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Xue T, Stalmashonak A, Chen FD, Ding P, Luo X, Chua H, Lo GQ, Sacher WD, Poon JKS. Implantable photonic neural probes with out-of-plane focusing grating emitters. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13812. [PMID: 38877050 PMCID: PMC11178810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
We have designed, fabricated, and characterized implantable silicon neural probes with nanophotonic grating emitters that focus the emitted light at a specified distance above the surface of the probe for spatially precise optogenetic targeting of neurons. Using the holographic principle, we designed gratings for wavelengths of 488 and 594 nm, targeting the excitation spectra of the optogenetic actuators Channelrhodopsin-2 and Chrimson, respectively. The measured optical emission pattern of these emitters in non-scattering medium and tissue matched well with simulations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of focused spots with the size scale of a neuron soma in brain tissue formed from implantable neural probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Xue
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany.
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada.
| | - Andrei Stalmashonak
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada
| | - Peisheng Ding
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada
| | - Xianshu Luo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Hongyao Chua
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Guo-Qiang Lo
- Advanced Micro Foundry Pte. Ltd., 11 Science Park Road, Singapore, 117685, Singapore
| | - Wesley D Sacher
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | - Joyce K S Poon
- Department of Nanophotonics, Integration, and Neural Technology, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, 06120, Germany.
- The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G4, ON, Canada.
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Knoblich M, Kraus M, Stumpf D, Werner L, Hillmer H, Brunner R. Variable ring-shaped lithography for the fabrication of meso- and microscale binary optical elements. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:2049-2059. [PMID: 35297897 DOI: 10.1364/ao.451395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents concept, optical design, and the implementation of a novel, to the best of our knowledge, lithographic exposure tool for the fabrication of rotationally symmetric meso- and microscale optical structures using a variable ring-shaped light distribution. Compared to the conventional lithographic technique of direct writing in Cartesian coordinates, which is intrinsically suboptimal for the fabrication of rotationally symmetric optical structures, this approach allows for fast exposure and avoids disturbing stitching effects. The diameter of the exposure ring varies between 1.6 and 6.5 mm, and the ring width measures ∼75µm full width at half-maximum for all diameters. The basic capabilities of the exposure tool are demonstrated by the fabrication of exemplary meso- and microscale structures such as diffractive axicon elements, phase rings, Fresnel zone plates and zone plate arrays.
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Golvari P, Kuebler SM. Fabrication of Functional Microdevices in SU-8 by Multi-Photon Lithography. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:472. [PMID: 33919437 PMCID: PMC8143355 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys advances in the fabrication of functional microdevices by multi-photon lithography (MPL) using the SU-8 material system. Microdevices created by MPL in SU-8 have been key to progress in the fields of micro-fluidics, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), micro-robotics, and photonics. The review discusses components, properties, and processing of SU-8 within the context of MPL. Emphasis is focused on advances within the last five years, but the discussion also includes relevant developments outside this period in MPL and the processing of SU-8. Novel methods for improving resolution of MPL using SU-8 and discussed, along with methods for functionalizing structures after fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Golvari
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Stephen M. Kuebler
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Sacher WD, Chen FD, Moradi-Chameh H, Luo X, Fomenko A, Shah PT, Lordello T, Liu X, Almog IF, Straguzzi JN, Fowler TM, Jung Y, Hu T, Jeong J, Lozano AM, Lo PGQ, Valiante TA, Moreaux LC, Poon JKS, Roukes ML. Implantable photonic neural probes for light-sheet fluorescence brain imaging. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:025003. [PMID: 33898636 PMCID: PMC8059764 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is a powerful technique for high-speed volumetric functional imaging. However, in typical light-sheet microscopes, the illumination and collection optics impose significant constraints upon the imaging of non-transparent brain tissues. We demonstrate that these constraints can be surmounted using a new class of implantable photonic neural probes. Aim: Mass manufacturable, silicon-based light-sheet photonic neural probes can generate planar patterned illumination at arbitrary depths in brain tissues without any additional micro-optic components. Approach: We develop implantable photonic neural probes that generate light sheets in tissue. The probes were fabricated in a photonics foundry on 200-mm-diameter silicon wafers. The light sheets were characterized in fluorescein and in free space. The probe-enabled imaging approach was tested in fixed, in vitro, and in vivo mouse brain tissues. Imaging tests were also performed using fluorescent beads suspended in agarose. Results: The probes had 5 to 10 addressable sheets and average sheet thicknesses < 16 μ m for propagation distances up to 300 μ m in free space. Imaging areas were as large as ≈ 240 μ m × 490 μ m in brain tissue. Image contrast was enhanced relative to epifluorescence microscopy. Conclusions: The neural probes can lead to new variants of LSFM for deep brain imaging and experiments in freely moving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley D. Sacher
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
- Address all correspondence to Wesley D. Sacher, ; Michael L. Roukes,
| | - Fu-Der Chen
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Homeira Moradi-Chameh
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anton Fomenko
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prajay T. Shah
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lordello
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Ilan Felts Almog
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Trevor M. Fowler
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Youngho Jung
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Ting Hu
- Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Institute of Microelectronics, Singapore
| | - Junho Jeong
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Taufik A. Valiante
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Krembil Research Institute, Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent C. Moreaux
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
| | - Joyce K. S. Poon
- University of Toronto, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael L. Roukes
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, Pasadena, California, United States
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Wesley D. Sacher, ; Michael L. Roukes,
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Soldera M, Alamri S, Sürmann PA, Kunze T, Lasagni AF. Microfabrication and Surface Functionalization of Soda Lime Glass through Direct Laser Interference Patterning. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010129. [PMID: 33429887 PMCID: PMC7827285 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
All-purpose glasses are common in many established and emerging industries, such as microelectronics, photovoltaics, optical components, and biomedical devices due to their outstanding combination of mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical properties. Surface functionalization through nano/micropatterning can further enhance glasses’ surface properties, expanding their applicability into new fields. Although laser structuring methods have been successfully employed on many absorbing materials, the processability of transparent materials with visible laser radiation has not been intensively studied, especially for producing structures smaller than 10 µm. Here, interference-based optical setups are used to directly pattern soda lime substrates through non-lineal absorption with ps-pulsed laser radiation in the visible spectrum. Line- and dot-like patterns are fabricated with spatial periods between 2.3 and 9.0 µm and aspect ratios up to 0.29. Furthermore, laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with a feature size of approximately 300 nm are visible within these microstructures. The textured surfaces show significantly modified properties. Namely, the treated surfaces have an increased hydrophilic behavior, even reaching a super-hydrophilic state for some cases. In addition, the micropatterns act as relief diffraction gratings, which split incident light into diffraction modes. The process parameters were optimized to produce high-quality textures with super-hydrophilic properties and diffraction efficiencies above 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Soldera
- Institute of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
- PROBIEN-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabri Alamri
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Paul Alexander Sürmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tim Kunze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Andrés Fabián Lasagni
- Institute of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
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Arnoux C, Konishi T, Van Elslande E, Poutougnigni EA, Mulatier JC, Khrouz L, Bucher C, Dumont E, Kamada K, Andraud C, Baldeck P, Banyasz A, Monnereau C. Polymerization Photoinitiators with Near-Resonance Enhanced Two-Photon Absorption Cross-Section: Toward High-Resolution Photoresist with Improved Sensitivity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arnoux
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Tatsuki Konishi
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Emma Van Elslande
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Eric-Aimé Poutougnigni
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Mulatier
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Elise Dumont
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577 Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1337, Japan
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Baldeck
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Akos Banyasz
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- Université Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
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