1
|
Descamps T, Schetelat T, Gao J, Poole PJ, Dalacu D, Elshaari AW, Zwiller V. Dynamic Strain Modulation of a Nanowire Quantum Dot Compatible with a Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Photonic Platform. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:3691-3699. [PMID: 37869556 PMCID: PMC10588554 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The integration of indistinguishable single photon sources in photonic circuits is a major prerequisite for on-chip quantum applications. Among the various high-quality sources, nanowire quantum dots can be efficiently coupled to optical waveguides because of their preferred emission direction along their growth direction. However, local tuning of the emission properties remains challenging. In this work, we transfer a nanowire quantum dot onto a bulk lithium niobate substrate and show that its emission can be dynamically tuned by acousto-optical coupling with surface acoustic waves. The purity of the single photon source is preserved during the strain modulation. We further demonstrate that the transduction is maintained even with a SiO2 encapsulation layer deposited on top of the nanowire acting as the cladding of a photonic circuit. Based on these experimental findings and numerical simulations, we introduce a device architecture consisting of a nanowire quantum dot efficiently coupled to a thin-film lithium niobate rib waveguide and strain-tunable by surface acoustic waves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Descamps
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken
21, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tanguy Schetelat
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken
21, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Gao
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken
21, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip J. Poole
- National
Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Dan Dalacu
- National
Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Ali W. Elshaari
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken
21, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken
21, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Single
Quantum BV, Rotterdamseweg
394, 2629HH Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao J, Santos L, Krishna G, Xu ZS, Iovan A, Steinhauer S, Gühne O, Poole PJ, Dalacu D, Zwiller V, Elshaari AW. Scalable Generation and Detection of on-Demand W States in Nanophotonic Circuits. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37224010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quantum physics phenomena, entanglement and coherence, are crucial for quantum information protocols, but understanding these in systems with more than two parts is challenging due to increasing complexity. The W state, a multipartite entangled state, is notable for its robustness and benefits in quantum communication. Here, we generate eight-mode on-demand single-photon W states, using nanowire quantum dots and a silicon nitride photonic chip. We demonstrate a reliable and scalable technique for reconstructing the W state in photonic circuits using Fourier and real-space imaging, supported by the Gerchberg-Saxton phase retrieval algorithm. Additionally, we utilize an entanglement witness to distinguish between mixed and entangled states, thereby affirming the entangled nature of our generated state. The study provides a new imaging approach of assessing multipartite entanglement in W states, paving the way for further progress in image processing and Fourier-space analysis techniques for complex quantum systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonardo Santos
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Govind Krishna
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ze-Sheng Xu
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adrian Iovan
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephan Steinhauer
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Otfried Gühne
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Philip J Poole
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Dan Dalacu
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali W Elshaari
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Albanova University Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Häußler M, Terhaar R, Wolff MA, Gehring H, Beutel F, Hartmann W, Walter N, Tillmann M, Ahangarianabhari M, Wahl M, Röhlicke T, Rahn HJ, Pernice WHP, Schuck C. Scaling waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detector solutions to large numbers of independent optical channels. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013103. [PMID: 36725578 DOI: 10.1063/5.0114903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an enabling technology for modern quantum information science and are gaining attractiveness for the most demanding photon counting tasks in other fields. Embedding such detectors in photonic integrated circuits enables additional counting capabilities through nanophotonic functionalization. Here, we show how a scalable number of waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors can be interfaced with independent fiber optic channels on the same chip. Our plug-and-play detector package is hosted inside a compact and portable closed-cycle cryostat providing cryogenic signal amplification for up to 64 channels. We demonstrate state-of-the-art multi-channel photon counting performance with average system detection efficiency of (40.5 ± 9.4)% and dark count rate of (123 ± 34) Hz for 32 individually addressable detectors at minimal noise-equivalent power of (5.1 ± 1.2) · 10-18 W/Hz. Our detectors achieve timing jitter as low as 26 ps, which increases to (114 ± 17) ps for high-speed multi-channel operation using dedicated time-correlated single photon counting electronics. Our multi-channel single photon receiver offers exciting measurement capabilities for future quantum communication, remote sensing, and imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Häußler
