Thermal radiation transferred to the guided modes of optical interference coatings

An electromagnetic model is developed to predict the thermal radiation which is trapped in a multilayer structure and transferred to its guided modes. The theory is based on the electromagnetic power supplied by the thermal currents given by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. The source of the radiation is the ambient temperature or that caused by the optical absorption of the component subjected to spatio-temporal illumination. A numerical example is given for a multi-dielectric mirror at thermodynamic equilibrium. It is shown that the thermal radiation transferred to the guided modes of the multilayer can be much larger or lower than the radiation emerging in free space outside the component.

Photo-induced thermal radiation of optical interference coatings submitted to a spatio-temporal illumination

We present an electromagnetic model for photo-induced thermal radiation in multi-layer interference filters subjected to arbitrary pulsed illumination with limited beam size. Numerical calculation is used to analyze various structures affecting thermal radiation, such as multi-dielectric mirrors in the mid-infrared range. Other zero-admittance structures are shown to strongly confine and enhance the thermal radiation with an emissivity close to unity at pre-defined frequencies (wavelength and angles). Calculation tools are chosen that encourage the use of techniques for synthesizing thin-film multilayers able to control thermal radiation.

Frequency-Dependent Squeezed Vacuum Source for the Advanced Virgo Gravitational-Wave Detector

In this Letter, we present the design and performance of the frequency-dependent squeezed vacuum source that will be used for the broadband quantum noise reduction of the Advanced Virgo Plus gravitational-wave detector in the upcoming observation run. The frequency-dependent squeezed field is generated by a phase rotation of a frequency-independent squeezed state through a 285 m long, high-finesse, near-detuned optical resonator. With about 8.5 dB of generated squeezing, up to 5.6 dB of quantum noise suppression has been measured at high frequency while close to the filter cavity resonance frequency, the intracavity losses limit this value to about 2 dB. Frequency-dependent squeezing is produced with a rotation frequency stability of about 6 Hz rms, which is maintained over the long term. The achieved results fulfill the frequency dependent squeezed vacuum source requirements for Advanced Virgo Plus. With the current squeezing source, considering also the estimated squeezing degradation induced by the interferometer, we expect a reduction of the quantum shot noise and radiation pressure noise of up to 4.5 dB and 2 dB, respectively.

Photo-induced temperature in optical interference coatings

The photo-induced temperature in multilayer systems is calculated using an original analytical model based on optical/thermal analogies. Various illumination regimes are considered, ranging from ps pulses to a continuous regime, while taking into account a variable repetition rate. The temporal and spatial (3D) resolutions are quantified, and the distributions of temperature and stationary optical field are compared. The temperature spectra are given as a function of the illumination wavelength. Thermal and electromagnetic damage thresholds are compared. Lastly, the thermal fringes resulting from structured optical illumination are studied.

Black paints covered with multidielectrics: light absorbers

Black paints are commonly used to provide broadband light absorbers in high-precision optics. We show how multidielectric coatings improve the performances of these absorbers. The coated rough paints still exhibit a quasi-lambertian diffuse reflection, but this scattering pattern can be reduced by several orders of magnitude, which strongly enhances absorption. Predictions are based on an exact electromagnetic theory of light scattering from arbitrary rough multilayers. Results are also compared to useful approximate theories.

Sensitivity of resonance properties of all-dielectric multilayers driven by statistical fluctuations

In photonics and emerging fields of quantum and topological materials, increasing demands are placed upon the state and control of electromagnetic fields. Dielectric multilayer materials may be designed and optimized to possess extremely sharp spectral and angular photonic resonances allowing for the creation of fields orders of magnitude larger than the exciting field. With enhancements of 10⁴ and higher, the extreme nature of these resonances places high constraints on the statistical properties of the physical and optical characteristics of the materials. To what extent the spectral and angular shifts occur as a result of fluctuations in the refractive indices and morphologies of the involved low-loss subdomains have not been considered previously. Here, we present how parameter variations such as those caused by fluctuations in deposition rate, yielding bias, random and compensated errors, may affect the resonance properties of low-loss all-dielectric stacks.

