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Nirala G, Pradyumna ST, Kumar A, Marino AM. Information encoding in the spatial correlations of entangled twin beams. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9161. [PMID: 37267356 PMCID: PMC10413673 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to use the temporal and spatial degrees of freedom of quantum states of light to encode and transmit information is crucial for a robust and efficient quantum network. In particular, the potential offered by the large dimensionality of the spatial degree of freedom remains unfulfilled, as the necessary level of control required to encode information remains elusive. We encode information in the distribution of the spatial correlations of entangled twin beams by taking advantage of their dependence on the angular spectrum of the pump needed for four-wave mixing. We show that the encoded information can only be extracted through joint spatial measurements of the twin beams and not through individual beam measurements and that the temporal quantum correlations are not modified. The ability to engineer the spatial properties of twin beams will enable high-capacity quantum networks and quantum-enhanced spatially resolved sensing and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nirala
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Siva T. Pradyumna
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695547, India
| | - Alberto M. Marino
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Center for Quantum Research and Technology, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Quantum Information Sciences Section, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37381, USA
- Quantum Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37381, USA
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Liang L, Wang Y, Huang Q, Zheng Q, Chen X, Hu J. Probing quantum phase transition point by tuning an external anti trap. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:16743-16753. [PMID: 37157747 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of ultracold atoms in optical lattices is one of the optimal ways to observe phase transitions of the Hubbard model which is useful in a variety of condensed-matter systems. Bosonic atoms in this model experience a phase transition from superfluids to Mott insulators by tuning systematic parameters. However, in conventional setups, phase transitions take place over a large range of parameters instead of one critical point due to the background inhomogeneity caused by the Gaussian shape of optical-lattice lasers. To probe the phase transition point more precisely in our lattice system, we apply a blue-detuned laser to compensate for this local Gaussian geometry. By inspecting the change of visibility, we find a sudden jump point at one particular trap depth of optical lattices, corresponding to the first appearance of Mott insulators in inhomogeneous systems. This provides a simple method to detect the phase transition point in such inhomogeneous systems. We believe it will be a useful tool for most cold atom experiments.
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Schroff P, La Rooij A, Haller E, Kuhr S. Accurate holographic light potentials using pixel crosstalk modelling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3252. [PMID: 36828926 PMCID: PMC9958060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbitrary light potentials have proven to be a valuable and versatile tool in many quantum information and quantum simulation experiments with ultracold atoms. Using a phase-modulating spatial light modulator (SLM), we generate arbitrary light potentials holographically with measured efficiencies between 15 and 40% and an accuracy of [Formula: see text] root-mean-squared error. Key to the high accuracy is the modelling of pixel crosstalk of the SLM on a sub-pixel scale which is relevant especially for large light potentials. We employ conjugate gradient minimisation to calculate the SLM phase pattern for a given target light potential after measuring the intensity and wavefront at the SLM. Further, we use camera feedback to reduce experimental errors, we remove optical vortices and investigate the difference between the angular spectrum method and the Fourier transform to simulate the propagation of light. Using a combination of all these techniques, we achieved more accurate and efficient light potentials compared to previous studies, and generated a series of potentials relevant for cold atom experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Schroff
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Arthur La Rooij
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK.
| | - Elmar Haller
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Stefan Kuhr
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
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Hu C, Xiao Y, He Y, Hu Y, Xu G, Tang X. Generation of arbitrary complex fields with high efficiency and high fidelity by cascaded phase-only modulation method. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6675-6689. [PMID: 36823918 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Independent or joint control over the amplitude and phase of the complex field by phase-only modulation element is crucial in numerous applications. Existing modulation methods can realize high levels of accuracy but are accompanied by noticeable losses in light-usage efficiency. Here a cascaded modulation method is proposed for the generation of arbitrary complex fields with high efficiency and high fidelity. This approach is based on a gradient descent optimization algorithm that minimizes a customized cost function. The major advantage of our approach over existing modulation methods is that the efficiency is significantly enhanced while ensuring high modulation accuracy. For the generation of Laguerre-Gaussian mode (LG01), with similar high accuracy, the efficiency by our approach can reach 79.5%, which is enhanced by 192% compared with the theoretical maximum efficiency of 41.5% [Opt. Express25, 11692 (2017)10.1364/OE.25.011692]. Furthermore, the efficiency of existing modulation methods deteriorates rapidly as the target field turns more intricate, whereas in our approach it maintains at a relatively high level. The field generation fidelity and energy efficiency of the proposed cascaded modulation method are compared with that of several different single-pass modulation methods in generating a series of typical Hermite-Gaussian and Laguerre-Gaussian modes and an amplitude-only "OSA" pattern. Our proposed method features both high efficiency and high accuracy in the simulation and experiment, which may be of growing interest to applications such as optical manipulation or quantum communication.
