1
|
Tuniz A, Kuhlmey BT. Subwavelength terahertz imaging via virtual superlensing in the radiating near field. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6393. [PMID: 37852953 PMCID: PMC10584837 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging with resolutions much below the wavelength λ - now common in the visible spectrum - remains challenging at lower frequencies, where exponentially decaying evanescent waves are generally measured using a tip or antenna close to an object. Such approaches are often problematic because probes can perturb the near-field itself. Here we show that information encoded in evanescent waves can be probed further than previously thought, by reconstructing truthful images of the near-field through selective amplification of evanescent waves, akin to a virtual superlens that images the near field without perturbing it. We quantify trade-offs between noise and measurement distance, experimentally demonstrating reconstruction of complex images with subwavelength features down to a resolution of λ/7 and amplitude signal-to-noise ratios < 25dB between 0.18-1.5 THz. Our procedure can be implemented with any near-field probe, greatly relaxes experimental requirements for subwavelength imaging at sub-optical frequencies and opens the door to non-invasive near-field scanning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tuniz
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Boris T Kuhlmey
- Institute of Photonics and Optical Science, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pizzuto A, Ma P, Mittleman DM. Near-field terahertz nonlinear optics with blue light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:96. [PMID: 37072386 PMCID: PMC10113216 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of terahertz optical techniques to scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy (s-SNOM) has recently emerged as a valuable new paradigm for probing the properties of semiconductors and other materials on the nanoscale. Researchers have demonstrated a family of related techniques, including terahertz nanoscopy (elastic scattering, based on linear optics), time-resolved methods, and nanoscale terahertz emission spectroscopy. However, as with nearly all examples of s-SNOM since the technique's inception in the mid-1990s, the wavelength of the optical source coupled to the near-field tip is long, usually at energies of 2.5 eV or less. Challenges in coupling of shorter wavelengths (i.e., blue light) to the nanotip has greatly inhibited the study of nanoscale phenomena in wide bandgap materials such as Si and GaN. Here, we describe the first experimental demonstration of s-SNOM using blue light. With femtosecond pulses at 410 nm, we generate terahertz pulses directly from bulk silicon, spatially resolved with nanoscale resolution, and show that these signals provide spectroscopic information that cannot be obtained using near-infrared excitation. We develop a new theoretical framework to account for this nonlinear interaction, which enables accurate extraction of material parameters. This work establishes a new realm of possibilities for the study of technologically relevant wide-bandgap materials using s-SNOM methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pizzuto
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Pingchuan Ma
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen M, de Oliveira TVAG, Ilyakov I, Nörenberg T, Kuschewski F, Deinert JC, Awari N, Ponomaryov A, Kuntzsch M, Kehr SC, Eng LM, Gensch M, Kovalev S. Terahertz-slicing - an all-optical synchronization for 4 th generation light sources. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26955-26966. [PMID: 36236877 DOI: 10.1364/oe.454908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A conceptually new approach to synchronizing accelerator-based light sources and external laser systems is presented. The concept is based on utilizing a sufficiently intense accelerator-based single-cycle terahertz pulse to slice a thereby intrinsically synchronized femtosecond-level part of a longer picosecond laser pulse in an electro-optic crystal. A precise synchronization of the order of 10 fs is demonstrated, allowing for real-time lock-in amplifier signal demodulation. We demonstrate successful operation of the concept with three benchmark experiments using a 4th generation accelerator-based terahertz light source, i.e. (i) far-field terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, (ii) terahertz high harmonic generation spectroscopy, and (iii) terahertz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy.
