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Zaremba G, Paipulas D, Vaičaitis V, Balachninaite O. Effect of Femtosecond Ultraviolet and Infrared Laser Wavelength on Plasma Characteristics of Metals, Ceramics and Glass Samples Using Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:579-590. [PMID: 38567880 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241240782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present studies on the effect of laser wavelengths on the laser-induced plasma characterization using a femtosecond (fs) ytterbium-doped potassium-gadolinium tungstate (Yb:KGW) laser. Plasma plumes of copper, steel, ceramics, and glass samples were induced using a multiple shot of 200 fs laser pulses with 1030 nm and 343 nm wavelengths at fixed laser fluence (10.5 J / cm 2 ) and analyzed using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. Time-resolved fs-LIBS measurements were performed on the same set of samples and under the same experimental conditions. For the calculation of plasma parameters, the set of spectral lines of Cu(I) (for copper sample), Fe(I) (for steel sample), and Ca(I), K(I) (for glass and ceramics samples) were observed. The plasma electron temperature and density were evaluated from the Boltzmann plots and Stark-broadening profiles of the plasma spectral lines, assuming the local thermodynamic equilibrium condition. Time-resolved plasma temperature and electron density for fs-LIBS using ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) laser wavelengths were analyzed and no significant dependence on fs laser wavelength was observed for any of the samples. However, for all samples the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) significantly increased using UV laser radiation: copper (∼ 100 % ), steel (∼ 300 % ), glass (∼ 400 % ), and ceramics (∼ 40 % ). Therefore, by using a fs UV laser wavelength for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy experiments, for certain materials the SNR and at the same time the limit of detection can be significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gytis Zaremba
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, LT, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Domas Paipulas
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, LT, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Wei K, Teng G, Wang Q, Xu X, Zhao Z, Liu H, Bao M, Zheng Y, Luo T, Lu B. Rapid Test for Adulteration of Fritillaria Thunbergii in Fritillaria Cirrhosa by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081710. [PMID: 37107505 PMCID: PMC10138139 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fritillaria has a long history in China, and it can be consumed as medicine and food. Owing to the high cost of Fritillaria cirrhosa, traders sometimes mix it with the cheaper Fritillaria thunbergii powder to make profit. Herein, we proposed a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique to test the adulteration present in the sample of Fritillaria cirrhosa powder. Experimental samples with different adulteration levels were prepared, and their LIBS spectra were obtained. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was adopted as the quantitative analysis model to compare the effects of four data standardization methods, namely, mean centring, normalization by total area, standard normal variable, and normalization by the maximum, on the performance of the PLSR model. Principal component analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were utilized for feature extraction and feature selection, and the performance of the PLSR model was determined based on its quantitative analysis. Subsequently, the optimal number of features was determined. The residuals were corrected using support vector regression (SVR). The mean absolute error and root mean square error of prediction obtained from the quantitative analysis results of the combined LASSO-PLSR-SVR model for the test set data were 5.0396% and 7.2491%, respectively, and the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.9983. The results showed that the LIBS technique can be adopted to test adulteration in the sample of Fritillaria cirrhosa powder and has potential applications in drug quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Geer Teng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Qianqian Wang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314033, China
| | - Xiangjun Xu
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhifang Zhao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haida Liu
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengyu Bao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongyue Zheng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianzhong Luo
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314033, China
| | - Bingheng Lu
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Information Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Yao J, Yang Q, He X, Li J, Ling D, Wei D, Liao Y. Spectral filtering method for improvement of detection accuracy of Mg, Cu, Mn and Cr elements in aluminum alloys using femtosecond LIBS. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32230-32236. [PMID: 36425727 PMCID: PMC9647534 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05792a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) in aluminum alloy samples were quantified by femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS). The different parameters affecting the experimental results, including the laser pulse energy, moving speed of the 2D platform and spectral average number were optimized. The background signal preprocessing methods of median filtering (MF corrected) and Savitzky-Golay filtering (SG corrected) algorithms were used and the effect of the LIBS spectral analysis in the experiment investigated. The calibration curves of Mg, Cu, Mn and Cr elements were established separately and their corresponding detection limits (LODs) were calculated. After background correction, the LODs of Mg, Cu, Mn and Cr elements in MF corrected were 54.52, 11.69, 7.33 and 27.72 ppm, and in SG corrected were 59.15, 17.48, 14.75 and 31.97 ppm. The LODs of these elements in MF corrected and SG corrected have 1.4-5.2 and 1.2-2.5 improvement factors compared to those obtained using the fs-LIBS technique. This work demonstrates that background signal preprocessing methods are very helpful for improving analytical sensitivity and accuracy in quantitative analyses of aluminum alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Yao
