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Xin YH, Hu KM, Yin HZ, Deng XL, Dong ZQ, Yan SZ, Jiang XS, Meng G, Zhang WM. Dynamic Optical Encryption Fueled via Tunable Mechanical Composite Micrograting Systems. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2312650. [PMID: 38339884 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Optical grating devices based on micro/nanostructured functional surfaces are widely employed to precisely manipulate light propagation, which is significant for information technologies, optical data storage, and light sensors. However, the parameters of rigid periodic structures are difficult to tune after manufacturing, which seriously limits their capacity for in situ light manipulation. Here, a novel anti-eavesdropping, anti-damage, and anti-tamper dynamic optical encryption strategy are reported via tunable mechanical composite wrinkle micrograting encryption systems (MCWGES). By mechanically composing multiple in-situ tunable ordered wrinkle gratings, the dynamic keys with large space capacity are generated to obtain encrypted diffraction patterns, which can provide a higher level of security for the encrypted systems. Furthermore, a multiple grating cone diffraction model is proposed to reveal the dynamic optical encryption principle of MCWGES. Optical encryption communication using dynamic keys has the effect of preventing eavesdropping, damage, and tampering. This dynamic encryption method based on optical manipulation of wrinkle grating demonstrates the potential applications of micro/nanostructured functional surfaces in the field of information security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kai-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao-Zhe Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xin-Lu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xue-Song Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wen-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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2
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Yamazaki K, Tsuji A, Takizawa M, Murata J. Ultrafast Solid-State Electrochemical Imprinting Utilizing Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Stamps for Static/Dynamic Structural Coloration and Letter Encryption. Small Methods 2024:e2301787. [PMID: 38426651 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Micro and nanopatterned surfaces hold potential for various applications, such as wettability control, antibiofouling, and optical components. However, conventional patterning processes are characterized by complexity, high costs, and environmental burdens because of the use of resists. Therefore, this paper proposes facile and ultrafast electrochemical imprinting employing a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) stamp for achieving micro and nanoscale patterning on Si surfaces. The solid-state electrochemical process efficiently generates oxide and hydrated oxide (Si-OH) patterns within several seconds at room temperature in a dry ambient environment. The formed oxide pattern can be employed as an etching mask to prepare diffraction gratings with diverse high-resolution (≈100 nm) patterns utilizing the dry PEM stamp. The resulting oxide pattern on the Si surface exhibits instantaneous structural coloration upon exposure to humid air, attributable to the formation of a water microdroplet array on the oxide pattern. The oxide pattern is successfully applied for dynamic diffraction grating and letter encryption. The proposed solid-state electrochemical oxidation scheme based on a PEM stamp, which eliminates the need for liquid electrolyte and resist, represents a simple and ultrafast process with a time cost of a few seconds, characterized by low processing costs and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuma Yamazaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Atsuki Tsuji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masaru Takizawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Junji Murata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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3
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Jiang X, Borkum T, Shprits S, Boen J, Arshavsky-Graham S, Rofman B, Strauss M, Colodner R, Sulam J, Halachmi S, Leonard H, Segal E. Accurate Prediction of Antimicrobial Susceptibility for Point-of-Care Testing of Urine in Less than 90 Minutes via iPRISM Cassettes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2303285. [PMID: 37587020 PMCID: PMC10625094 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The extensive and improper use of antibiotics has led to a dramatic increase in the frequency of antibiotic resistance among human pathogens, complicating infectious disease treatments. In this work, a method for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is presented using microstructured silicon diffraction gratings integrated into prototype devices, which enhance bacteria-surface interactions and promote bacterial colonization. The silicon microstructures act also as optical sensors for monitoring bacterial growth upon exposure to antibiotics in a real-time and label-free manner via intensity-based phase-shift reflectometric interference spectroscopic measurements (iPRISM). Rapid AST using clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from urine is established and the assay is applied directly on unprocessed urine samples from urinary tract infection patients. When coupled with a machine learning algorithm trained on clinical samples, the iPRISM AST is able to predict the resistance or susceptibility of a new clinical sample with an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) of ∼ 0.85 in 1 h, and AUC > 0.9 in 90 min, when compared to state-of-the-art automated AST methods used in the clinic while being an order of magnitude faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Talya Borkum
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Sagi Shprits
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, 3104800, Israel
| | - Joseph Boen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Clark 320B, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Baruch Rofman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Merav Strauss
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, 1834111, Israel
| | - Raul Colodner
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, 1834111, Israel
| | - Jeremias Sulam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Clark 320B, 3400 N Charles St, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Sarel Halachmi
- Department of Urology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, 3104800, Israel
- The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Heidi Leonard
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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Salvatore M, Reda F, Borbone F, Januariyasa IK, Maddalena P, Oscurato SL. Diffractive Refractometer Based on Scalar Theory. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071605. [PMID: 37050219 PMCID: PMC10096849 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The measurement of the refractive index typically requires the use of optical ellipsometry which, although potentially very accurate, is extremely sensitive to the structural properties of the sample and its theoretical modeling, and typically requires specialized expertise to obtain reliable output data. Here, we propose a simple diffractive method for the measurement of the refractive index of homogenous solid thin films, which requires only the structuring of the surface of the material to be measured with the profile of a diffraction grating. The refractive index of an exemplary soft-moldable material is successfully estimated over a wide wavelength range by simply incorporating the measured topography and diffraction efficiency of the grating into a convenient scalar theory-based diffraction model. Without the need for specialized expertise and equipment, the method can serve as a simple and widely accessible optical characterization of materials useful in material science and photonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Salvatore
- Centro Servizi Metrologici e Tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Physics Department "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Reda
- Physics Department "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Borbone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - I Komang Januariyasa
- Physics Department "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Maddalena
- Physics Department "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Luigi Oscurato
- Physics Department "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
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5
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Moyroud E, Airoldi CA, Ferria J, Giorio C, Steimer SS, Rudall PJ, Prychid CJ, Halliwell S, Walker JF, Robinson S, Kalberer M, Glover BJ. Cuticle chemistry drives the development of diffraction gratings on the surface of Hibiscus trionum petals. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5323-5334.e6. [PMID: 36423640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants combine both chemical and structural means to appear colorful. We now have an extensive understanding of the metabolic pathways used by flowering plants to synthesize pigments, but the mechanisms remain obscure whereby cells produce microscopic structures sufficiently regular to interfere with light and create an optical effect. Here, we combine transgenic approaches in a novel model system, Hibiscus trionum, with chemical analyses of the cuticle, both in transgenic lines and in different species of Hibiscus, to investigate the formation of a semi-ordered diffraction grating on the petal surface. We show that regulating both cuticle production and epidermal cell growth is insufficient to determine the type of cuticular pattern produced. Instead, the chemical composition of the cuticle plays a crucial role in restricting the formation of diffraction gratings to the pigmented region of the petal. This suggests that buckling, driven by spatiotemporal regulation of cuticle chemistry, could pattern the petal surface at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Moyroud
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - Chiara A Airoldi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah S Steimer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Shannon Halliwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Joseph F Walker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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6
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Xiong X, Yin C, Quan L, Sato R, Matsukuma H, Shimizu Y, Tamiya H, Gao W. Self-Calibration of a Large-Scale Variable-Line-Spacing Grating for an Absolute Optical Encoder by Differencing Spatially Shifted Phase Maps from a Fizeau Interferometer. Sensors (Basel) 2022. [PMID: 36502050 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6501/abe9de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A new method based on the interferometric pseudo-lateral-shearing method is proposed to evaluate the pitch variation of a large-scale planar variable-line-spacing (VLS) grating. In the method, wavefronts of the first-order diffracted beams from a planar VLS grating are measured by a commercial Fizeau form interferometer. By utilizing the differential wavefront of the first-order diffracted beam before and after the small lateral shift of the VLS grating, the pitch variation of the VLS grating can be evaluated. Meanwhile, additional positioning errors of the grating in the lateral shifting process could degrade the measurement accuracy of the pitch variation. To address the issue, the technique referred to as the reference plane technique is also introduced, where the least squares planes in the wavefronts of the first-order diffracted beams are employed to reduce the influences of the additional positioning errors of the VLS grating. The proposed method can also reduce the influence of the out-of-flatness of the reference flat in the Fizeau interferometer by taking the difference between the measured positive and negative diffracted wavefronts; namely, self-calibration can be accomplished. After the theoretical analysis and simulations, experiments are carried out with a large-scale VLS grating to verify the feasibility of the proposed methods. Furthermore, the evaluated VLS parameters are verified by comparing them with the readout signal of an absolute surface encoder employing the evaluated VLS grating as the scale for measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiong
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenguang Yin
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Lue Quan
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiraku Matsukuma
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tamiya
- Magnescale Co., Ltd., Suzukawa 45, Isehara 259-1146, Japan
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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7