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Robin Terhaar
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Martin A Wolff
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Helge Gehring
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Fabian Beutel
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Wladick Hartmann
- PixelPhotonics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicolai Walter
- PixelPhotonics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Max Tillmann
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Wahl
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tino Röhlicke
- PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram H P Pernice
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| | - Carsten Schuck
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Ggermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tahir U, Shim YB, Kamran MA, Kim DI, Jeong MY. Nanofabrication Techniques: Challenges and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:4981-5013. [PMID: 33875085 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.19327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication of functional micro/nano-features is becoming increasingly relevant in various electronic, photonic, energy, and biological devices globally. The development of these devices with special characteristics originates from the integration of low-cost and high-quality micro/nano-features into 3D-designs. Great progress has been achieved in recent years for the fabrication of micro/nanostructured based devices by using different imprinting techniques. The key problems are designing techniques/approaches with adequate resolution and consistency with specific materials. By considering optical device fabrication on the large-scale as a context, we discussed the considerations involved in product fabrication processes compatibility, the feature's functionality, and capability of bottom-up and top-down processes. This review summarizes the recent developments in these areas with an emphasis on established techniques for the micro/nano-fabrication of 3-dimensional structured devices on large-scale. Moreover, numerous potential applications and innovative products based on the large-scale are also demonstrated. Finally, prospects, challenges, and future directions for device fabrication are addressed precisely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usama Tahir
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Young Bo Shim
- Department of Opto-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Ahmad Kamran
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Doo-In Kim
- Department of Opto-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Myung Yung Jeong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Basso Basset F, Valeri M, Roccia E, Muredda V, Poderini D, Neuwirth J, Spagnolo N, Rota MB, Carvacho G, Sciarrino F, Trotta R. Quantum key distribution with entangled photons generated on demand by a quantum dot. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe6379. [PMID: 33741595 PMCID: PMC7978422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe6379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantum key distribution-exchanging a random secret key relying on a quantum mechanical resource-is the core feature of secure quantum networks. Entanglement-based protocols offer additional layers of security and scale favorably with quantum repeaters, but the stringent requirements set on the photon source have made their use situational so far. Semiconductor-based quantum emitters are a promising solution in this scenario, ensuring on-demand generation of near-unity-fidelity entangled photons with record-low multiphoton emission, the latter feature countering some of the best eavesdropping attacks. Here, we use a coherently driven quantum dot to experimentally demonstrate a modified Ekert quantum key distribution protocol with two quantum channel approaches: both a 250-m-long single-mode fiber and in free space, connecting two buildings within the campus of Sapienza University in Rome. Our field study highlights that quantum-dot entangled photon sources are ready to go beyond laboratory experiments, thus opening the way to real-life quantum communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauro Valeri
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Roccia
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Muredda
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Poderini
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Julia Neuwirth
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Spagnolo
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele B Rota
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gonzalo Carvacho
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rinaldo Trotta