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Qi Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Xiaoyong He
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Jiale Li
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Dongxiong Ling
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Dongshan Wei
- School of Electrical Engineering and Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 China
| | - Yipeng Liao
- School of Microelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology Shenzhen 518172 China
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Qi P, Qian W, Guo L, Xue J, Zhang N, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Lin L, Sun C, Zhu L, Liu W. Sensing with Femtosecond Laser Filamentation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22187076. [PMID: 36146424 PMCID: PMC9504994 DOI: 10.3390/s22187076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser filamentation is a unique nonlinear optical phenomenon when high-power ultrafast laser propagation in all transparent optical media. During filamentation in the atmosphere, the ultrastrong field of 1013-1014 W/cm2 with a large distance ranging from meter to kilometers can effectively ionize, break, and excite the molecules and fragments, resulting in characteristic fingerprint emissions, which provide a great opportunity for investigating strong-field molecules interaction in complicated environments, especially remote sensing. Additionally, the ultrastrong intensity inside the filament can damage almost all the detectors and ignite various intricate higher order nonlinear optical effects. These extreme physical conditions and complicated phenomena make the sensing and controlling of filamentation challenging. This paper mainly focuses on recent research advances in sensing with femtosecond laser filamentation, including fundamental physics, sensing and manipulating methods, typical filament-based sensing techniques and application scenarios, opportunities, and challenges toward the filament-based remote sensing under different complicated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Qi
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenqi Qian
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lanjun Guo
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayun Xue
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuezheng Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zeliang Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lie Lin
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Changlin Sun
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
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Narlagiri LM, Byram C, Satani SK, Soma VR. Laser beam steering automation with an Arduino-based CNC shield for standoff femtosecond filament-induced breakdown spectroscopic studies. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4947-4955. [PMID: 36255981 DOI: 10.1364/ao.453824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a novel, to the best of our knowledge, instrumentation procedure in the automation of laser beam steering for raster/spiral scanning of the samples used in standoff femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) experiments. We have used a readily available and easy-to-handle Arduino-based computerized numerical control (CNC) shield along with the free software, universal G-code sender, for the automation. Standoff femtosecond filamentation-induced breakdown spectra (St-Fs-FIBS) of metals, three compositions of Ag-Au alloy, and polyvinyl chloride, unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride plastic samples were recorded using the developed automated experimental setup. The St-Fs-FIBS spectra were recorded at a standoff distance of ∼5m utilizing a simple hand-held spectrometer. Furthermore, principal component analysis technique was utilized for the successful classification of three compositions of Au-Ag alloy spectra using their St-Fs-FIBS spectral data.
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Narlagiri LM, Bharati M, Beeram R, Banerjee D, Soma VR. Recent trends in laser-based standoff detection of hazardous molecules. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Wang X, Liu R, He Y, Fu Y, Wang J, Li A, Guo X, Wang M, Guo W, Zhang T, Shu Q, Yao Y. Determination of detonation characteristics by laser-induced plasma spectra and micro-explosion dynamics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4718-4736. [PMID: 35209447 DOI: 10.1364/oe.449382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Determination of macroscale detonation parameters of energetic materials (EMs) in a safe and rapid way is highly desirable. However, traditional experimental methods suffer from tedious operation, safety hazards and high cost. Herein, we present a micro-scale approach for high-precision diagnosis of explosion parameters based on radiation spectra and dynamic analysis during the interaction between laser and EMs. The intrinsic natures of micro-explosion dynamics covering nanosecond to millisecond and chemical reactions in laser-induced plasma are revealed, which reveal a tight correlation between micro-detonation and macroscopic detonation based on laser-induced plasma spectra and dynamics combined with statistic ways. As hundreds to thousands of laser pulses ablate on seven typical tetrazole-based high-nitrogen compounds and ten single-compound explosives, macroscale detonation performance can be well estimated with a high-speed and high-accuracy way. Thereby, the detonation pressure and enthalpies of formation can be quantitatively determined by the laser ablation processes for the first time to our knowledge. These results enable us to diagnose the performance of EMs in macroscale domain from microscale domain with small-dose, low-cost and multiple parameters.