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Xiong X, Yin C, Quan L, Sato R, Matsukuma H, Shimizu Y, Tamiya H, Gao W. Self-Calibration of a Large-Scale Variable-Line-Spacing Grating for an Absolute Optical Encoder by Differencing Spatially Shifted Phase Maps from a Fizeau Interferometer. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9348. [PMID: 36502050 PMCID: PMC9736133 DOI: 10.3390/s22239348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new method based on the interferometric pseudo-lateral-shearing method is proposed to evaluate the pitch variation of a large-scale planar variable-line-spacing (VLS) grating. In the method, wavefronts of the first-order diffracted beams from a planar VLS grating are measured by a commercial Fizeau form interferometer. By utilizing the differential wavefront of the first-order diffracted beam before and after the small lateral shift of the VLS grating, the pitch variation of the VLS grating can be evaluated. Meanwhile, additional positioning errors of the grating in the lateral shifting process could degrade the measurement accuracy of the pitch variation. To address the issue, the technique referred to as the reference plane technique is also introduced, where the least squares planes in the wavefronts of the first-order diffracted beams are employed to reduce the influences of the additional positioning errors of the VLS grating. The proposed method can also reduce the influence of the out-of-flatness of the reference flat in the Fizeau interferometer by taking the difference between the measured positive and negative diffracted wavefronts; namely, self-calibration can be accomplished. After the theoretical analysis and simulations, experiments are carried out with a large-scale VLS grating to verify the feasibility of the proposed methods. Furthermore, the evaluated VLS parameters are verified by comparing them with the readout signal of an absolute surface encoder employing the evaluated VLS grating as the scale for measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiong
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenguang Yin
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Lue Quan
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiraku Matsukuma
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimizu
- Department of Human Mechanical Systems and Design, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tamiya
- Magnescale Co., Ltd., Suzukawa 45, Isehara 259-1146, Japan
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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8
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Manfredda M, Raimondi L, Cocco D. A WISER way for simulating the performance of gratings. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:1344-1353. [PMID: 36345742 PMCID: PMC9641571 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522009134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soft X-ray monochromators for synchrotron radiation sources have been continuously developed over the years, improving energy resolution and stability. Great effort has been made in improving the surface quality of the optics involved, reaching values permitting diffraction-limited images. Still, one problem has not been solved, nor fully understood, yet: groove placing errors. Nowadays, these are one of the major factors responsible for resolving the power reduction of diffraction-gratings-based X-ray monochromators. Despite decades of use of gratings, there is not yet a universally established method for predicting and simulating the effect of groove placing errors on monochromator performance. This is especially important in the new scenario of high-coherent X-ray sources, i.e. diffraction-limited storage rings and free-electron lasers. To address this problem, in this article an approach based on WISER (Wavefront propagatIon Simulation codE libRary) is presented. WISER is a physical optics simulation package, also available in the user-friendly Orange Synchrotron Radiation Suite - OASYS. Even though it was originally conceived to assess the focusing performance of X-ray mirrors in the presence of height defects, it perfectly simulates the performance of a periodic (or quasi-periodic) structure like a diffraction grating. In this article, the way to use WISER and its application to a specific case, e.g. the design of a monochromator for the upgrade of a beamline at the Advanced Light Source, are shown. A simple rule for estimating how well the grooves are placed on a grating, based on calculation of the Strehl ratio, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Manfredda
- Elettra-Sincrotron Trieste SCpA, SS 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza 34149, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Raimondi
- Elettra-Sincrotron Trieste SCpA, SS 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza 34149, Italy
| | - Daniele Cocco
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Chan JYE, Ruan Q, Wang H, Wang H, Liu H, Yan Z, Qiu CW, Yang JKW. Full Geometric Control of Hidden Color Information in Diffraction Gratings under Angled White Light Illumination. Nano Lett 2022; 22:8189-8195. [PMID: 36227759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Under white light illumination, gratings produce an angular distribution of wavelengths dependent on the diffraction order and geometric parameters. However, previous studies of gratings are limited to at least one geometric parameter (height, periodicity, orientation, angle of incidence) kept constant. Here, we vary all geometric parameters in the gratings using a versatile nanofabrication technique, two-photon polymerization lithography, to encode hidden color information through two design approaches. The first approach hides color information by decoupling the effects of grating height and periodicity under normal and oblique incidence. The second approach hides multiple sets of color information by arranging gratings in sectors around semicircular pixels. Different images are revealed with negligible crosstalk under oblique incidence and varying sample rotation angles. Our analysis shows that an angular separation of ≥10° between adjacent sectors is required to suppress crosstalk. This work has potential applications in information storage and security watermarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Hailong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore138634, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Yan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore138634, Singapore
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10
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Shastri V, Talukder S, Roy K, Kumar P, Pratap R. Manipulating liquid metal flow for creating standalone structures with micro-and nano-scale features in a single step. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:455301. [PMID: 35878592 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac83cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Standalone structures with periodic surface undulations or ripples can be spontaneously created upon flowing a liquid metal, e.g. Ga, over a metallic film, e.g. Pt, Au, etc, through a complex 'wetting-reaction'-driven process. Due to the ability of 3-dimensional patterning at the small length scale in a single step, the liquid metal 'ripple' flow is a promising non-conventional patterning technique. Herein, we examine the effect of a few process parameters, such as distance away from the liquid reservoir, size of the liquid reservoir, and the geometry, thickness, and width of substrate metal film, on the nature of the ripple flow to produce finer patterns with feature sizes of ≤ 2μm. The height and the pitch of the pattern decrease with distance from the liquid reservoir and decrease in the reservoir volume. Furthermore, a decrease in the thickness and width of the substrate film also leads to a decrease in the height and pitch of the ripples. Finally, the application of an external electric field also controls the ripple patterns. By optimizing various parameters, standalone ripple structures of Ga with the height and pitch of ≤ 500 nm are created. As potential applications, the ripple patterns with micro-and nano-scopic features are demonstrated to produce a diffraction grating and a die for micro-stamping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendra Shastri
- Center for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Santanu Talukder
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Kaustav Roy
- Center for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Rudra Pratap
- Center for Nanoscience and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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11
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Wang X, Kazazis D, Tseng LT, Robinson APG, Ekinci Y. High-efficiency diffraction gratings for EUV and soft x-rays using spin-on-carbon underlayers. Nanotechnology 2021; 33:065301. [PMID: 34678796 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac328b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report on the fabrication and characterization of high-resolution gratings with high efficiency in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray ranges using spin-on-carbon (SOC) underlayers. We demonstrate the fabrication of diffraction gratings down to 20 nm half-pitch (HP) on Si3N4membranes with a bilayer of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) and spin-on-carbon and show their performance as a grating mask for extreme ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL). High-resolution patterning of HSQ is possible only for thin films due to pattern collapse. The combination of this high-resolution resist with SOC circumvents this problem and enables the fabrication of high aspect ratio nanostructures. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis shows that the bilayer gratings exhibit higher diffraction efficiency than what is feasible with a grating made of HSQ. We also demonstrate a simple and accurate method to experimentally measure the diffraction efficiency of high-resolution gratings by measuring the relative ratio of the dose-to-clear curves of the photoresist. The measured diffraction efficiencies are in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values. Furthermore, we verify our calculations and measurements by printing line/space patterns in chemically amplified resists down to 10 nm HP with both HSQ and bilayer grating masks using EUV-IL. The improved diffraction efficiency of the bilayers is expected to have applications not only in gratings for interference lithography, but also in Fresnel zone plates and gratings for spectroscopy in the EUV and soft x-ray ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wang
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Kazazis
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Li-Ting Tseng
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alex P G Robinson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yasin Ekinci
- Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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12
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Yao Y, Pan D, Wang J, Dong T, Guo J, Wang C, Geng A, Fang W, Lu Q. Design and Modification of a High-Resolution Optical Interferometer Accelerometer. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21062070. [PMID: 33809438 PMCID: PMC7999461 DOI: 10.3390/s21062070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MOEMS) accelerometer is a new type of accelerometer that combines the merits of optical measurement and Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to enable high precision, small volume, and anti-electromagnetism disturbance measurement of acceleration, which makes it a promising candidate for inertial navigation and seismic monitoring. This paper proposes a modified micro-grating-based accelerometer and introduces a new design method to characterize the grating interferometer. A MEMS sensor chip with high sensitivity was designed and fabricated, and the processing circuit was modified. The micro-grating interference measurement system was modeled, and the response sensitivity was analyzed. The accelerometer was then built and benchmarked with a commercial seismometer in detail. Compared to the previous prototype in the experiment, the results indicate that the noise floor has an ultra-low self-noise of 15 ng/Hz1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.W.); (T.D.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-5900-1522
| | - Debin Pan
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.W.); (T.D.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.W.); (T.D.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Tingting Dong
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.W.); (T.D.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Jie Guo
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.W.); (T.D.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Chensheng Wang
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.W.); (T.D.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Anbing Geng
- Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics, Huazhong Institute of Electro-Optics, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.W.); (T.D.); (J.G.); (C.W.); (A.G.)
