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Pinto TB, Pinto SMA, Piedade AP, Serpa C. Ultrathin materials for wide bandwidth laser ultrasound generation: titanium dioxide nanoparticle films with adsorbed dye. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4191-4202. [PMID: 37560435 PMCID: PMC10408605 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00451a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Materials that convert the energy of a laser pulse into heat can generate a photoacoustic wave through thermoelastic expansion with characteristics suitable for improved sensing, imaging, or biological membrane permeation. The present work involves the production and characterization of materials composed of an ultrathin layer of titanium dioxide (<5 μm), where a strong absorber molecule capable of very efficiently converting light into heat (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonylphenyl)porphyrin manganese(iii) acetate) is adsorbed. The influence of the thickness of the TiO2 layer and the duration of the laser pulse on the generation of photoacoustic waves was studied. Strong absorption in a thin layer enables bandwidths of ∼130 MHz at -6 dB with nanosecond pulse laser excitation. Bandwidths of ∼150 MHz at -6 dB were measured with picosecond pulse laser excitation. Absolute pressures reaching 0.9 MPa under very low energy fluences of 10 mJ cm-2 enabled steep stress gradients of 0.19 MPa ns-1. A wide bandwidth is achieved and upper high-frequency limits of ∼170 MHz (at -6 dB) are reached by combining short laser pulses and ultrathin absorbing layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago B Pinto
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sara M A Pinto
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana P Piedade
- CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra 3030-788 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos Serpa
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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Faraz M, Abbasi MA, Son D, Shin C, Lee KT, Won SM, Baac HW. Strain-Dependent Photoacoustic Characteristics of Free-Standing Carbon-Nanocomposite Transmitters. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093432. [PMID: 35591121 PMCID: PMC9104446 DOI: 10.3390/s22093432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate strain-dependent photoacoustic (PA) characteristics of free-standing nanocomposite transmitters that are made of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and candle soot nanoparticles (CSNP) with an elastomeric polymer matrix. We analyzed and compared PA output performances of these transmitters which are prepared first on glass substrates and then in a delaminated free-standing form for strain-dependent characterization. This confirms that the nanocomposite transmitters with lower concentration of nanoparticles exhibit more flexible and stretchable property in terms of Young’s modulus in a range of 4.08–10.57 kPa. Then, a dynamic endurance test was performed revealing that both types of transmitters are reliable with pressure amplitude variation as low as 8–15% over 100–800 stretching cycles for a strain level of 5–28% with dynamic endurance in range of 0.28–2.8%. Then, after 2000 cycles, the transmitters showed pressure amplitude variation of 6–29% (dynamic endurance range of 0.21–1.03%) at a fixed strain level of 28%. This suggests that the free-standing nanocomposite transmitters can be used as a strain sensor under a variety of environments providing robustness under repeated stretching cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faraz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Muhammad Awais Abbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Changhwan Shin
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Lee
- Department of Physics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Peng C, Chen M, Spicer JB, Jiang X. Acoustics at the nanoscale (nanoacoustics): A comprehensive literature review.: Part I: Materials, devices and selected applications. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. A, PHYSICAL 2021; 332:112719. [PMID: 34937991 PMCID: PMC8691753 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, acoustics at the nanoscale (i.e., nanoacoustics) has evolved rapidly with continuous and substantial expansion of capabilities and refinement of techniques. Motivated by research innovations in the last decade, for the first time, recent advancements of acoustics-associated nanomaterials/nanostructures and nanodevices for different applications are outlined in this comprehensive review, which is written in two parts. As part I of this two part review, firstly, active and passive nanomaterials and nanostructures for acoustics are presented. Following that, representative applications of nanoacoustics including material property characterization, nanomaterial/nanostructure manipulation, and sensing, are discussed in detail. Finally, a summary is presented with point of views on the current challenges and potential solutions in this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Mengyue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - James B. Spicer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Abbasi MA, Faraz M, Joo MG, Son D, Won SM, Ok JG, Park HJ, Baac HW. Variable-focus optoacoustic lens with wide dynamic range