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Inzunza-Ibarra MA, Navarro-Becerra JA, Narumanchi V, Bottenus N, Murray TW, Borden MA. Enhanced visibility through microbubble-induced photoacoustic fluctuation imaging. JASA EXPRESS LETTERS 2022; 2:012001. [PMID: 35005712 PMCID: PMC8725790 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic contrast mechanism is presented based on the photoacoustic fluctuations induced by microbubbles flowing inside a micro-vessel filled with a continuous absorber. It is demonstrated that the standard deviation of a homogeneous absorber mixed with microbubbles increases non-linearly as the microbubble concentration and microbubble size is increased. This effect is then utilized to perform photoacoustic fluctuation imaging with increased visibility and contrast of a blood flow phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Inzunza-Ibarra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | | | - Venkatalakshmi Narumanchi
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Mueller EN, Kuriakose M, Ganguly S, Ma K, Inzunza-Ibarra MA, Murray TW, Cha JN, Goodwin AP. Hydrophobically Modified Silica-Coated Gold Nanorods for Generating Nonlinear Photoacoustic Signals. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2021; 4:12073-12082. [PMID: 38031593 PMCID: PMC10686269 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report that gold nanorods coated with hydrophobically-modified mesoporous silica shells not only enhance photoacoustic (PA) signal over unmodified mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods, but that the relationship between PA amplitude and input laser fluence is strongly nonlinear. Mesoporous silica shells of ~14 nm thickness and with ~3 nm pores were grown on gold nanorods showing near infrared absorption. The silica was rendered hydrophobic with addition of dodecyltrichlorosilane, then re-suspended in aqueous media with a lipid monolayer. Analysis of the PA signal revealed not only an enhancement of PA signal compared to mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods at lower laser fluences, but also a nonlinear relationship between PA signal and laser fluence. We attribute each effect to the entrapment of solvent vapor in the mesopores: the vapor has both a larger expansion coefficient and thermal resistance than silica that enhances conversion to acoustic energy, and the hydrophobic porous surface is able to promote phase transition at the surface, leading to a nonlinear PA response even at fluences as low as 5 mJ cm-2. At 21 mJ cm-2, the highest laser fluence tested, the PA enhancement was >12-fold over mesoporous silica coated gold nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan N. Mueller
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Maju Kuriakose
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Saheli Ganguly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marco A. Inzunza-Ibarra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Todd W. Murray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jennifer N. Cha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Andrew P. Goodwin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Yang J, He Q, Liu L, Qu Y, Shao R, Song B, Zhao Y. Anti-scattering light focusing by fast wavefront shaping based on multi-pixel encoded digital-micromirror device. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:149. [PMID: 34285183 PMCID: PMC8292544 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00591-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Speed and enhancement are the two most important metrics for anti-scattering light focusing by wavefront shaping (WS), which requires a spatial light modulator with a large number of modulation modes and a fast speed of response. Among the commercial modulators, the digital-micromirror device (DMD) is the sole solution providing millions of modulation modes and a pattern rate higher than 20 kHz. Thus, it has the potential to accelerate the process of anti-scattering light focusing with a high enhancement. Nevertheless, modulating light in a binary mode by the DMD restricts both the speed and enhancement seriously. Here, we propose a multi-pixel encoded DMD-based WS method by combining multiple micromirrors into a single modulation unit to overcome the drawbacks of binary modulation. In addition, to efficiently optimize the wavefront, we adopted separable natural evolution strategies (SNES), which could carry out a global search against a noisy environment. Compared with the state-of-the-art DMD-based WS method, the proposed method increased the speed of optimization and enhancement of focus by a factor of 179 and 16, respectively. In our demonstration, we achieved 10 foci with homogeneous brightness at a high speed and formed W- and S-shape patterns against the scattering medium. The experimental results suggest that the proposed method will pave a new avenue for WS in the applications of biomedical imaging, photon therapy, optogenetics, dynamic holographic display, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamiao Yang
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaozhi He
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxian Liu
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, 030006, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Yuan Qu
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjun Shao
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China.
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Zhao T, Ourselin S, Vercauteren T, Xia W. High-speed photoacoustic-guided wavefront shaping for focusing light in scattering media. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1165-1168. [PMID: 33649683 PMCID: PMC8237830 DOI: 10.1364/ol.412572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wavefront shaping is becoming increasingly attractive as it promises to enable various biomedical applications by breaking through the optical diffusion limit that prevents light focusing at depths larger than ∼1mm in biological tissue. However, despite recent advancements in wavefront shaping technology, such as those exploiting non-invasive photoacoustic-guidance, in vivo demonstrations remain challenging mainly due to rapid tissue speckle decorrelation. In this work, we report a high-speed photoacoustic-guided wavefront shaping method with a relatively simple experimental setup, based on the characterization of a scattering medium with a real-valued intensity transmission matrix. We demonstrated light focusing through an optical diffuser by optimizing 4096 binary amplitude modulation modes of a digital micromirror device within ∼300ms, leading to a system runtime of 75 µs per input mode, which is 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest runtime reported in literature so far using photoacoustic-guided wavefront shaping. Thus, our method is a solid step forward toward in vivo applications of wavefront shaping.
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