| | - Weidong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
| | - Qianbo Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
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13
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Sola D, Milles S, Lasagni AF. Direct Laser Interference Patterning of Diffraction Gratings in Safrofilcon-A Hydrogel: Fabrication and Hydration Assessment. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050679. [PMID: 33668214 PMCID: PMC7956354 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive index modification by laser micro-structuration of diffractive optical devices in ophthalmic polymers has recently been applied for refractive correction in the fields of optics and ophthalmology. In this work, Safrofilcon-A hydrogel, used as soft contact lenses, was processed by direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) to fabricate linear periodic patterns on the surface of the samples. Periodic modulation of the surface was attained under two-beam interference by using a Q-switched laser source with emission at 263 nm and 4 ns pulse duration. Features of processed areas were studied as a function of both the interference spatial period and the laser fluence. Optical confocal microscopy used to evaluate the topography of the processed samples showed that both structured height and surface roughness increased with laser fluence. Static water contact angle (WCA) measurements were carried out with deionized water droplets on the structured areas to evaluate the hydration properties of DLIP structures. It was observed that the laser structured areas induced a delay in the hydration process. Finally, microstructural changes induced in the structured areas were assessed by confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy showing that at low laser fluences the polymer structure remained almost unaltered. In addition, Raman spectra of hydrated samples recovered the original shape of areas structured at low laser fluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sola
- Institut für Fertigungstechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.M.); (A.F.L.)
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephan Milles
- Institut für Fertigungstechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.M.); (A.F.L.)
| | - Andrés F. Lasagni
- Institut für Fertigungstechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; (S.M.); (A.F.L.)
- Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoff- und Strahltechnik IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany
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14
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Soldera M, Alamri S, Sürmann PA, Kunze T, Lasagni AF. Microfabrication and Surface Functionalization of Soda Lime Glass through Direct Laser Interference Patterning. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11010129. [PMID: 33429887 PMCID: PMC7827285 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
All-purpose glasses are common in many established and emerging industries, such as microelectronics, photovoltaics, optical components, and biomedical devices due to their outstanding combination of mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical properties. Surface functionalization through nano/micropatterning can further enhance glasses’ surface properties, expanding their applicability into new fields. Although laser structuring methods have been successfully employed on many absorbing materials, the processability of transparent materials with visible laser radiation has not been intensively studied, especially for producing structures smaller than 10 µm. Here, interference-based optical setups are used to directly pattern soda lime substrates through non-lineal absorption with ps-pulsed laser radiation in the visible spectrum. Line- and dot-like patterns are fabricated with spatial periods between 2.3 and 9.0 µm and aspect ratios up to 0.29. Furthermore, laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with a feature size of approximately 300 nm are visible within these microstructures. The textured surfaces show significantly modified properties. Namely, the treated surfaces have an increased hydrophilic behavior, even reaching a super-hydrophilic state for some cases. In addition, the micropatterns act as relief diffraction gratings, which split incident light into diffraction modes. The process parameters were optimized to produce high-quality textures with super-hydrophilic properties and diffraction efficiencies above 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Soldera
- Institute of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
- PROBIEN-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén 8300, Argentina
- Correspondence:
| | - Sabri Alamri
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Paul Alexander Sürmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tim Kunze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Andrés Fabián Lasagni
- Institute of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, George-Bähr-Str. 3c, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology IWS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany; (S.A.); (P.A.S.); (T.K.)