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suárez-Forero DG, Ardizzone V, Covre da Silva SF, Reindl M, Fieramosca A, Polimeno L, Giorgi MD, Dominici L, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Ballarini D, Laussy F, Rastelli A, Sanvitto D. Quantum hydrodynamics of a single particle. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:85. [PMID: 32435468 PMCID: PMC7221079 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor devices are strong competitors in the race for the development of quantum computational systems. In this work, we interface two semiconductor building blocks of different dimensionalities with complementary properties: (1) a quantum dot hosting a single exciton and acting as a nearly ideal single-photon emitter and (2) a quantum well in a 2D microcavity sustaining polaritons, which are known for their strong interactions and unique hydrodynamic properties, including ultrafast real-time monitoring of their propagation and phase mapping. In the present experiment, we can thus observe how the injected single particles propagate and evolve inside the microcavity, giving rise to hydrodynamic features typical of macroscopic systems despite their genuine intrinsic quantum nature. In the presence of a structural defect, we observe the celebrated quantum interference of a single particle that produces fringes reminiscent of wave propagation. While this behavior could be theoretically expected, our imaging of such an interference pattern, together with a measurement of antibunching, constitutes the first demonstration of spatial mapping of the self-interference of a single quantum particle impinging on an obstacle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gustavo Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Saimon Filipe Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Marcus Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Laura Polimeno
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrice Laussy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY UK
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zichi J, Chang J, Steinhauer S, von Fieandt K, Los JWN, Visser G, Kalhor N, Lettner T, Elshaari AW, Zadeh IE, Zwiller V. Optimizing the stoichiometry of ultrathin NbTiN films for high-performance superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:26579-26587. [PMID: 31674536 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.026579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The requirements in quantum optics experiments for high single-photon detection efficiency, low timing jitter, low dark count rate and short dead time have been fulfilled with the development of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Although they offer a detection efficiency above 90%, achieving a high time resolution in devices made of amorphous materials is a challenge, particularly at temperatures above 0.8 K. Devices made from niobium nitride and niobium titanium nitride allow us to reach the best timing jitter but, in turn, have stronger requirements in terms of film quality to achieve a high efficiency. Here we take advantage of the flexibility of reactive co-sputter deposition to tailor the composition of NbxTi1-xN superconducting films and show that a Nb fraction of x = 0.62 allows for the fabrication of detectors from films as thick as 9 nm and covering an active area of 20 µm, with a wide detection saturation plateau at telecom wavelengths and in particular at 1550 nm. This is a signature of an internal detection efficiency saturation, achieved while maintaining the high time resolution associated with NbTiN and operation at 2.5K. With our optimized recipe, we reliably fabricated detectors with high critical current densities reaching a saturation plateau at 1550 nm with 80% system detection efficiency and with a FWHM timing jitter as low as 19.5 ps.
Collapse
|
8
|
Gourgues R, Los JWN, Zichi J, Chang J, Kalhor N, Bulgarini G, Dorenbos SN, Zwiller V, Zadeh IE. Superconducting nanowire single photon detectors operating at temperature from 4 to 7 K. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:24601-24609. [PMID: 31510347 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.024601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the performance of NbTiN superconducting nanowire single photon detectors above the base temperature of a conventional Gifford-McMahon cryocooler (2.5 K). By tailoring design and thickness (8 - 13 nm) of the detectors, high performance, high operating temperature, single-photon detection from the visible to telecom wavelengths are demonstrated. At 4.3 K, a detection efficiency of 82 % at 785 nm wavelength and a timing jitter of 30 ± 0.3 ps are achieved. In addition, for 1550 nm and similar operating temperature we measured a detection efficiency as high as 64 %. Finally, we show that at temperatures up to 7 K, unity internal efficiency is maintained for the visible spectrum. Our work is particularly important to allow for the large scale implementation of superconducting single photon detectors in combination with heat sources such as free-space optical windows, cryogenic electronics, microwave sources and active optical components for complex quantum optical experiments and bio-imaging.
Collapse
|
9
|
Aghaeimeibodi S, Kim JH, Lee CM, Buyukkaya MA, Richardson C, Waks E. Silicon photonic add-drop filter for quantum emitters. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:16882-16889. [PMID: 31252907 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.016882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integration of single-photon sources and detectors to silicon-based photonics opens the possibility of complex circuits for quantum information processing. In this work, we demonstrate integration of quantum dots with a silicon photonic add-drop filter for on-chip filtering and routing of telecom photons. A silicon microdisk resonator acts as a narrow filter that transfers the quantum dot emission and filters the background over a wide wavelength range. Moreover, by tuning the quantum dot emission wavelength over the resonance of the microdisk, we can control the transmission of the quantum dot emission to the drop and through channels of the add-drop filter. This result is a step toward the on-chip control of single photons using silicon photonics for applications in quantum information processing, such as linear optical quantum computation and boson sampling.
Collapse
|