Anti-scattering effect analyzed with an exact theory of light scattering from rough multilayers

First-order theories of light scattering previously revealed the existence of anti-scattering effects in optical multilayers. Here we present an exact electromagnetic theory that is able to complete the scattering analysis when first-order scattering is cancelled. The theory is valid for arbitrary rough multilayers.

International round-robin experiment for angle-resolved light scattering measurement

An international round-robin experiment has been conducted to test procedures and methods for the measurement of angle-resolved light scattering. ASTM E2387-05 has been used as the main guide, while the experience gained should also contribute to the new ISO standard of angle-resolved scattering currently under development (ISO/WD 19986:2016). Seven laboratories from Europe and the United States measured the angle-resolved scattering from Al/SiO₂-coated substrates, transparent substrates, volume diffusors, quasi-volume diffusors, white calibration standards, and grating samples at laser wavelengths in the UV, VIS, and NIR spectra. Results were sent to Fraunhofer IOF, which coordinated the experiments and analyzed the data, while ESA-ESTEC, as the project donor, defined conditions and parameters. Depending mainly on the sample type, overall good to reasonable agreements were observed, with largest deviations at scattering angles very close to the specular beam. Volume diffusor characterization unexpectedly turned out to be challenging. Not all participants provided measurement uncertainty ranges according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement; often, a single general scatterometer-related measurement uncertainty value was stated. Although relative instrument measurement uncertainties close to 1% are sometimes claimed, the comparison results did not support these claims for specular scattering samples as mirrors, substrates, or gratings.

Bandwidths limitations of giant optical field enhancements in dielectric multi-layers

Dielectric multilayers, when properly optimized, have been shown to sustain giant optical field enhancement directly linked to the imaginary index of the materials. Such giant optical field is of great interests to increase tremendously the sensitivity of optoelectronic systems. Unfortunately, this ultra-sensitive system is also highly depending on the illumination conditions. We discuss here the effect of the angular divergence and the spectral bandwidth of the incident laser beam on the absorption and field enhancement. In this study, we clearly show that giant optical field enhancements, up to several decades, may be achievable when the incident conditions are down few μrad and pm in term of angular and spectral bandwidths respectively.

Analogies between optical propagation and heat diffusion: applications to microcavities, gratings and cloaks

A new analogy between optical propagation and heat diffusion in heterogeneous anisotropic media has been proposed recently by three of the present authors. A detailed derivation of this unconventional correspondence is presented and developed. In time harmonic regime, all thermal parameters are related to optical ones in artificial metallic media, thus making possible to use numerical codes developed for optics. Then, the optical admittance formalism is extended to heat conduction in multilayered structures. The concepts of planar microcavities, diffraction gratings and planar transformation optics for heat conduction are addressed. Results and limitations of the analogy are emphasized.

Speckle intensity statistics for chromatic scattering media under partially polarized illumination

Intensity contrast in a fully developed speckle pattern resulting from the elastic scattering of a partially polarized light from a strongly scattering medium is theoretically and numerically studied. Simple expressions are derived when the illumination bandwidth is much smaller or larger than the chromatic length of the scattering medium.

Polarization analysis of speckle field below its transverse correlation width : application to surface and bulk scattering

An experimental method for accurate polarimetric characterization of speckle field below its transverse correlation width is proposed. Using a polarimetric analyzer, the speckle field under investigation is probed by a set of polarimetric projections describing the full Poincaré sphere surface. Spatial polarimetric variations of the speckle field are thus observed with an accuracy of 1% for each Stokes parameter. Moreover, all the experimental data can be guaranteed by a validity criterion. Using white paper sheet and rough metal samples, the method exhibits strong potential to analyze and differentiate speckle fields generated by bulk and surface scattering.

Accurate metrology of polarization curves measured at the speckle size of visible light scattering

An optical procedure is presented to measure at the speckle size and with high accuracy, the polarization degree of patterns scattered by disordered media. Whole mappings of polarization ratio, polarimetric phase and polarization degree are pointed out. Scattered clouds are emphasized on the Poincaré sphere, and are completed by probability density functions of the polarization degree. A special care is attributed to the accuracy of data. The set-up provides additional signatures of scattering media.