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15
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Sola D, de Aldana JRV, Artal P. The Role of Thermal Accumulation on the Fabrication of Diffraction Gratings in Ophthalmic PHEMA by Ultrashort Laser Direct Writing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2965. [PMID: 33322569 PMCID: PMC7763622 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of diffraction gratings by ultrashort direct laser writing in poly-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (PHEMA) polymers used as soft contact lenses is reported. Diffraction gratings were inscribed by focusing laser radiation 100 µm underneath the surface of the samples. Low- and high-repetition rate Ti:sapphire lasers with 120 fs pulsewidth working at 1 kHz and 80 MHz respectively were used to assess the role of thermal accumulation on microstructural and optical characteristics. Periodic patterns were produced for different values of repetition rate, pulse energy, laser wavelength, distance between tracks, and scanning speed. Compositional and structural modifications of the processed areas were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy showing that under certain parameters, thermal accumulation may result in local densification. Far-field diffraction patterns were recorded for the produced gratings to assess the refractive index change induced in the processed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sola
- Institut für Fertigungstechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | | | - Pablo Artal
- Laboratorio de Óptica, Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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16
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Chia YH, Vyas S, Tsai JC, Huang YY, Yeh JA, Luo Y. Multiplane differential phase contrast imaging using asymmetric illumination in volume holographic microscopy. J Biomed Opt 2020; 25:JBO-200221SSR. [PMID: 33247561 PMCID: PMC7691765 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.12.123704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Differential phase contrast (DPC) is a well-known imaging technique for phase imaging. However, simultaneously acquiring multidepth DPC images is a non-trivial task. We propose simultaneous multiplane DPC imaging using volume holographic microscopy (VHM). AIM To design and implement a new configuration of DPC-VHM for multiplane imaging. APPROACH The angularly multiplexed volume holographic gratings (AMVHGs) and the wavelength-coded volume holographic gratings (WC-VHGs) are used for this purpose. To obtain asymmetric illumination for DPC images, a dynamic illumination system is designed by modifying the regular Köhler illumination using a thin film transistor panel (TFT-panel). RESULTS Multidepth DPC images of standard resolution chart and biosamples were used to compare imaging performance with the corresponding bright-field images. An average contrast enhancement of around three times is observed for target resolution chart by DPC-VHM. Imaging performance of our system is studied by modulation transfer function analysis, which suggests that DPC-VHM not only suppresses the DC component but also enhances high-frequency information. CONCLUSIONS Proposed DPC-VHM can acquire multidepth-resolved DPC images without axial scanning. The illumination part of the system is adjustable so that the system can be adapted to bright-field mode, phase contrast mode, and DPC mode by controlling the pattern on the TFT-panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Chia
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sunil Vyas
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chang Tsai
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-You Huang
- National Taiwan University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - J. Andrew Yeh
- National Tsing Hua University, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan Luo
- National Taiwan University, Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University, Molecular Imaging Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University, YongLin Institute of Health, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Shvyd'ko Y. Diffraction gratings with two-orders-of-magnitude-enhanced dispersion rates for sub-meV resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2020; 27:1227-1234. [PMID: 32876597 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520008292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction gratings with large angular dispersion rates are central to obtaining high spectral resolution in grating spectrometers operating over a broad spectral range from infrared to soft X-ray domains. The greatest challenge is of course to achieve large dispersion rates in the short-wavelength X-ray domain. Here it is shown that crystals in non-coplanar asymmetric X-ray Bragg diffraction can function as high-reflectance broadband soft X-ray diffraction gratings with dispersion rates that are at least two orders of magnitude larger than those that are possible with state-of-the-art man-made gratings. This opens new opportunities to design and implement soft X-ray resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS) spectrometers with spectral resolutions that are up to two orders of magnitude higher than what is currently possible, to further advance a very dynamic field of RIXS spectroscopy, and to make it competitive with inelastic neutron scattering. Examples of large-dispersion-rate crystal diffraction gratings operating near the 930 eV L3 absorption edge in Cu and of the 2.838 keV L3-edge in Ru are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Shvyd'ko
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
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18
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Neipp C, Taleb SI, Francés J, Fernández R, Puerto D, Calzado EM, Gallego S, Beléndez A. Analysis of the Imaging Characteristics of Holographic Waveguides Recorded in Photopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1485. [PMID: 32635228 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we study the imaging characteristics of an optical see-through display based on a holographic waveguide. To fabricate this device, two transmission holograms are recorded on a photopolymer material attached to a glass substrate. The role of the holograms is to couple the incident light between air and the glass substrate, accomplishing total internal reflection. The role of noise reflection gratings and shrinkage on the imaging characteristics of the device will be also explored. The holograms (slanted transmission gratings with a spatial frequency of 1690 lines/mm) were recorded on a polyvinyl alcohol acrylamide holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) material. We will show that sufficient refractive index modulation is achieved in the material, in order to obtain high diffraction efficiencies. We will demonstrate that the final device acts as an image formation system.
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19
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Cao Y, Wang PX, D'Acierno F, Hamad WY, Michal CA, MacLachlan MJ. Tunable Diffraction Gratings from Biosourced Lyotropic Liquid Crystals. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1907376. [PMID: 32243008 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction gratings are important for modern optical components, such as optical multiplexers and signal processors. Although liquid crystal (LC) gratings based on thermotropic LCs have been extensively explored, they often require expensive molecules and complicated manufacturing processes. Lyotropic LCs, which can be broadly obtained from both synthetic and natural sources, have not yet been applied in optical gratings. Herein, a facile grating fabrication method using a biosourced lyotropic LC formed by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a material extracted from plants, is reported. Hydrogel sheets with vertically aligned uniform periodic structures are obtained by fixing the highly oriented chiral nematic LC of CNCs in polymer networks under the cooperative effects of gravity on phase separation and a magnetic field on LC orientation. The hydrogel generates up to sixth-order diffraction spots and shows linear polarization selectivity, with tunable grating periodicity controlled through LC concentration regulation. This synthesis strategy can be broadly applied to various grating materials and opens up a new area of optical materials from lyotropic LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cao
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Pei-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Francesco D'Acierno
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group, Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence, FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Carl A Michal
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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20
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Rogers B, Martin S, Naydenova I. Study of the Effect of Methyldiethanolamine Initiator on the Recording Properties of Acrylamide Based Photopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040734. [PMID: 32218188 PMCID: PMC7240398 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) in applications, such as in light shaping and redirection, requires certain characteristics such as a high Diffraction Efficiency, low angular selectivity and stability against UV damage. In order to maximize the performance of the HOEs, photosensitive materials are needed that have been optimised for the characteristics that are of particular importance in that application. At the core of the performance of these devices is the refractive index modulation created during holographic recording. Typically, a higher refractive index modulation will enable greater light Diffraction Efficiency and also operation with thinner devices, which in turn decreases the angular selectivity and the stability of the refractive index modulation introduced during recording, which is key to the longevity of the device. Solar concentrators based on volume HOEs can particularly benefit from thinner devices, because, for a solar concentrator to have a high angular working range, thinner photopolymer layers with a smaller angular selectivity are required. This paper presents an optimisation of an acrylamide-based photopolymer formulation for an improved refractive index modulation and recording speed. This was achieved by studying the effect of the concentration of acrylamide and the influence of different initiators in the photopolymer composition on the diffraction efficiency of holographic gratings. Two initiators of different molecular weights were compared: triethanolamine (TEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). A fivefold increase in the rate of grating formation was achieved through the modification of the acrylamide concentration alone, and it was also found that holograms recorded with MDEA as the initiator performed the best and recorded up to 25% faster than a TEA-based photopolymer. Finally, tests were carried out on the stability of the protected and unprotected photopolymer layers when subjected to UV light. The properties exhibited by this photopolymer composition make it a promising material for the production of optical elements and suitable for use in applications requiring prolonged exposure to UV light when protected by a thin melinex cover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Rogers
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics/School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland; (B.R.); (S.M.)
- FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Martin
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics/School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland; (B.R.); (S.M.)
- FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial and Engineering Optics/School of Physics and Clinical and Optometric Sciences, College of Sciences and Health, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, D08 NF82 Dublin, Ireland; (B.R.); (S.M.)
- FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin, 13 Camden row, D08 CKP1 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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21
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Wang H, Bisoyi HK, McConney ME, Urbas AM, Bunning TJ, Li Q. Visible-Light-Induced Self-Organized Helical Superstructure in Orientationally Ordered Fluids. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1902958. [PMID: 31402517 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced phenomena occurring in nature and in synthetic materials are fascinating and have been exploited for technological applications. Here visible-light-induced formation of a helical superstructure is reported, i.e., a cholesteric liquid crystal phase, in orientationally ordered fluids, i.e., nematic liquid crystals, enabled by a visible-light-driven chiral molecular switch. The cyclic-azobenzene-based chiral molecular switch exhibits reversible photoisomerization in response to visible light of different wavelengths due to the band separation of n-π* transitions of its trans- and cis-isomers. Green light (530 nm) drives the trans-to-cis photoisomerization whereas the cis-to-trans isomerization process of the chiral molecular switch can be caused by blue light (440 nm). It is observed that the helical twisting power of this chiral molecular switch increases upon irradiation with green light, which enables reversible induction of helical superstructure in nematic liquid crystals containing a very small quantity of the molecular switch. The occurrence of the light-induced helical superstructure enables the formation of diffraction gratings in cholesteric films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Michael E McConney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Augustine M Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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AlQattan B, Benton D, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Conformable Holographic Photonic Ink Sensors Based on Adhesive Tapes for Strain Measurements. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:29147-29157. [PMID: 31318192 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Buildings, bridges, and aircrafts are frequently exposed to fluctuation loads, which could start with a fine crack that instantly leads to unpredictable structure failures. The stationary strain sensors can be utilized, but they are costly and only detect limited deformation forms and sizes. Here, we fabricated photonic strain sensors on adhesive tapes, which can provide real-time monitoring of irregular surfaces. Holographic interference patterning was used to produce nonlinear curved nanostructures of one dimensional (1D) (900 nm × 880 nm) and two dimensional (2D) from a black dye film on a robust uniform adhesive layer and heat resistance tape. The patterned structure of the black dye was stable in broad pH environments. Diffracted light from the curved nanostructure detected the signal during structural damage, a shift or material tear of 5 με at less than 1.3 N cm-2. Additionally, the 2D nanostructure detected a surface change from x or y axis. Tilting the 1D structure within a range of 0.3° to 14.2° provided visible wavelength changes under broadband light to reveal early deflection signs. The curved nanopatterns could be also used for transferable holographic symbol design. Photonic nanopatterns on an adhesive tape could be used as a rapid response, conformable, lightweight, and low-cost dynamic strain sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader AlQattan
- School of Engineering , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - David Benton
- Aston Institute of Photonics Technologies , Aston University , Birmingham B4 7ET , U.K
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Haider Butt
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Khalifa University, Masdar City Campus , Abu Dhabi 127788 , United Arab Emirates
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Ruiz-Lopez M, Samoylova L, Brenner G, Mehrjoo M, Faatz B, Kuhlmann M, Poletto L, Plönjes E. Wavefront-propagation simulations supporting the design of a time-delay compensating monochromator beamline at FLASH2. J Synchrotron Radiat 2019; 26:899-905. [PMID: 31074455 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751900345x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront-propagation simulations have been performed to complete the design of a monochromator beamline for FLASH2, the variable-gap undulator line at the soft X-ray free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH). Prior to propagation through the beamline optical elements, the parameters of the photon source were generated using the GENESIS code which includes the free-electron laser experimental data. Threshold tolerances for the misalignment of mirror angles are calculated and, since diffraction effects were included in the simulations, the minimum quality with respect to the slope errors required for the optics is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luca Poletto
- National Research Council Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, 35136 Padova, Italy
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24
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Ryabchun A, Yakovlev D, Bobrovsky A, Katsonis N. Dynamic Diffractive Patterns in Helix-Inverting Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:10895-10904. [PMID: 30777420 PMCID: PMC6429427 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The future of adaptive materials will rely on transduction of molecular motion across increasing length scales, up to the macroscopic and functional level. In this context, liquid crystals have emerged as a promising amplification medium, in view of their long-range order and high sensitivity to external stimuli, and in particular, chiral liquid crystals have demonstrated widely tunable optical properties and invertible handedness. Here, we demonstrate that by applying weak electric fields, regular, periodic and light-tunable patterns can be formed spontaneously in cholesteric liquid crystals. These patterns can be used as light-tunable diffraction gratings for which the period, the diffraction efficiency, and the in-plane orientation of grating vector can be controlled precisely, reversibly, and independently. Such a photoregulation allows generating a variety of one- and two-dimensional complex diffractive patterns in a single material. Our data are also supported by modeling and theoretical calculations. Overall, the fine tunability of cholesteric materials doped with artificial molecular switches makes them attractive for optics and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ryabchun
- Bio-inspired
and Smart Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Fraunhofer Institute
for Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstr.
69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dmitry Yakovlev
- Physics
Department, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Alexey Bobrovsky
- Chemistry
Department, Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nathalie Katsonis
- Bio-inspired
and Smart Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 207, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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25
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Calixto S, Piazza V, Marañon-Ruiz VF. Stimuli-Responsive Systems in Optical Humidity-Detection Devices. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E327. [PMID: 30669694 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of electronic devices to measure Relative Humidity (RH) is widespread. However, under certain circumstances, for example when explosive gases are present, a spark-free method should be used. Here we suggest the use of stimuli-responsive materials, like gelatin and interpenetrated polymers, to detect RH with an optical method. These materials are hydrophilic. When water vapor is absorbed by the films the molecules attach to the films molecular network. The result is that the film thickness increases and their refractive index changes. To detect the change of these two parameters an optical method based on diffraction gratings is employed. Surface diffraction gratings are recorded on the films. Then gratings are placed in an optical configuration that is immersed in a climatic chamber. A light beam is sent to the grating where it is diffracted. Several light orders appear. Due to the absorption of water molecules the films swell and grating surface modulation changes. This implies that the diffracted orders intensity changes. A calibrating plot relating intensity as a function of RH is obtained.
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26
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Goray L, Jark W, Eichert D. Rigorous calculations and synchrotron radiation measurements of diffraction efficiencies for tender X-ray lamellar gratings: conical versus classical diffraction. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:1683-1693. [PMID: 30407178 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518012419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
When reflection gratings are operated at grazing incidence in the extreme off-plane configuration and the incident beam trajectory is parallel to the grooves, the diffraction into the first order can be more efficient than in the classical orientation. This situation is referred to as the conical diffraction case. In the classical configuration the grooves are perpendicular to the incident beam and thus an efficiency-reducing shadowing effect will be observed at very grazing angles. It was recently shown that a laminar grating could provide symmetric and relatively high efficiencies in conical diffraction for diffraction even of photons with large energies of the order of 4 and 6 keV. For photon energies in the tender X-ray range, accurate computing tools for the calculation of diffraction efficiencies from gratings with simple coatings have not been available. Promising results for this spectral range now require the development of tools for modelling the diffraction efficiency expected in optical instrumentation, in which the provision of high efficiency in the indicated spectral range is mandatory. This is the case when weak sources are to be investigated, like in space science. In this study it will be shown that scalar calculations are not appropriate for this purpose, while newly introduced rigorous calculations based on the boundary integral equation method, implemented in the PCGrate® code, can provide predictions that are in agreement with observed diffraction efficiencies. The agreement is achieved by modelling the exact surface profile. This applies for both the conical diffraction configuration and for the classical in-plane configuration, in which a significantly lower efficiency was obtained. Even though the profile of the presented grating was not perfect, but significantly distorted, the calculations show that efficiency-wise the structure provided already more than 75% of the ideally expected efficiency for conical diffraction. This is a very promising result for further optimization of diffraction gratings for use in the tender X-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Goray
- Saint Petersburg Academic University, Khlopin St. 8/3 Let. A, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Werner Jark
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Diane Eichert
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, SS 14 - km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
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27
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Brown CN. Ruling engines and diffraction gratings before Rowland: the work of Lewis Rutherfurd and William Rogers. Ann Sci 2018; 75:330-360. [PMID: 30481124 DOI: 10.1080/00033790.2018.1545047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diffraction gratings are famously associated with Henry Rowland of Johns Hopkins University but there were precursors. Although gratings were first made and used in Europe, reliable machines for ruling gratings were developed in the USA, and two men, Lewis Rutherfurd and William Rogers, tackled the problem before Rowland. Rutherfurd, a wealthy independent astronomer, designed and built the first screw-operated engine for ruling diffraction gratings, the fore-runner of almost all subsequent ruling engines. With it he and his assistant D. C. Chapman ruled many gratings which he generously distributed to practising scientists, thereby materially advancing the science of spectroscopy. Rogers was a Harvard astronomer who developed an interest in the ruling of fine lines on glass that led him to construct a ruling engine with which he investigated the causes of the errors in the rulings he had examined. He continued to seek improvements with a second engine designed for ruling diffraction gratings. He ceased developing this engine when Rowland's excellent gratings began to be available, concentrating instead on related problems to which he could apply the knowledge and skills he had gained, but his investigations assisted Rowland and other later ruling engine builders. This paper brings together what is known about the ruling engines of Rutherfurd and Rogers, their development, the gratings they produced, their quality and the work that was done with them, and assesses and compares their achievements and the impacts of the work of these two men.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Brown
- a Formerly of the Science Museum , London , UK
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28
