinear waveguide platforms have been explored for these roles; the group of materials capable of combining both passive and active functionalities monolithically on the same chip is III–V semiconductors. AlGaAs is the most studied III–V nonlinear waveguide platform to date; it exhibits both second- and third-order optical nonlinearity and can be used for a wide range of integrated nonlinear photonic devices. In this review, we conduct an extensive overview of various AlGaAs nonlinear waveguide platforms and geometries, their nonlinear optical performances, as well as the measured values and wavelength dependencies of their effective nonlinear coefficients. Furthermore, we highlight the state-of-the-art achievements in the field, among which are efficient tunable wavelength converters, on-chip frequency-comb generation, and ultra-broadband on-chip supercontinuum generation. Moreover, we overview the applications in development where AlGaAs nonlinear functional devices aspire to be the game-changers. Among such applications, there is all-optical signal processing in optical communication networks and integrated quantum photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mobini
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | - Daniel H. G. Espinosa
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (D.H.G.E.); (K.V.)
| | - Kaustubh Vyas
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (D.H.G.E.); (K.V.)
| | - Ksenia Dolgaleva
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (D.H.G.E.); (K.V.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Javid UA, Ling J, Staffa J, Li M, He Y, Lin Q. Ultrabroadband Entangled Photons on a Nanophotonic Chip. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:183601. [PMID: 34767430 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.183601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of quantum technologies on nanophotonic platforms has seen momentous progress in the past decade. Despite that, a demonstration of time-frequency entanglement over a broad spectral width is still lacking. Here we present an efficient source of ultrabroadband entangled photon pairs on a periodically poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguide. Employing dispersion engineering, we demonstrate a record-high 100 THz (1.2 μm-2 μm) generation bandwidth with a high efficiency of 13 GHz/mW and excellent noise performance with the coincidence-to-accidental ratio exceeding 10^{5}. We also measure strong time-frequency entanglement with over 98% two-photon interference visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman A Javid
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Jingwei Ling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Jeremy Staffa
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Yang He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Qiang Lin
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Mahmudlu H, May S, Angulo A, Sorel M, Kues M. AlGaAs-on-insulator waveguide for highly efficient photon-pair generation via spontaneous four-wave mixing. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1061-1064. [PMID: 33649657 DOI: 10.1364/ol.418932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the generation of correlated photon pairs in AlGaAs-on-insulator (AlGaAs-OI) waveguides through nonlinear spontaneous four-wave-mixing (SFWM). Our measurements reveal an SFWM pair generation efficiency of ∼0.096×1012pairs/(sW2) at a wavelength of 1550 nm. This is one of the highest efficiencies achieved to date for integrated SFWM sources. A maximal coincidence-to-accidental ratio of ∼122 is measured. A spectral characterization of the device's pair emission at the quantum level demonstrates a broad generation bandwidth of 2.0 THz, which is important for frequency multiplexing applications. Our results indicate that AlGaAs-OI is an efficient material platform for integrated quantum photonics at telecom wavelengths.
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Supercontinuum generation in dispersion engineered AlGaAs-on-insulator waveguides. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2052. [PMID: 33479455 PMCID: PMC7820398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of engineering the dispersion of AlGaAs-on-insulator (AlGaAs-OI) waveguides on supercontinuum generation is investigated at telecom wavelengths. The pronounced effect the waveguide width has on the nonlinear dynamics governing the supercontinua is systematically analyzed and the coherence of the spectra verified with numerical simulations. Using dispersion engineered AlGaAs-OI waveguides, broadband supercontinua were readily obtained for pulse energies of [Formula: see text] and a device length of only 3 mm. The results presented here, further understanding of the design and fabrication of this novel platform and describe the soliton and dispersive wave dynamics responsible for supercontinuum generation. This study showcases the potential of AlGaAs-OI for exploring fundamental physics and realizing highly efficient, compact, nonlinear devices.