Enpolarization and depolarization of light scattered from chromatic complex media

Influence of the variations of the scattering properties of a disordered medium with respect to frequency on the polarization of scattered light is investigated. We focus on the strongly scattering regime with the sum of random phasors scattering model that is extended to chromatic media and made frequency-sensitive. It is numerically shown how the scattered polarization depends on the incident polarization and the incident light bandwidth to scattering coefficients chromatic length ratio. Under the presented approach, both phenomena of depolarization and enpolarization of light appear unified.

Mapping the coherence time of far-field speckle scattered by disordered media

The polarization and temporal coherence properties of light are altered by scattering events. In this paper, we follow a far-field approach, modelizing the scattering from disordered media with the scattering matrix formalism. The degree of polarization and coherence time of the scattered light are expressed with respect to the characteristics of the incident field.

Light enpolarization by disordered media under partial polarized illumination: the role of cross-scattering coefficients

We show how disordered media allow to increase the local degree of polarization (DOP) of an arbitrary (partial) polarized incident beam. The role of cross-scattering coefficients is emphasized, together with the probability density functions (PDF) of the scattering DOP. The average DOP of scattering is calculated versus the incident illumination DOP.

A high accuracy femto-/picosecond laser damage test facility dedicated to the study of optical thin films

A laser damage test facility delivering pulses from 100 fs to 3 ps and designed to operate at 1030 nm is presented. The different details of its implementation and performances are given. The originality of this system relies the online damage detection system based on Nomarski microscopy and the use of a non-conventional energy detection method based on the utilization of a cooled CCD that offers the possibility to obtain the laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) with high accuracy. Applications of this instrument to study thin films under laser irradiation are presented. Particularly the deterministic behavior of the sub-picosecond damage is investigated in the case of fused silica and oxide films. It is demonstrated that the transition of 0-1 damage probability is very sharp and the LIDT is perfectly deterministic at few hundreds of femtoseconds. The damage process in dielectric materials being the results of electronic processes, specific information such as the material bandgap is needed for the interpretation of results and applications of scaling laws. A review of the different approaches for the estimation of the absorption gap of optical dielectric coatings is conducted and the results given by the different methods are compared and discussed. The LIDT and gap of several oxide materials are then measured with the presented instrument: Al(2)O(3), Nb(2)O(5), HfO(2), SiO(2), Ta(2)O(5), and ZrO(2). The obtained relation between the LIDT and gap at 1030 nm confirms the linear evolution of the threshold with the bandgap that exists at 800 nm, and our work expands the number of tested materials.

Enpolarization of light by scattering media

The polarization of a coherent depolarized incident light beam passing through a scattering medium is investigated at the speckle scale. The polarization of the scattered far field at each direction and the probability density function of the degree of polarization are calculated and show an excellent agreement with experimental data. It is demonstrated that complex media may confer high degree of local polarization (0.75 DOP average) to the incident unpolarized light.

An enhanced contrast to detect bulk objects under arbitrary rough surfaces

We study a selective light scattering elimination procedure in the case of highly scattering rough surfaces. Contrary to the case of low scattering levels, the elimination parameters are shown to depend on the sample microstructure and to present rapid variations with the scattering angle. On the other hand, when the slope of the surface is moderated, we show that this parameters present smoother variations and little dependence to the microstructure, even when the roughness is high. These results allow an important selective reduction of the scattered light, with a basic experimental mounting and an analytical determination of the elimination parameters. Such selective scattering reduction is demonstrated by simulations and experiments and applied to the imaging of an object situated under a highly rough surface.

An alternative scattering method to characterize surface roughness from transparent substrates

An alternative scattering method is developed to characterize surface roughness from the two faces of transparent substrates. Specific weights are attributed to each surface in the scattering process, due to the large substrate thickness. The resulting roughness spectra are shown to quasi-overlap those of near field microscopy.