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AlQattan B, Yetisen AK, Butt H. Direct Laser Writing of Nanophotonic Structures on Contact Lenses. ACS Nano 2018; 12:5130-5140. [PMID: 29688698 PMCID: PMC6107297 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Contact lenses are ubiquitous biomedical devices used for vision correction and cosmetic purposes. Their application as quantitative analytical devices is highly promising for point-of-care diagnostics. However, it is a challenge to integrate nanoscale features into commercial contact lenses for application in low-cost biosensors. A neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (1064 nm, 3 ns pulse, 240 mJ) in holographic interference patterning mode was utilized to produce optical nanostructures over the surface of a hydrogel contact lens. One-dimensional (925 nm) and two-dimensional (925 nm × 925 nm) nanostructures were produced on contact lenses and analyzed by spectroscopy and angle-resolve measurements. The holographic properties of these nanostructures were tested in ambient moisture, fully hydrated, and artificial tear conditions. The measurements showed a rapid tuning of optical diffraction from these nanostructures from 41 to 48°. The nanostructures were patterned near the edges of the contact lens to avoid any interference and obstruction to the human vision. The formation of 2D nanostructures on lenses increased the diffraction efficiency by more than 10%. The versatility of the holographic laser ablation method was demonstrated by producing four different 2D nanopattern geometries on contact lenses. Hydrophobicity of the contact lens was characterized by contact angle measurements, which increased from 59.0° at pristine condition to 62.5° at post-nanofabrication. The holographic nanostructures on the contact lens were used to sense the concentration of Na+ ions. Artificial tear solution was used to simulate the conditions in dry eye syndrome, and nanostructures on the contact lenses were used to detect the electrolyte concentration changes (±47 mmol L-1). Nanopatterns on a contact lens may be used to sense other ocular diseases in early stages at point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader AlQattan
- Nanotechnology
Laboratory, School of Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Nanotechnology
Laboratory, School of Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Haider Butt
- Nanotechnology
Laboratory, School of Engineering, and School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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29
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De Sio L, Lloyd PF, Tabiryan NV, Bunning TJ. Hidden Gratings in Holographic Liquid Crystal Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:13107-13112. [PMID: 29575892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic diffraction gratings that are hidden in the field-off state are fabricated utilizing a room-temperature photocurable liquid crystal (LC) monomer and nematic LC (NLC) using holographic photopolymerization techniques. These holographic LC polymer-dispersed LCs (HLCPDLCs) are hidden because of the refractive index matching between the LC polymer and the NLC regions in the as-formed state (no E-field applied). Application of a moderate E-field (5 V/μm) generates a refractive index mismatch because of the NLC reorientation (along the E-field) generating high-diffraction efficiency transmission gratings. These dynamic gratings are characterized by morphological, optical, and electrooptical techniques. They exhibit a morphology made of oriented LC polymer regions (containing residual NLC) alternating with a two-phase region of an NLC and LC polymer. Unlike classic holographic polymer-dispersed LC gratings formed with a nonmesogenic monomer, there is index matching between the as-formed alternating regions of the grating. These HLCPDLCs exhibit broad band and high diffraction efficiency (≈90%) at the Bragg angle, are transparent to white light across the visible range because of the refractive index matching, and exhibit fast response times (1 ms). The ability of HLCPDLCs not to consume electrical power in the off state opens new possibilities for the realization of energy-efficient switchable photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano De Sio
- Beam Engineering for Advanced Measurements Company , Orlando , Florida 32810 , United States
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies , Sapienza University of Rome , Corso della Repubblica 79 , 04100 Latina , Italy
| | - Pamela F Lloyd
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433-7707 , United States
| | - Nelson V Tabiryan
- Beam Engineering for Advanced Measurements Company , Orlando , Florida 32810 , United States
| | - Timothy J Bunning
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433-7707 , United States
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30
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Nicholls DP. Stable, high-order computation of impedance-impedance operators for three-dimensional layered medium simulations. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20170704. [PMID: 29740256 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The faithful modelling of the propagation of linear waves in a layered, periodic structure is of paramount importance in many branches of the applied sciences. In this paper, we present a novel numerical algorithm for the simulation of such problems which is free of the artificial singularities present in related approaches. We advocate for a surface integral formulation which is phrased in terms of impedance-impedance operators that are immune to the Dirichlet eigenvalues which plague the Dirichlet-Neumann operators that appear in classical formulations. We demonstrate a high-order spectral algorithm to simulate these latter operators based upon a high-order perturbation of surfaces methodology which is rapid, robust and highly accurate. We demonstrate the validity and utility of our approach with a sequence of numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Nicholls
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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31
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Hong YS, Cho CH, Sung HK. Design Parameter Optimization of a Silicon-Based Grating Waveguide for Performance Improvement in Biochemical Sensor Application. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18030781. [PMID: 29510559 PMCID: PMC5876739 DOI: 10.3390/s18030781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We performed numerical analysis and design parameter optimization of a silicon-based grating waveguide refractive index (RI) sensor. The performance of the grating waveguide RI sensor was determined by the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and the shift in the resonance wavelength in the transmission spectrum. The transmission extinction, a major figure-of-merit of an RI sensor that reflects both FWHM and resonance shift performance, could be significantly improved by the proper determination of three major grating waveguide parameters: duty ratio, grating period, and etching depth. We analyzed the transmission characteristics of the grating waveguide under various design parameter conditions using a finite-difference time domain method. We achieved a transmission extinction improvement of >26 dB under a given bioenvironmental target change by the proper choice of the design procedure and parameters. This design procedure and choice of appropriate parameters would enable the widespread application of silicon-based grating waveguide in high-performance RI biochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Seung Hong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea.
| | - Chun-Hyung Cho
- Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Kee Sung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea.
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32
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Sokolov A, Sertsu MG, Gaupp A, Lüttecke M, Schäfers F. Efficient high-order suppression system for a metrology beamline. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:100-107. [PMID: 29271758 PMCID: PMC5741125 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517016800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High-quality metrology with synchrotron radiation requires in particular a very high spectral purity of the incident beam. This is usually achieved by a set of transmission filters with suitable absorption edges to suppress high-order radiation of the monochromator. The at-wavelength metrology station at a BESSY-II bending-magnet collimated plane-grating monochromator (c-PGM) beamline has recently commissioned a high-order suppression system (HiOS) based on four reflections from mirrors which can be inserted into the beam path. Two pairs of mirrors are aligned parallel so as not to disturb the original beam path and are rotated clockwise and counter-clockwise. Three sets of coatings are available for the different energy ranges and the incidence angle is freely tunable to find the optimum figure of merit for maximum suppression at maximum transmission for each photon energy required. Measured performance results of the HiOS for the EUV and XUV range are compared with simulations, and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sokolov
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (BESSY-II), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. G. Sertsu
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (BESSY-II), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Gaupp
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (BESSY-II), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Lüttecke
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (BESSY-II), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Schäfers
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin (BESSY-II), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Krzywinski J, Conley R, Moeller S, Gwalt G, Siewert F, Waberski C, Zeschke T, Cocco D. Damage thresholds for blaze diffraction gratings and grazing incidence optics at an X-ray free-electron laser. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:85-90. [PMID: 29271756 PMCID: PMC5741123 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517016083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Linac Coherent Light Source is upgrading its machine to high repetition rate and to extended ranges. Novel coatings, with limited surface oxidation, which are able to work at the carbon edge, are required. In addition, high-resolution soft X-ray monochromators become necessary. One of the big challenges is to design the mirror geometry and the grating profile to have high reflectivity (or efficiency) and at the same time survive the high peak energy of the free-electron laser pulses. For these reasons the experimental damage threshold, at 900 eV, of two platinum-coated gratings with different blazed angles has been investigated. The gratings were tested at 1° grazing incidence. To validate a model for which the damage threshold on the blaze grating can be estimated by calculating the damage threshold of a mirror with an angle of incidence identical to the angle of incidence on the grating plus the blaze angle, tests on Pt-coated substrates have also been performed. The results confirmed the prediction. Uncoated silicon, platinum and SiB3 (both deposited on a silicon substrate) were also investigated. In general, the measured damage threshold at grazing incidence is higher than that calculated under the assumption that there is no energy transport from the volume where the photons are absorbed. However, it was found that, for the case of the SiB3 coating, the grazing incidence condition did not increase the damage threshold, indicating that the energy transport away from the extinction volume is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Raymond Conley
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Grzegorz Gwalt
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Siewert
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Waberski
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeschke
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialen und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniele Cocco
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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34
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Poletto L, Frassetto F. Grating configurations to compress free-electron laser pulses. J Synchrotron Radiat 2018; 25:52-58. [PMID: 29271751 PMCID: PMC5741120 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751701637x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The optical layout of soft X-ray grating compressors designed to provide both positive and negative group-delay dispersion (GDD) is discussed. They are tailored for chirped-pulse-amplification experiments with seeded free-electron laser sources. Designs with plane or concave gratings are discussed, depending on the sign of the GDD to be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Poletto
- National Research Council – Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, via Trasea 7, Padova 35136, Italy
| | - Fabio Frassetto
- National Research Council – Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies, via Trasea 7, Padova 35136, Italy
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35
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Abstract
Nanofabrication through conventional methods such as electron beam writing and photolithography is time-consuming, high cost, complex, and limited in terms of the materials which can be processed. Here, we present the development of a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, 220 mJ) in holographic Denisyuk reflection mode method for creating ablative nanopatterns from thin films of four ink colors (black, red, blue, and brown). We establish the use of ink as a recording medium in different colors and absorption ranges to rapidly produce optical nanostructures in 1D geometries. The gratings produced with four different types of ink had the same periodicity (840 nm); however, they produce distant wavelength dependent diffraction responses to monochromatic and broadband light. The nanostructures of gratings consisting of blue and red inks displayed high diffraction efficiency of certain wavelengths while the black and brown ink based gratings diffracted broadband light. These gratings have high potential to be used as low-cost photonic structures in wavelength-dependent optical filters. We anticipate that the rapid production of gratings based on different ink formulations can enable optics applications such as holographic displays in data storage, light trapping, security systems, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader AlQattan
- Nanotechnology
Laboratory, School of Engineering, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - David Benton
- Aston
Institute of Photonics Technologies, Aston
University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, U.K.
