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Mooshammer F, Xu X, Trovatello C, Peng ZH, Yang B, Amontree J, Zhang S, Hone J, Dean CR, Schuck PJ, Basov DN. Enabling Waveguide Optics in Rhombohedral-Stacked Transition Metal Dichalcogenides with Laser-Patterned Grating Couplers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4118-4130. [PMID: 38261768 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Waveguides play a key role in the implementation of on-chip optical elements and, therefore, lie at the heart of integrated photonics. To add the functionalities of layered materials to existing technologies, dedicated fabrication protocols are required. Here, we build on laser writing to pattern grating structures into bulk noncentrosymmetric transition metal dichalcogenides with grooves as sharp as 250 nm. Using thin flakes of 3R-MoS2 that act as waveguides for near-infrared light, we demonstrate the functionality of the grating couplers with two complementary experiments: first, nano-optical imaging is used to visualize transverse electric and magnetic modes, whose directional outcoupling is captured by finite element simulations. Second, waveguide second-harmonic generation is demonstrated by grating-coupling femtosecond pulses into the slabs in which the radiation partially undergoes frequency doubling throughout the propagation. Our work provides a straightforward strategy for laser patterning of van der Waals crystals, demonstrates the feasibility of compact frequency converters, and examines the tuning knobs that enable optimized coupling into layered waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mooshammer
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xinyi Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Chiara Trovatello
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Zhi Hao Peng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Birui Yang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jacob Amontree
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - P James Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Jia L, Wu J, Zhang Y, Qu Y, Jia B, Chen Z, Moss DJ. Fabrication Technologies for the On-Chip Integration of 2D Materials. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101435. [PMID: 34994111 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With compact footprint, low energy consumption, high scalability, and mass producibility, chip-scale integrated devices are an indispensable part of modern technological change and development. Recent advances in 2D layered materials with their unique structures and distinctive properties have motivated their on-chip integration, yielding a variety of functional devices with superior performance and new features. To realize integrated devices incorporating 2D materials, it requires a diverse range of device fabrication techniques, which are of fundamental importance to achieve good performance and high reproducibility. This paper reviews the state-of-art fabrication techniques for the on-chip integration of 2D materials. First, an overview of the material properties and on-chip applications of 2D materials is provided. Second, different approaches used for integrating 2D materials on chips are comprehensively reviewed, which are categorized into material synthesis, on-chip transfer, film patterning, and property tuning/modification. Third, the methods for integrating 2D van der Waals heterostructures are also discussed and summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnan Jia
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Jiayang Wu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Yang Qu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Baohua Jia
- Centre for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Zhigang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Applied Physics Institute and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - David J Moss
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
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Shree S, Lagarde D, Lombez L, Robert C, Balocchi A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Marie X, Gerber IC, Glazov MM, Golub LE, Urbaszek B, Paradisanos I. Interlayer exciton mediated second harmonic generation in bilayer MoS 2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6894. [PMID: 34824259 PMCID: PMC8617052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is a non-linear optical process, where two photons coherently combine into one photon of twice their energy. Efficient SHG occurs for crystals with broken inversion symmetry, such as transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Here we show tuning of non-linear optical processes in an inversion symmetric crystal. This tunability is based on the unique properties of bilayer MoS2, that shows strong optical oscillator strength for the intra- but also interlayer exciton resonances. As we tune the SHG signal onto these resonances by varying the laser energy, the SHG amplitude is enhanced by several orders of magnitude. In the resonant case the bilayer SHG signal reaches amplitudes comparable to the off-resonant signal from a monolayer. In applied electric fields the interlayer exciton energies can be tuned due to their in-built electric dipole via the Stark effect. As a result the interlayer exciton degeneracy is lifted and the bilayer SHG response is further enhanced by an additional two orders of magnitude, well reproduced by our model calculations. Since interlayer exciton transitions are highly tunable also by choosing twist angle and material combination our results open up new approaches for designing the SHG response of layered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Shree
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Delphine Lagarde
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Lombez
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Robert
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Balocchi
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xavier Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Iann C Gerber
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Bernhard Urbaszek
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France.
| | - Ioannis Paradisanos
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO, 135 Avenue Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France.
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Nauman M, Yan J, de Ceglia D, Rahmani M, Zangeneh Kamali K, De Angelis C, Miroshnichenko AE, Lu Y, Neshev DN. Tunable unidirectional nonlinear emission from transition-metal-dichalcogenide metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5597. [PMID: 34552076 PMCID: PMC8458373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear light sources are central to a myriad of applications, driving a quest for their miniaturisation down to the nanoscale. In this quest, nonlinear metasurfaces hold a great promise, as they enhance nonlinear effects through their resonant photonic environment and high refractive index, such as in high-index dielectric metasurfaces. However, despite the sub-diffractive operation of dielectric metasurfaces at the fundamental wave, this condition is not fulfilled for the nonlinearly generated harmonic waves, thereby all nonlinear metasurfaces to date emit multiple diffractive beams. Here, we demonstrate the enhanced single-beam second- and third-harmonic generation in a metasurface of crystalline transition-metal-dichalcogenide material, offering the highest refractive index. We show that the interplay between the resonances of the metasurface allows for tuning of the unidirectional second-harmonic radiation in forward or backward direction, not possible in any bulk nonlinear crystal. Our results open new opportunities for metasurface-based nonlinear light-sources, including nonlinear mirrors and entangled-photon generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Nauman
- School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jingshi Yan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Domenico de Ceglia
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo, 6/B, Padova, Italy.
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Khosro Zangeneh Kamali
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Costantino De Angelis
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia.
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems, Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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