and long focal length by using a flexible polymer nano-composite membrane. ULTRASONICS 2021; 117:106545. [PMID: 34343758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a variable-focus optoacoustic lens (VFOL) by pneumatically controlling a flexible polymer nano-composite membrane, which can produce laser-generated focused ultrasound (LGFU) with a high peak amplitude (>30 MPa) and a tight focal dimension (several hundred μm) over a wide dynamic range of focus variation (>20 mm) together with a long focal length up to 60 mm, each of which is widest and longest among optoacoustic lenses developed so far. Two different designs in lens dimension have been fabricated and characterized: VFOL-L with a 40-mm diameter and VFOL-S with 10 mm. VFOL-L exhibits a wide dynamic range of focal length variation from 38.52 to 60.39 mm with a center frequency near ~ 10 MHz, which is proper for practical long-range applications with several-cm depth. In comparison, VFOL-S covers a focal variation range from 6.75 to 11.1 mm with ~ 14 MHz, producing a relatively higher-pressure amplitude, which allows the inception of acoustic cavitation at an impedance-mismatched boundary. The nano-composite membrane of VFOL is actuated from a planar to deeply curved shape by externally injecting liquid into the VFOL, resulting in a focal gain up to 255 and a positive peak pressure of > 30 MPa in the VFOL-L case. The minimum-geometrical f-number as low as 0.963 is achieved at the shortest focal length (38.52 mm) with 6-dB lateral and axial spot dimensions of 304 μm and 2.86 mm, respectively. We expect that the proposed VFOL-based LGFU with a high peak pressure, a wide dynamic axial range, and a tight focal dimension are suitably applied for depth-dependent characterization of tissues and shockwave treatment, taking advantages of optoacoustic pulses as input with inherent broadband high-frequency characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais Abbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Faraz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Joo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong G Ok
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hui Joon Park
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Aytac-Kipergil E, Desjardins AE, Treeby BE, Noimark S, Parkin IP, Alles EJ. Modelling and measurement of laser-generated focused ultrasound: Can interventional transducers achieve therapeutic effects? THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:2732. [PMID: 33940866 PMCID: PMC8060049 DOI: 10.1121/10.0004302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Laser-generated focused ultrasound (LGFU) transducers used for ultrasound therapy commonly have large diameters (6-15 mm), but smaller lateral dimensions (<4 mm) are required for interventional applications. To address the question of whether miniaturized LGFU transducers could generate sufficient pressure at the focus to enable therapeutic effects, a modelling and measurement study is performed. Measurements are carried out for both linear and nonlinear propagation for various illumination schemes and compared with the model. The model comprises several innovations. First, the model allows for radially varying acoustic input distributions on the surface of the LGFU transducer, which arise from the excitation light impinging on the curved transducer surfaces. This realistic representation of the source prevents the overestimation of the achievable pressures (shown here to be as high as 1.8 times). Second, an alternative inverse Gaussian illumination paradigm is proposed to achieve higher pressures; a 35% increase is observed in the measurements. Simulations show that LGFU transducers as small as 3.5 mm could generate sufficient peak negative pressures at the focus to exceed the cavitation threshold in water and blood. Transducers of this scale could be integrated with interventional devices, thereby opening new opportunities for therapeutic applications from inside the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Aytac-Kipergil
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Adrien E Desjardins
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Bradley E Treeby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sacha Noimark
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Materials Chemistry Research Centre, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin J Alles
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Li Q, Li J, Zhu H, Chen Y, Zhu B, Yu H. Dynamic acoustic focusing in photoacoustic transmitter. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100224. [PMID: 34745880 PMCID: PMC8552345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic transmitter represents a promising substitute for conventional piezoelectric counterparts. However, lack of easy and effective method for dynamically manipulating the focused acoustic field is a common and tricky problem faced by current photoacoustic technology. In this paper, a new strategy for constructing focus tunable photoacoustic transmitter is proposed. Different from existed prevailing device architecture, a sandwich like photoacoustic conversion layer is innovatively designed into a suspending elastic membrane with clamped boundary and it can be deformed using integrated pneumatic actuator. Owing to the membrane deflection property, concave spherical