| | - Ali K. Yetisen
- Harvard-MIT
Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haider Butt
- Nanotechnology
Laboratory, School of Engineering, University
of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Phone: +441214158623; e-mail:
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36
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Bianco V, Mandracchia B, Marchesano V, Pagliarulo V, Olivieri F, Coppola S, Paturzo M, Ferraro P. Endowing a plain fluidic chip with micro-optics: a holographic microscope slide. Light Sci Appl 2017; 6:e17055. [PMID: 30167297 PMCID: PMC6062330 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) devices are extremely promising in that they enable diagnostic functions at the point-of-care. Within this scope, an important goal is to design imaging schemes that can be used out of the laboratory. In this paper, we introduce and test a pocket holographic slide that allows digital holography microscopy to be performed without an interferometer setup. Instead, a commercial off-the-shelf plastic chip is engineered and functionalized with this aim. The microfluidic chip is endowed with micro-optics, that is, a diffraction grating and polymeric lenses, to build an interferometer directly on the chip, avoiding the need for a reference arm and external bulky optical components. Thanks to the single-beam scheme, the system is completely integrated and robust against vibrations, sharing the useful features of any common path interferometer. Hence, it becomes possible to bring holographic functionalities out of the lab, moving complexity from the external optical apparatus to the chip itself. Label-free imaging and quantitative phase contrast mapping of live samples are demonstrated, along with flexible refocusing capabilities. Thus, a liquid volume can be analyzed in one single shot with no need for mechanical scanning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Bianco
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Biagio Mandracchia
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli 80100, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Vito Pagliarulo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Federico Olivieri
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli 80100, Italy
| | - Sara Coppola
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Melania Paturzo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
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37
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Neipp C, Francés J, Martínez FJ, Fernández R, Alvarez ML, Bleda S, Ortuño M, Gallego S. Optimization of Photopolymer Materials for the Fabrication of a Holographic Waveguide. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090395. [PMID: 30965697 PMCID: PMC6418691 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a method of manufacturing an optical see-through display based on a holographic waveguide with transmission holograms that couple the incident light between air and the glass substrate, accomplishing total internal reflection. The holograms (slanted transmission gratings with a spatial frequency of 1700 lines/mm) were recorded on a polyvinyl alcohol acrylamide (PVA/AA) photopolymer. We will also show that the addition of N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (BMA) to the composition of the photopolymer allows the achievement of the index modulations necessary to obtain high diffraction efficiencies in non-slanted diffraction gratings of 1000 and 2200 lines/mm, and also in slanted gratings of 1700 lines/mm (which are the base of the optical system proposed).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Neipp
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Jorge Francés
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Martínez
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Roberto Fernández
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Mariela L Alvarez
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergio Bleda
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Manuel Ortuño
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergi Gallego
- I.U. Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Department de Física, Ing. de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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38
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Ascorbe J, Corres JM, Arregui FJ, Matias IR. Humidity Sensor Based on Bragg Gratings Developed on the End Facet of an Optical Fiber by Sputtering of One Single Material. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:s17050991. [PMID: 28468267 PMCID: PMC5469344 DOI: 10.3390/s17050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The refractive index of sputtered indium oxide nanocoatings has been altered just by changing the sputtering parameters, such as pressure. These induced changes have been exploited for the generation of a grating on the end facet of an optical fiber towards the development of wavelength-modulated optical fiber humidity sensors. A theoretical analysis has also been performed in order to study the different parameters involved in the fabrication of this optical structure and how they would affect the sensitivity of these devices. Experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement. A sensitivity of 150 pm/%RH was obtained for relative humidity changes from 20% to 60%. This kind of humidity sensors shows a maximum hysteresis of 1.3% relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Ascorbe
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona 31006, Spain.
| | - Jesus M Corres
- Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona 31006, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Arregui
- Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona 31006, Spain.
| | - Ignacio R Matias
- Institute of Smart Cities, Public University of Navarra, Pamplona 31006, Spain.
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39
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Barrios CA. Rapid On-Site Formation of a Free-Standing Flexible Optical Link for Sensing Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E1643. [PMID: 27782049 DOI: 10.3390/s16101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An optical link, based on a conventional Scotch tape waveguide, for sensing applications requiring rapid on-site assembly is proposed and demonstrated. The flexible waveguide contains an integrated aluminum one-dimensional grating coupler that, when stuck on the radiative surface of a light emitting device, allows light to be coupled in and transmitted through the tape, whose tip end is, in turn, adhered onto the photosensitive surface of a photodetector. The (de)coupling approaches exhibit high alignment tolerances that permit the formation of a free-standing flexible optical connection between surface-normal optoelectronic devices without the need of specialized equipment. As the first demonstration of a sensing application, the proposed optical link is easily configured as a cost-effective intensity-based refractometric sensor for liquid detection, which can be applicable to on-site quality and process control of, for example, beverages.