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8
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Zhao YL, Deng K, Shi JC. fs laser-induced filament study of aliphatic nitroalkanes: correlation between molecular structure and spectroscopic evolution of the filament. Analyst 2022; 147:889-896. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
fs laser-induced filament and breakdown spectroscopy can be used for studying the correlation between the molecular structure and spectroscopic evolution of the filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. L. Zhao
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - K. Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - J. C. Shi
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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9
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Förster DJ, Jäggi B, Michalowski A, Neuenschwander B. Review on Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metals with Burst Pulses. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3331. [PMID: 34208648 PMCID: PMC8235081 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Laser processing with ultra-short double pulses has gained attraction since the beginning of the 2000s. In the last decade, pulse bursts consisting of multiple pulses with a delay of several 10 ns and less found their way into the area of micromachining of metals, opening up completely new process regimes and allowing an increase in the structuring rates and surface quality of machined samples. Several physical effects such as shielding or re-deposition of material have led to a new understanding of the related machining strategies and processing regimes. Results of both experimental and numerical investigations are placed into context for different time scales during laser processing. This review is dedicated to the fundamental physical phenomena taking place during burst processing and their respective effects on machining results of metals in the ultra-short pulse regime for delays ranging from several 100 fs to several microseconds. Furthermore, technical applications based on these effects are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Förster
- Institut für Strahlwerkzeuge, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 43, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- LightPulse LASER PRECISION, Pfaffenwaldring 43, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Beat Jäggi
- LASEA Switzerland SA, Rue du Soleil 11, 2504 Bienne, Switzerland;
| | | | - Beat Neuenschwander
- Institute for Applied Laser, Photonics and Surface Technologies ALPS, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Pestalozzistrasse 20, 3400 Burgdorf, Switzerland
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Junjuri R, Nalam SA, Manikanta E, Harsha SS, Kiran PP, Gundawar MK. Spatio-temporal characterization of ablative Cu plasma produced by femtosecond filaments. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:10395-10405. [PMID: 33820175 DOI: 10.1364/oe.417842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the spatial and temporal characterization of the copper (Cu) plasma produced by the femtosecond laser filaments. The filaments of various lengths and intensities were generated with the aid of three different focusing lenses. Further, the filamentation induced breakdown spectroscopy (FIBS) measurements were carried out for each filament at three different positions along the length of the filament. The filaments were spatially characterized by estimating the plasma temperature and electron density. Our investigation has demonstrated that the centre of the filament is the best to obtain a maximum signal. Both the spectral line intensity and their persistence time are highest for the center of the filament. The enhanced persistence and the scalability of the spectral line intensity tested across different focusing geometries can boost the application of this technique in various fields.
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Burger M, Polynkin P, Jovanovic I. Filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy with structured beams. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36812-36821. [PMID: 33379766 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Filament-induced ablation represents an attractive scheme for long-range material identification via optical spectroscopy. However, the delivery of laser energy to the target can be severely hindered by the stochastic nature of multiple-filamentation, ionization of ambient gas, and atmospheric turbulence. In order to mitigate some of these adverse effects, we examine the utility of beam shaping for femtosecond filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy with Gaussian and structured (Laguerre-Gaussian, Airy, and Bessel-Gaussian) beams in the nonlinear regime. Interaction of filaments with copper, zinc, and brass targets was studied by recording axially-resolved broadband emission from the filament-induced plasma. The laser-solid coupling efficacy was assessed by inferring thermodynamic parameters such as excitation temperature and electron density. While under our experimental conditions the ablation rate with Gaussian- and Laguerre-Gaussian beams is found to be similar, the Airy and Bessel-Gaussian beams offer the advantage of longitudinally extended working zones. These results provide insights into potential benefits of structuring ultrafast laser beams for standoff sensing applications.