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Yao Z, Sun Z, Stanciu SG, Basov DN, Hillenbrand R, Liu M. Rapid simulations of hyperspectral near-field images of three-dimensional heterogeneous surfaces - part II. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11228-11242. [PMID: 35473071 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The modeling of the near-field interaction in the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) is rapidly advancing, although an accurate yet versatile modeling framework that can be easily adapted to various complex situations is still lacking. In this work, we propose a time-efficient numerical scheme in the quasi-electrostatic limit to capture the tip-sample interaction in the near field. This method considers an extended tip geometry, which is a significant advantage compared to the previously reported method based on the point-dipole approximation. Using this formalism, we investigate, among others, nontrivial questions such as uniaxial and biaxial anisotropy in the near-field interaction, the relationship between various experimental parameters (e.g. tip radius, tapping amplitude, etc.), and the tip-dependent spatial resolution. The demonstrated method further sheds light on the understanding of the contrast mechanism in s-SNOM imaging and spectroscopy, while also representing a valuable platform for future quantitative analysis of the experimental observations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Blackburn TJ, Tyler SM, Pemberton JE. Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films. Anal Chem 2022; 94:515-558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Sarah M. Tyler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iba A, Ikeda M, Agulto VC, Mag-usara VK, Nakajima M. A Study of Terahertz-Wave Cylindrical Super-Oscillatory Lens for Industrial Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6732. [PMID: 34695944 PMCID: PMC8541439 DOI: 10.3390/s21206732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and development of a cylindrical super-oscillatory lens (CSOL) for applications in the sub-terahertz frequency range, which are especially ideal for industrial inspection of films using terahertz (THz) and millimeter waves. Product inspections require high resolution (same as inspection with visible light), long working distance, and long depth of focus (DOF). However, these are difficult to achieve using conventional THz components due to diffraction limits. Here, we present a numerical approach in designing a 100 mm × 100 mm CSOL with optimum properties and performance for 0.1 THz (wavelength λ = 3 mm). Simulations show that, at a focal length of 70 mm (23.3λ), the focused beam by the optimized CSOL is a thin line with a width of 2.5 mm (0.84λ), which is 0.79 times the diffraction limit. The DOF of 10 mm (3.3λ) is longer than that of conventional lenses. The results also indicate that the generation of thin line-shaped focal beam is dominantly influenced by the outer part of the lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Iba
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.I.); (V.C.A.); (V.K.M.-u.)
- Asahi Kasei Corporation, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan;
| | - Makoto Ikeda
- Asahi Kasei Corporation, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan;
| | - Verdad C. Agulto
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.I.); (V.C.A.); (V.K.M.-u.)
| | - Valynn Katrine Mag-usara
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.I.); (V.C.A.); (V.K.M.-u.)
| | - Makoto Nakajima
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.I.); (V.C.A.); (V.K.M.-u.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mooshammer F, Plankl M, Siday T, Zizlsperger M, Sandner F, Vitalone R, Jing R, Huber MA, Basov DN, Huber R. Quantitative terahertz emission nanoscopy with multiresonant near-field probes. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3572-3575. [PMID: 34329227 DOI: 10.1364/ol.430400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
By sampling terahertz waveforms emitted from InAs surfaces, we reveal how the entire, realistic geometry of typical near-field probes drastically impacts the broadband electromagnetic fields. In the time domain, these modifications manifest as a shift in the carrier-envelope phase and emergence of a replica pulse with a time delay dictated by the length of the cantilever. This interpretation is fully corroborated by quantitative simulations of terahertz emission nanoscopy based on the finite element method. Our approach provides a solid theoretical framework for quantitative nanospectroscopy and sets the stage for a reliable description of subcycle, near-field microscopy at terahertz frequencies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pizzuto A, Chen X, Hu H, Dai Q, Liu M, Mittleman DM. Anomalous contrast in broadband THz near-field imaging of gold microstructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15190-15198. [PMID: 33985223 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
THz scattering-type scanning near-field microscopy (s-SNOM) has become a powerful technique for measuring carrier dynamics in nanoscale materials and structures. Changes in a material's local THz reflection or transmission can be correlated to changes in electrical conductivity. Here, we perform tip-based THz nano-imaging of subwavelength gold nanostructures and demonstrate image contrast unrelated to any spatially varying material properties. We show that the specific physical configuration of the gold structures can have a strong influence on local excitations which can obscure the sample's true dielectric response, even in cases where the relevant structures are far outside of the spatial region probed by the AFM tip.
Collapse
|