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40
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Yuh JY, Lin SW, Huang LJ, Lee LL. Calibration of a compact XUV soft X-ray monochromator with a digital autocollimator in situ. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:1232-1236. [PMID: 27577780 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577516009565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A digital autocollimator of resolution 0.1 µrad (0.02 arcsec) serves as a handy correction tool for calibrating the angular uncertainty during angular and lateral movements of gratings inside a monochromator chamber under ultra-high vacuum. The photon energy dispersed from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) to the soft X-ray region of the synchrotron beamline at the Taiwan Light Source was monitored using molecular ionization spectra at high resolution as energy references that correlate with the fine angular steps during grating rotation. The angular resolution of the scanning mechanism was <0.3 µrad, which results in an energy shift of 80 meV at 867 eV. The angular uncertainties caused by the lateral movement during a grating exchange were decreased from 2.2 µrad to 0.1 µrad after correction. The proposed method provides a simple solution for on-site beamline diagnostics of highly precise multi-axis optical manipulating instruments at synchrotron facilities and in-house laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih Young Yuh
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shang Wei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Liang Jen Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Long Life Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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41
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Hong YS, Kim J, Sung HK. Characterization of a Functional Hydrogel Layer on a Silicon-Based Grating Waveguide for a Biochemical Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E914. [PMID: 27322286 DOI: 10.3390/s16060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We numerically demonstrated the characteristics of a functional hydrogel layer on a silicon-based grating waveguide for a simple, cost-effective refractive index (RI) biochemical sensor. The RI of the functional hydrogel layer changes when a specific biochemical interaction occurs between the hydrogel-linked receptors and injected ligand molecules. The transmission spectral profile of the grating waveguide shifts depends on the amount of RI change caused by the functional layer. Our characterization includes the effective RI change caused by the thickness, functional volume ratio, and functional strength of the hydrogel layer. The results confirm the feasibility of, and set design rules for, hydrogel-assisted silicon-based grating waveguides.
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42
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Chandramohan S, Avrutsky I. Enhancing Sensitivity of a Miniature Spectrometer Using a Real-Time Image Processing Algorithm. Appl Spectrosc 2016; 70:756-765. [PMID: 27170777 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816638280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A real-time image processing algorithm is developed to enhance the sensitivity of a planar single-mode waveguide miniature spectrometer with integrated waveguide gratings. A novel approach of averaging along the arcs in a curved coordinate system is introduced which allows for collecting more light, thereby enhancing the sensitivity. The algorithm is tested using CdSeS/ZnS quantum dots drop casted on the surface of a single-mode waveguide. Measurements indicate that a monolayer of quantum dots is expected to produce guided mode attenuation approximately 11 times above the noise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarish Chandramohan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ivan Avrutsky
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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43
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Schäfers F, Bischoff P, Eggenstein F, Erko A, Gaupp A, Künstner S, Mast M, Schmidt JS, Senf F, Siewert F, Sokolov A, Zeschke T. The at-wavelength metrology facility for UV- and XUV-reflection and diffraction optics at BESSY-II. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:67-77. [PMID: 26698047 PMCID: PMC4733934 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515020615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A technology center for the production of high-precision reflection gratings has been established. Within this project a new optics beamline and a versatile reflectometer for at-wavelength characterization of UV- and XUV-reflection gratings and other (nano-) optical elements has been set up at BESSY-II. The Plane Grating Monochromator beamline operated in collimated light (c-PGM) is equipped with an SX700 monochromator, of which the blazed gratings (600 and 1200 lines mm(-1)) have been recently exchanged for new ones of improved performance produced in-house. Over the operating range from 10 to 2000 eV this beamline has very high spectral purity achieved by (i) a four-mirror arrangement of different coatings which can be inserted into the beam at different angles and (ii) by absorber filters for high-order suppression. Stray light and scattered radiation is removed efficiently by double sets of in situ exchangeable apertures and slits. By use of in- and off-plane bending-magnet radiation the beamline can be adjusted to either linear or elliptical polarization. One of the main features of a novel 11-axes reflectometer is the possibility to incorporate real life-sized gratings. The samples are adjustable within six degrees of freedom by a newly developed UHV-tripod system carrying a load up to 4 kg, and the reflectivity can be measured between 0 and 90° incidence angle for both s- and p-polarization geometry. This novel powerful metrology facility has gone into operation recently and is now open for external users. First results on optical performance and measurements on multilayer gratings will be presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Schäfers
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - P. Bischoff
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - F. Eggenstein
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - A. Erko
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - A. Gaupp
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - S. Künstner
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - M. Mast
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - J.-S. Schmidt
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - F. Senf
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - F. Siewert
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - A. Sokolov
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Th. Zeschke
- Institute for Nanometre Optics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
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44
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Amra C, Petiteau D, Zerrad M, Guenneau S, Soriano G, Gralak B, Bellieud M, Veynante D, Rolland N. Analogies between optical propagation and heat diffusion: applications to microcavities, gratings and cloaks. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 471:20150143. [PMID: 26730214 PMCID: PMC4685876 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new analogy between optical propagation and heat diffusion in heterogeneous anisotropic media has been proposed recently by three of the present authors. A detailed derivation of this unconventional correspondence is presented and developed. In time harmonic regime, all thermal parameters are related to optical ones in artificial metallic media, thus making possible to use numerical codes developed for optics. Then, the optical admittance formalism is extended to heat conduction in multilayered structures. The concepts of planar microcavities, diffraction gratings and planar transformation optics for heat conduction are addressed. Results and limitations of the analogy are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Amra
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - D Petiteau
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - M Zerrad
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - S Guenneau
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - G Soriano
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - B Gralak
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut Fresnel, CNRS, Ecole Centrale Marseille, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St Jérôme , 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - M Bellieud
- Université Montpellier 2, CNRS, LMGC , Montpellier, France
| | - D Veynante
- Ecole Centrale Paris , CNRS, EM2C, Paris, France
| | - N Rolland
- Université de Lille 1 , CNRS, IEMN, Lille, France
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45
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Abstract
Holography plays a significant role in applications such as data storage, light trapping, security, and biosensors. However, conventional fabrication methods remain time-consuming, costly, and complex, limiting the fabrication of holograms and their extensive use. Here, we demonstrate a single-pulse laser ablation technique to write parallel surface gratings and Fresnel zone plates. We utilized a 6 ns high-energy green laser pulse to form interference patterns to record a surface grating with 820 nm periodicity and asymmetric zone plate holograms on 4.5 nm gold-coated substrates. The holographic recording process was completed within seconds. The optical characteristics of the interference patterns have been computationally modeled, and well-ordered polychromatic diffraction was observed from the fabricated holograms. The zone plate showed a significant diffraction angle of 32° from the normal incident for the focal point. The nanosecond laser interference ablation for rapid hologram fabrication holds great potential in a vast range of optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiancheng Zhao
- Microengineering and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Aydin Sabouri
- Microengineering and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Seok Hyun Yun
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Haider Butt
- Microengineering and Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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46
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Peinado P, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Focused Electron and Ion Beam Induced Deposition on Flexible and Transparent Polycarbonate Substrates. ACS Nano 2015; 9:6139-46. [PMID: 26035337 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The successful application of focused electron (and ion) beam induced deposition techniques for the growth of nanowires on flexible and transparent polycarbonate films is reported here. After minimization of charging effects in the substrate, sub-100 nm-wide Pt, W, and Co nanowires have been grown and their electrical conduction is similar compared to the use of standard Si-based substrates. Experiments where the substrate is bent in a controlled way indicate that the electrical conduction is stable up to high bending angles, >50°, for low-resistivity Pt nanowires grown by the ion beam. On the other hand, the resistance of Pt nanowires grown by the electron beam changes significantly and reversibly with the bending angle. Aided by the substrate transparency, a diffraction grating in transmission mode has been built based on the growth of an array of Pt nanowires that shows sharp diffraction spots. The set of results supports the large potential of focused beam deposition as a high-resolution nanolithography technique on transparent and flexible substrates. The most promising applications are expected in flexible nano-optics and nanoplasmonics, flexible electronics, and nanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Peinado
- †Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- †Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- ‡Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- §Fundación ARAID, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José M De Teresa
- †Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- ‡Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- ⊥Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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47
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Abstract
Sensors that change color have the advantages of versatility, ease of use, high sensitivity, and low cost. The recent development of optically based chemical sensing platforms has increasingly employed substrates manufactured with advanced processing or fabrication techniques to provide precise control over shape and morphology of the sensor micro- and nano-structure. New sensors have resulted with improved capabilities for a number of sensing applications, including the detection of biomolecules and environmental monitoring. This perspective focuses on recent optical sensor devices that utilize nanostructured substrates.
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