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Zhao YL, Lai GD, Li GG, Shang YL, Shi JC. Identifying C 2H 4N 4 structural isomers using fs-laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Analyst 2020; 145:7372-7379. [PMID: 32930677 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four C2H4N4 structural isomers are investigated with fs laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Plasma emissions, C I, Hα, the CN violet system (B2Σ+-X2Σ+, Δν = 0 sequence) and C2 swan system (d3Πg-a3Πu, Δν = 0 sequence) are measured. The temporal evolution of the characteristic emission intensity is obtained for each emission and their lifetimes are calculated. The lifetimes of the molecular emissions are much longer than those of the atomic emissions. Characteristic emission intensities and lifetime are correlated with the molecular structures of the four isomers to a certain extent. Plasma temperature is extracted by fitting the spectrum of the CN violet system, B2Σ+-X2Σ+; Δν = 0 sequence, and is weakly correlated with the molecular structures of the four isomers. Using the characteristic emission intensities as input, principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN) analysis are performed and the individual isomers can be well identified with PCA or ANN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Zhao
- The Peac Institute of Multiscale Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610027, People's Republic of China.
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Junjuri R, Gundawar MK. A low-cost LIBS detection system combined with chemometrics for rapid identification of plastic waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 117:48-57. [PMID: 32805601 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present, rapid and efficient identification of ten different types of post-consumer plastics obtained from a local recycling unit by deploying a low cost, compact CCD spectrometer in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. For this investigation, spectral emissions were collected by an Echelle spectrograph equipped with an intensified charge-coupled device (ES-ICCD) as well as a non-gated Czerny Turner CCD spectrometer (NCT-CCD). The performance is evaluated by interrogating the samples in a single-shot as well as accumulation mode (ten consecutive laser shots). The results from principal component analysis (PCA) have shown excellent discrimination. Further, the artificial neural network (ANN) analysis has demonstrated that individual identification accuracies/rates up to ~99 % can be achieved. The data acquired with ES-ICCD in the accumulation of ten shots have shown average identification accuracies ~97 %. Nevertheless, similar performance is achieved with the NCT-CCD spectrometer even in a single shot acquisition which reduces the overall analysis time by a factor of ~15 times compared to the ES-ICCD. Furthermore, the detector/collection system size, weight, and cost also can be reduced by ~10 times by employing a NCT-CCD spectrometer. The results have the potential in realizing a compact and low-cost LIBS system for the rapid identification of plastics with higher accuracies for the real-time application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendhar Junjuri
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Prof C R Rao Road, Central University Campus PO, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Gundawar
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials, University of Hyderabad, Prof C R Rao Road, Central University Campus PO, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India.
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14
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Standoff pump-probe photothermal detection of hazardous chemicals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15053. [PMID: 32929139 PMCID: PMC7490358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pump-probe Photothermal methodology using Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) detector has been demonstrated for the first time. A tunable mid-IR Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) and a CW fixed wavelength visible laser have been used as the pump and probe beam respectively. The developed Photothermal (PT) technique is based on Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) detector for the detection of hazardous/explosive molecules adsorbed on plastic surface and also in aerosols form. PT spectra of various trace molecules in the fingerprinting mid- infrared spectral band 7–9 µm from distance of 25 m have been recorded. The PT spectra of explosives RDX, TNT and Acetone have been recorded at very low quantities. Acetone is the precursor of explosive Tri-Acetone Tri-Phosphate (TATP). The experimentations using pump and probe lasers, exhibit detection sensitivity of less than 5 μg/cm2 for RDX, TNT powders and of ~ 200 nl quantity for Nitrobenzene (NB) and Acetone (in liquid form) adsorbed on surfaces, from a distance of ~ 25 m. The sensitivity of the same order achieved from a distance of 15 m by using only a mid-IR tunable pump laser coupled to QTF detector. Thus the pump-probe PT technique is more sensitive in comparison to single tunable QCL pump beam technique and it is better suited for standoff detection of hazardous chemicals for homeland security as well as for forensic applications.