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Cassettari D, Mussardo G, Trombettoni A. Holographic realization of the prime number quantum potential. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgac279. [PMID: 36733293 PMCID: PMC9887940 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the experimental realization of the prime number quantum potential VN (x), defined as the potential entering the single-particle Schrödinger Hamiltonian with eigenvalues given by the first N prime numbers. Using computer-generated holography, we create light intensity profiles suitable to optically trap ultracold atoms in these potentials for different N values. As a further application, we also implement a potential whose spectrum is given by the lucky numbers, a sequence of integers generated by a different sieve than the familiar Eratosthenes's sieve used for the primes. Our results pave the way toward the realization of quantum potentials with arbitrary sequences of integers as energy levels and show, in perspective, the possibility to set up quantum systems for arithmetic manipulations or mathematical tests involving prime numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Cassettari
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Giuseppe Mussardo
- SISSA and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Trombettoni
- SISSA and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
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Lee JS, Yan YZ, Park SS, Ahn SK, Ha CS. A Novel Diamine Containing Ester and Diphenylethane Groups for Colorless Polyimide with a Low Dielectric Constant and Low Water Absorption. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4504. [PMID: 36365498 PMCID: PMC9657050 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel diamine monomer containing ester and phenyl moieties, 1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diyl bis(4-aminobenzoate) (1,2-DPEDBA), was synthesized through a three-step reaction. Using this diamine, a novel polyimide (PI) film was prepared with 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6-FDA) as a counter dianhydride through a typical two-step chemical imidization. For comparison, poly(pyromellitic dianhydride-co-4,4'-oxydianiline) (PMDA-ODA PI) was also synthesized via thermal imidization. The resulting 6-FDA-DPEDBA PI film was not only soluble in common polar solvents with high boiling points, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), but also soluble in common low-boiling-point polar solvents, such as chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), at room temperature. The resulting novel PI showed a 5% weight loss temperature (T5d) at 360 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting PI film was colorless and transparent with a transmittance of 87.1% in the visible light region ranging from 400 to 760 nm. The water absorption of the novel PI film was of 1.78%. The PI film also possessed a good moisture barrier and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the resulting PI film displayed a low dielectric constant of 2.17 at 106 Hz at room temperature. In conclusion, the novel PI film exhibited much better optical transparency, lower moisture absorption, and a lower dielectric constant as well as better solubility than the PMDA-ODA PI film, which is insoluble in any solvent, although its thermal stability is not better than that of PMDA-ODA PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yong-Zhu Yan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Park
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Suk-kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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Chen YC, Lin YC, Chang EC, Kuo CC, Ueda M, Chen WC. Investigation of the structure–dielectric relationship of polyimides with ultralow dielectric constant and dissipation factors using density functional theory. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rothe S, Daferner P, Heide S, Krause D, Schmieder F, Koukourakis N, Czarske JW. Benchmarking analysis of computer generated holograms for complex wavefront shaping using pixelated phase modulators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37602-37616. [PMID: 34808829 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront shaping with spatial light modulators (SLMs) enables aberration correction, especially for light control through complex media, like biological tissues and multimode fibres. High-fidelity light field shaping is associated with the calculation of computer generated holograms (CGHs), of which there are a variety of algorithms. The achievable performance of CGH algorithms depends on various parameters. In this paper, four different algorithms for CGHs are presented and compared for complex light field generation. Two iterative, double constraint Gerchberg-Saxton and direct search, and the two analytical, superpixel and phase encoding, algorithms are investigated. For each algorithm, a parameter study is performed varying the modulator's pixel number and phase resolution. The analysis refers to mode field generation in multimode fibre endoscopes and communication. This enables generality by generating specific mode combinations according to certain spatial frequency power spectra. Thus, the algorithms are compared varying spatial frequencies applied to different implementation scenarios. Our results demonstrate that the choice of algorithms has a significant impact on the achievable performance. This comprehensive study provides the required guide for CGH algorithm selection, improving holographic systems towards multimode fibre endoscopy and communications.