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Caspani L, Xiong C, Eggleton BJ, Bajoni D, Liscidini M, Galli M, Morandotti R, Moss DJ. Integrated sources of photon quantum states based on nonlinear optics. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17100. [PMID: 30167217 PMCID: PMC6062040 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to generate complex optical photon states involving entanglement between multiple optical modes is not only critical to advancing our understanding of quantum mechanics but will play a key role in generating many applications in quantum technologies. These include quantum communications, computation, imaging, microscopy and many other novel technologies that are constantly being proposed. However, approaches to generating parallel multiple, customisable bi- and multi-entangled quantum bits (qubits) on a chip are still in the early stages of development. Here, we review recent advances in the realisation of integrated sources of photonic quantum states, focusing on approaches based on nonlinear optics that are compatible with contemporary optical fibre telecommunications and quantum memory platforms as well as with chip-scale semiconductor technology. These new and exciting platforms hold the promise of compact, low-cost, scalable and practical implementations of sources for the generation and manipulation of complex quantum optical states on a chip, which will play a major role in bringing quantum technologies out of the laboratory and into the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Caspani
- Institute of Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Chunle Xiong
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Eggleton
- Centre for Ultrahigh bandwidth Devices for Optical Systems (CUDOS), Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPOS), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniele Bajoni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Liscidini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Galli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, via Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Morandotti
- INRS-EMT, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David J Moss
- Center for Microphotonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122 Australia
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Liao Z, Wagner SJ, Alam MZ, Tolstikhin V, Stewart Aitchison J. Vertically integrated spot-size converter in AlGaAs-GaAs. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4167-4170. [PMID: 29028039 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the demonstration of a spot size converter (SSC) for monolithic photonic integration at a wavelength of 850 nm on a GaAs substrate. We designed and fabricated a dual-waveguide AlGaAs chip. The design consists of a lower waveguide layer for efficient end-fire coupling to a single-mode fiber, an upper waveguide layer for high refractive index contrast waveguides, and a vertical SSC to connect the two waveguide layers. We measured a SSC conversion efficiency of 91% (or -0.4 dB) between the upper and lower waveguide layers for the TE mode at a wavelength of 850 nm.
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Kultavewuti P, Qian L, Aitchison JS. Benefit of birefringence for the direct generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:18474-18484. [PMID: 28789332 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.018474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Generating polarization-entangled photon pairs on chip is generally complicated by the birefringence of waveguides. In this work, we propose a technique that uses waveguide birefringence and lends itself to simple device designs. The technique relies on two orthogonal spontaneous four-wave mixing processes. We employ the full quantum optics theory and dispersion analysis, and show that the technique can produce highly entangled states, with concurrence as high as 0.976 and covering the entire C-band.
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Kultavewuti P, Zhu EY, Xing X, Qian L, Pusino V, Sorel M, Aitchison JS. Polarization-entangled photon pair sources based on spontaneous four wave mixing assisted by polarization mode dispersion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5785. [PMID: 28725031 PMCID: PMC5517469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic-based qubits and integrated photonic circuits have enabled demonstrations of quantum information processing (QIP) that promises to transform the way in which we compute and communicate. To that end, sources of polarization-entangled photon pair states are an important enabling technology. However, such states are difficult to prepare in an integrated photonic circuit. Scalable semiconductor sources typically rely on nonlinear optical effects where polarization mode dispersion (PMD) degrades entanglement. Here, we directly generate polarization-entangled states in an AlGaAs waveguide, aided by the PMD and without any compensation steps. We perform quantum state tomography and report a raw concurrence as high as 0.91 ± 0.01 observed in a 1,100-nm-wide waveguide. The scheme allows direct Bell state generation with an observed maximum fidelity of 0.90 ± 0.01 from another (800-nm-wide) waveguide. Our demonstration paves the way for sources that allow for the implementation of polarization-encoded protocols in large-scale quantum photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pisek Kultavewuti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada.
| | - Eric Y Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Xingxing Xing
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Pusino
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Marc Sorel
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - J Stewart Aitchison
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada.
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