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:670-700. [PMID: 33385149 PMCID: PMC7770463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature for the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues from 2016-2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/Resources/Documents#Publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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Abstract
This work comprehensively reviews some fundamental concepts about explosives and their two commonly used classifications based on either their velocity of detonation or their application. These classifications are highly useful in the military/legal field, but completely useless for the chemical determination of explosives. Because of this reason, a classification of explosives based on their chemical composition is comprehensively revised, discussed and updated. This classification seeks to merge those dispersed chemical classifications of explosives found in literature into a unique general classification, which might be useful for every researcher dealing with the analytical chemical identification of explosives. In the knowledge of the chemical composition of explosives, the most adequate analytical techniques to determine them are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Zapata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); and CINQUIFOR# research group, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, (Madrid) 28871, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP); and CINQUIFOR# research group, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, (Madrid) 28871, Spain
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17
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Remote Detection of Uranium Using Self-Focusing Intense Femtosecond Laser Pulses. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12081281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optical measurement techniques can address certain important challenges associated with nuclear safety and security. Detection of uranium over long distances presents one such challenge that is difficult to realize with traditional ionizing radiation detection, but may benefit from the use of techniques based on intense femtosecond laser pulses. When a high-power laser pulse propagates in air, it experiences collapse and confinement into filaments over an extended distance even without external focusing. In our experiments, we varied the initial pulse chirp to optimize the emission signal from the laser-produced uranium plasma at an extended distance. While the ablation efficiency of filaments formed by self-focusing is known to be significantly lower when compared to filaments produced by external focusing, we show that filaments formed by self-focusing can still generate luminous spectroscopic signatures of uranium detectable within seconds over a 10-m range. The intensity of uranium emission varies periodically with laser chirp, which is attributed to the interplay among self-focusing, defocusing, and multi-filament fragmentation along the beam propagation axis. Grouping of multi-filaments incident on target is found to be correlated with the uranium emission intensity. The results show promise towards long-range detection, advancing the diagnostics and analytical capabilities in ultrafast laser-based spectroscopy of high-Z elements.
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18
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Moram SSB, Shaik AK, Byram C, Hamad S, Soma VR. Instantaneous trace detection of nitro-explosives and mixtures with nanotextured silicon decorated with Ag-Au alloy nanoparticles using the SERS technique. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1101:157-168. [PMID: 32029107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of recyclable surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based sensors has been in huge demand for trace level explosives detection. A simple, hybrid Silicon (Si) nanotextured target-based SERS platform is fabricated through patterning micro square arrays (MSA) on Si using femtosecond (fs) laser ablation technique at different fluences. Using the hybrid target Si MSA substrate loaded/decorated with Ag-Au alloy NPs (obtained using femtosecond ablation in liquids) we demonstrate the trace level detection of organic nitro-explosives [picric acid (PA), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 1, 3, 5-trinitroperhydro-1, 3, 5-triazine (RDX)] and their mixtures. The microstructures/nanostructures of MSA fabricated at an input fluence of 9.55 J/cm2, and decorated with Ag-Au alloy NPs, exhibited exceptional SERS enhancement factors (EFs) up to ∼1010 for MB, ∼106 for PA, and ∼104 for RDX with the detection limits obtained being ∼5 pM, ∼36 nM, and ∼400 nM for MB, PA and RDX respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate these SERS substrates possess good reproducibility (RSD values < 15%) and a superior performance compared to a commercial Ag substrate (SERSitive, Poland). Three binary mixtures, i.e. MB-PA, MB-DNT, PA-DNT at different concentrations, were also investigated using the same SERS substrate to test the efficacy. Further, the SERS spectra of dyes, explosives, and complex mixtures were utilized for discrimination/classification using principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Satya Bharati Moram
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Abdul Kalam Shaik
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Chandu Byram
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Syed Hamad
- The Guo China-US Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Venugopal Rao Soma
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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19
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Lazic V, Palucci A, De Dominicis L, Nuvoli M, Pistilli M, Menicucci I, Colao F, Almaviva S. Integrated Laser Sensor (ILS) for Remote Surface Analysis: Application for Detecting Explosives in Fingerprints. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4269. [PMID: 31581543 PMCID: PMC6806108 DOI: 10.3390/s19194269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe an innovative Integrated Laser Sensor (ILS) that combines four spectroscopic techniques and two vision systems into a unique, transportable device. The instrument performs Raman and Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy excited at 355 nm and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) excited at 1064 nm, and it also detects Laser Scattering (LS) from the target under illumination at 650 nm. The combination of these techniques supplies information about: material change from one scanning point to another, the presence of surface contaminants, and the molecular and elemental composition of top target layers. Switching between the spectroscopic techniques and the laser wavelengths is fully automatic. The instrument is equipped with an autofocus, and it performs scanning with a chosen grid density over an interactively-selected target area. Alternative to the spectroscopic measurements, it is possible to switch the instrument to a high magnification target viewing. The working distances tested until now are between 8.5 and 30 m. The instrument is self-powered and remotely controlled via wireless communication. The ILS has been fully developed at ENEA for security applications, and it was successfully tested in two outdoor campaigns where an automatic recognition of areas containing explosives in traces had been implemented. The strategies for the identification of nitro-compounds placed on various substrates as fingerprints and the results obtained at a working distance of 10 m are discussed in the following.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Lazic
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
| | - Antonio Palucci
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
| | - Luigi De Dominicis
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
| | - Marcello Nuvoli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
| | - Marco Pistilli
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
| | - Ivano Menicucci
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
| | - Francesco Colao
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
| | - Salvatore Almaviva
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA , Dep. FSN-TECFIS-DIM, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (RM), Italy.