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Quantum phases of matter on a 256-atom programmable quantum simulator. Nature 2021; 595:227-232. [PMID: 34234334 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by far-reaching applications ranging from quantum simulations of complex processes in physics and chemistry to quantum information processing1, a broad effort is currently underway to build large-scale programmable quantum systems. Such systems provide insights into strongly correlated quantum matter2-6, while at the same time enabling new methods for computation7-10 and metrology11. Here we demonstrate a programmable quantum simulator based on deterministically prepared two-dimensional arrays of neutral atoms, featuring strong interactions controlled by coherent atomic excitation into Rydberg states12. Using this approach, we realize a quantum spin model with tunable interactions for system sizes ranging from 64 to 256 qubits. We benchmark the system by characterizing high-fidelity antiferromagnetically ordered states and demonstrating quantum critical dynamics consistent with an Ising quantum phase transition in (2 + 1) dimensions13. We then create and study several new quantum phases that arise from the interplay between interactions and coherent laser excitation14, experimentally map the phase diagram and investigate the role of quantum fluctuations. Offering a new lens into the study of complex quantum matter, these observations pave the way for investigations of exotic quantum phases, non-equilibrium entanglement dynamics and hardware-efficient realization of quantum algorithms.
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O'Donnell L, Padgett MJ, Johnson SD. Optimising backscatter from multiple beam interference. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8770-8776. [PMID: 33820318 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical sensing applications are usually reliant on the intensity of the measured signal. For remote sensing applications where a target is probed with a laser beam, the sensitivity will be limited by the amount of backscattered light returned from the target to the detector. We demonstrate a method of increasing the signal returned to the detector by illuminating the target with a number of independently controlled beams, where both the position and phase are optimised. We show an improvement in the backscattered signal that is proportional to the number of beams used. The method is demonstrated within a laser microphone, measuring audio signal due to vibrations in surfaces, showing a significant improvement in the signal-to-noise of the measurement.
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Selyem A, Fayard S, Clark TW, Arnold AS, Radwell N, Franke-Arnold S. Holographically controlled three-dimensional atomic population patterns. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:18513-18522. [PMID: 30114030 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.018513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of spatially structured light fields with atomic media can generate spatial structures inscribed in the atomic populations and coherences, allowing for example the storage of optical images in atomic vapours. Typically, this involves coherent optical processes based on Raman or EIT transitions. Here we study the simpler situation of shaping atomic populations via spatially dependent optical depletion. Using a near resonant laser beam with a holographically controlled 3D intensity profile, we imprint 3D population structures into a thermal rubidium vapour. This 3D population structure is simultaneously read out by recording the spatially resolved fluorescence of an unshaped probe laser. We find that the reconstructed atomic population structure is largely complementary to the intensity structure of the control beam, however appears blurred due to global repopulation processes. We identify and model these mechanisms which limit the achievable resolution of the 3D atomic population. We expect this work to set design criteria for future 2D and 3D atomic memories.
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Hsu WF, Lin SC. Iterative pixelwise approach applied to computer-generated holograms and diffractive optical elements. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:A189-A196. [PMID: 29328145 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.00a189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to optimizing the design of phase-only computer-generated holograms (CGH) for the creation of binary images in an optical Fourier transform system. Optimization begins by selecting an image pixel with a temporal change in amplitude. The modulated image function undergoes an inverse Fourier transform followed by the imposition of a CGH constraint and the Fourier transform to yield an image function associated with the change in amplitude of the selected pixel. In iterations where the quality of the image is improved, that image function is adopted as the input for the next iteration. In cases where the image quality is not improved, the image function before the pixel changed is used as the input. Thus, the proposed approach is referred to as the pixelwise hybrid input-output (PHIO) algorithm. The PHIO algorithm was shown to achieve image quality far exceeding that of the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm. The benefits were particularly evident when the PHIO algorithm was equipped with a dynamic range of image intensities equivalent to the amplitude freedom of the image signal. The signal variation of images reconstructed from the GS algorithm was 1.0223, but only 0.2537 when using PHIO, i.e., a 75% improvement. Nonetheless, the proposed scheme resulted in a 10% degradation in diffraction efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio.
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