contours with variable radius of curvature can be obtained. Considering the shape determined sound emission characteristic, continuous tuning on the axial focusing length of the acoustic field has been successfully demonstrated in the photoacoustic transmitter for the first time. Besides, acoustic signal with significantly improved negative pressure has also been achieved especially at the focus, bringing additional advantage for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiapu Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haobo Zhu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Benpeng Zhu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Hongbin Yu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Corresponding authors at: School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Heo J, Biswas D, Park KK, Son D, Park HJ, Baac HW. Laser-generated focused ultrasound transducer using a perforated photoacoustic lens for tissue characterization. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1375-1390. [PMID: 33796360 PMCID: PMC7984797 DOI: 10.1364/boe.416884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a laser-generated focused ultrasound (LGFU) transducer using a perforated-photoacoustic (PA) lens and a piezoelectric probe hydrophone suitable for high-frequency ultrasound tissue characterization. The perforated-PA lens employed a centrally located hydrophone to achieve a maximum directional response at 0° from the axial direction of the lens. Under pulsed laser irradiation, the lens produced LGFU pulses with a frequency bandwidth of 6-30 MHz and high-peak pressure amplitudes of up to 46.5 MPa at a 70-µm lateral focal width. Since the hydrophone capable of covering the transmitter frequency range (∼20 MHz) was integrated with the lens, this hybrid transducer differentiated tissue elasticity by generating and detecting high-frequency ultrasound signals. Backscattered (BS) waves from excised tissues (bone, skin, muscle, and fat) were measured and also confirmed by laser-flash shadowgraphy. We characterized the LGFU-BS signals in terms of mean frequency and spectral energy in the frequency domain, enabling to clearly differentiate tissue types. Tissue characterization was also performed with respect to the LGFU penetration depth (from the surface, 1-, and 2-mm depth). Despite acoustic attenuation over the penetration depth, LGFU-BS characterization shows consistent results that can differentiate the elastic properties of tissues. We expect that the proposed transducer can be utilized for other tissue types and also for non-destructive evaluation based on the elasticity of unknown materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Heo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Deblina Biswas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Kyu Kwan Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Joon Park
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Human-Tech Convergence Program, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Won Baac
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Stretchable and Robust Candle-Soot Nanoparticle-Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Films for Laser-Ultrasound Transmitters. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070631. [PMID: 32605328 PMCID: PMC7407116 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been devoted to the development of nanomaterial-based photoacoustic transmitters for ultrasound therapy and diagnosis applications. Here, we fabricate and characterize candle-soot nanoparticles (CSNPs) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite-based photoacoustic transmitters, based on a solution process, not just to achieve high-frequency and high-amplitude pressure outputs, but also to develop physically stretchable ultrasound transmitters. Owing to its non-porous and non-agglomerative characteristics, the composite exhibits unique photo-thermal and mechanical properties. The output pressure amplitudes from CSNPs-PDMS composites were 20-26 dB stronger than those of Cr film, used as a reference. The proposed transmitters also offered a center frequency of 2.44-13.34 MHz and 6-dB bandwidths of 5.80-13.62 MHz. Importantly, we characterize the mechanical robustness of CSNPs-PDMS quantitatively, by measuring laser-damage thresholds, to evaluate the upper limit of laser energy that can be ultimately used as an input, i.e., proportional to the maximum-available pressure output. The transmitters could endure an input laser fluence of 54.3-108.6 mJ·cm-2. This is 1.65-3.30 times higher than the Cr film, and is significantly higher than the values of other CSNPs-PDMS transmitters reported elsewhere (22-81 mJ·cm-2). Moreover, we characterized the strain-dependent photoacoustic output of a stretchable nanocomposite film, obtained by delaminating it from the glass substrate. The transmitter could be elongated elastically up to a longitudinal strain of 0.59. Under this condition, it maintained a center frequency of 6.72-9.44 MHz, and 6-dB bandwidth ranges from 12.05 to 14.02 MHz. We believe that the stretchable CSNPs-PDMS composites would be useful in developing patch-type ultrasound devices conformally adhered on skin for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Aytac-Kipergil E, Alles EJ, Pauw HC, Karia J, Noimark S, Desjardins AE. Versatile and scalable fabrication method for laser-generated focused ultrasound transducers. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:6005-6008. [PMID: 32628218 PMCID: PMC7059213 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A versatile and scalable fabrication method for laser-generated focused ultrasound transducers is proposed. The method is based on stamping a coated negative mold onto polydimethylsiloxane, and it can be adapted to include different optical absorbers that are directly transferred or synthesized in situ. Transducers with a range of sizes down to 3 mm in diameter are presented, incorporating two carbonaceous (multiwalled carbon nanoparticles and candle soot nanoparticles) and one plasmonic (gold nanoparticles) optically absorbing component. The fabricated transducers operate at central frequencies in the vicinity of 10 MHz with bandwidths in the range of 15-20 MHz. A transducer with a diameter of 5 mm was found to generate a positive peak pressure greater than 35 MPa in the focal zone with a tight focal spot of 150 μm in lateral width. Ultrasound cavitation on the tip of an optical fiber was demonstrated in water for a transducer with a diameter as small as 3 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Aytac-Kipergil
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, Charles Bell House, University College London, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TY, UK
- Corresponding author:
| | - E. J. Alles
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, Charles Bell House, University College London, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TY, UK
| | - H. C. Pauw
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J. Karia
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - S. Noimark
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, Charles Bell House, University College London, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TY, UK
| | - A. E. Desjardins
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Malet Place Engineering Building, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, Charles Bell House, University College London, 43-45 Foley Street, London W1W 7TY, UK
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Kim J, Kim H, Chang WY, Huang W, Jiang X, Dayton PA. Candle Soot Carbon Nanoparticles in Photoacoustics: Advantages and Challenges for Laser Ultrasound Transmitters. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2019; 13:13-28. [PMID: 31178946 DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2019.2904773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript provides a review of candle-soot nanoparticle (CSNP) composite laser ultrasound transmitters (LUT), and compares and contrasts this technology to other carboncomposite designs. Among many carbon-based composite LUTs, a CSNP composite has shown its advantages of maximum energy conversion and fabrication simplicity for developing highly efficient ultrasound transmitters. This review focuses on the advantages and challenges of the CSNP-composite transmitter in the aspects of nanostructure design, fabrication procedure, and promising applications. Included are a brief description of the basic principles of the laser ultrasound transmitter, a review of general properties of CSNPs, as well as details on the fabrication method, photoacoustic performance, and design factors. A comparison of the CSNP-nanocomposite to other carbon-nanocomposites is provided. Lastly, representative applications of carbon-nanocomposite transmitters and future perspectives on CSNP-composite transmitters are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Howuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Wei-Yi Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Wenbin Huang
- State Key Lab of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoning Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh
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Li Q, Zhu H, Feng C, He Z, Dong W, Yu H. Simple yet universal fabrication strategy for a focused photoacoustic transmitter. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1300-1303. [PMID: 30874635 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to address existing technical challenges and explore a simple yet effective and universal solution for making a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based focused photoacoustic transmitter, a novel fabrication strategy is proposed. Different from the traditional technical route based on direct photoacoustic layer coating on a rigid concave substrate, it works by utilizing an elastomeric molding process, through which the originally flat photoacoustic conversion layer, consisting of PDMS-candle soot nanoparticles/PDMS-PDMS composite, is transformed into a concave contour with controllable radius of curvature and finally merged into a soft PDMS substrate. For proof-of-concept demonstration, two types of focused photoacoustic transmitters (6.3 mm and 8 mm focal lengths) operating at 5.3 MHz with -6 dB bandwidth of 134% are successfully fabricated, showing both distinct acoustic focusing capability and high energy conversion efficiency. Moreover, different from conventional focused counterparts, acoustic signals with nearly symmetric bi-polar waveform can be obtained at the focuses, facilitating ultrasound cavitation-based applications.
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