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20
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Wang Q, Teng G, Li C, Zhao Y, Peng Z. Identification and classification of explosives using semi-supervised learning and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:423-429. [PMID: 30784972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Public places are often under threat from explosion events, which pose health and safety risks to the public. Therefore, the detection of explosive materials has become an important concern in the fields of antiterrorism and security. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been demonstrated to be useful in identifying explosives but has limitations. This study focuses on using semi-supervised learning combined with LIBS for explosive identification. Labeled data were utilized for the construction of a semi-supervised model for distinguishing explosive clusters and improving the accuracy of the K-nearest neighbor algorithm. The method requires only minimal prior information, and the time for obtaining a large amount of labeled data can be saved. The results of our investigation demonstrated that semi-supervised learning with LIBS can be used to discriminate explosives from interfering substances (plastics) containing similar components. The algorithm exhibits good robustness and practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Geer Teng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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21
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Silva TV, Milori DMBP, Neto JAG, Ferreira EJ, Ferreira EC. Prediction of black, immature and sour defective beans in coffee blends by using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Food Chem 2019; 278:223-227. [PMID: 30583366 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important factors that interfere negatively in coffee global quality has been blends with defective beans, especially those called Black, Immature and Sour (BIS). The methods based on visual-manual estimation of defective beans have shown their inefficiency in coffee value chain for large-scale analysis. The lack of fast, accurate and robust analytical methods for BIS determination is still a research gap. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a fast, low-cost and residue-free technique capable of performing multielemental determination and investigating organic composition of samples. In the present work, LIBS together with spectral processing and variable selection were evaluated to fit linear regression models for predicting BIS in blends. Models showed high capacity of prediction with RMSEP smaller than 3.8% and R2 higher than 80%. Most importantly, measurements are guided by chemical responses, which make LIBS-based methods less susceptible to the visual indistinguishability that occurs in manual inspections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Varão Silva
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Chemistry Institute of Araraquara, Analytical Chemistry Department. P.O. Box 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - José Anchieta Gomes Neto
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Chemistry Institute of Araraquara, Analytical Chemistry Department. P.O. Box 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Edilene Cristina Ferreira
- São Paulo State University - UNESP, Chemistry Institute of Araraquara, Analytical Chemistry Department. P.O. Box 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Zhang W, Tang Y, Shi A, Bao L, Shen Y, Shen R, Ye Y. Recent Developments in Spectroscopic Techniques for the Detection of Explosives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1364. [PMID: 30082670 PMCID: PMC6120018 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trace detection of explosives has been an ongoing challenge for decades and has become one of several critical problems in defense science; public safety; and global counter-terrorism. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing a wide variety of approaches to detect trace explosive residues. Spectroscopy-based techniques play an irreplaceable role for the detection of energetic substances due to the advantages of rapid, automatic, and non-contact. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the advances made over the past few years in the fields of the applications of terahertz (THz) spectroscopy; laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy; and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for trace explosives detection. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of various spectroscopy-based detection techniques are summarized. Finally, the future development for the detection of explosives is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Anran Shi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Lirong Bao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Yinghua Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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23
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Shaik AK, Soma VR. Discrimination of bimetallic alloy targets using femtosecond filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy in standoff mode. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3465-3468. [PMID: 30067686 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The femtosecond filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FIBS) technique coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) is demonstrated for standoff (ST) analysis of metals, alloys (Al, Cu, brass, stainless steel), and bimetallic strips (Ag@Cu, Ag@Au with varying weight percentages). The experiments were performed by analyzing the filament-produced plasma at ∼6.5 m from the laser. The plasma emissions were collected using a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope (6″ f/10) at ∼8 m away. The variations in intensities of persistent atomic transitions in the FIBS spectra clearly reflected the varying weight percentage in bimetallic strips. Furthermore, PCA was successfully utilized to discriminate the metals, alloys, and bimetallic strips batch wise and altogether. Our results demonstrate the capability of femtosecond ST-FIBS for ST analytical applications.
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