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Jayakumar N, Dullo FT, Dubey V, Ahmad A, Ströhl F, Cauzzo J, Guerreiro EM, Snir O, Skalko-Basnet N, Agarwal K, Ahluwalia BS. Multi-moded high-index contrast optical waveguide for super-contrast high-resolution label-free microscopy. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:3421-3436. [PMID: 38144043 PMCID: PMC10741054 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The article elucidates the physical mechanism behind the generation of superior-contrast and high-resolution label-free images using an optical waveguide. Imaging is realized by employing a high index contrast multi-moded waveguide as a partially coherent light source. The modes provide near-field illumination of unlabeled samples, thereby repositioning the higher spatial frequencies of the sample into the far-field. These modes coherently scatter off the sample with different phases and are engineered to have random spatial distributions within the integration time of the camera. This mitigates the coherent speckle noise and enhances the contrast (2-10) × as opposed to other imaging techniques. Besides, the coherent scattering of the different modes gives rise to fluctuations in intensity. The technique demonstrated here is named chip-based Evanescent Light Scattering (cELS). The concepts introduced through this work are described mathematically and the high-contrast image generation process using a multi-moded waveguide as the light source is explained. The article then explores the feasibility of utilizing fluctuations in the captured images along with fluorescence-based techniques, like intensity-fluctuation algorithms, to mitigate poor-contrast and diffraction-limited resolution in the coherent imaging regime. Furthermore, a straight waveguide is demonstrated to have limited angular diversity between its multiple modes and therefore, for isotropic sample illumination, a multiple-arms waveguide geometry is used. The concepts introduced are validated experimentally via high-contrast label-free imaging of weakly scattering nanosized specimens such as extra-cellular vesicles (EVs), liposomes, nanobeads and biological cells such as fixed and live HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Jayakumar
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Firehun T. Dullo
- Department of Microsystems and Nanotechnology, SINTEF Digital, Gaustadalleen 23C, 0373Oslo, Norway
| | - Vishesh Dubey
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Azeem Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Florian Ströhl
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Jennifer Cauzzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | | | - Omri Snir
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Natasa Skalko-Basnet
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Krishna Agarwal
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
| | - Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø9037, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Insitute, 17177Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Lee S, Lee J, Batjikh I, Yu H, Kang SH. Ultrasensitive Hypoxia Sensing at the Single-Molecule Level via Super-Resolution Quantum Dot-Linked Immunosandwich Assay. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1372-1380. [PMID: 35437012 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activated hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) plays an important role in the adaptive response of tumor cells to oxygen changes through the transcriptional activation of genes that regulate important biological processes required for tumor survival and progression. In this study, we developed an ultrasensitive hypoxia sensor based on read-out with quantum dots on a gold nanodisc (quantum dot-linked immunosandwich assay, QLISA) with excellent selectivity for HIF-1α. The immunoassay platform was established by comparing the immune response results using Qdot525 as a detection nanoprobe instead of a fluorescent dye (Alexa488) (fluorescent-linked immunosandwich assay, FLISA). In addition, using three-dimensional total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, the platform was optically sectioned along the z-axis at 10 nm intervals to compare the height difference between the nanodisc and the nanoprobe following the QLISA and FLISA procedures and to localize the target location. Here, the super-resolution QLISA (srQLISA)-based hypoxia sensor exhibited high accuracy and precision for the detection of HIF-1α-extracted samples in cancer spheroids compared with the super-resolution FLISA (srFLISA) method. The developed nanobiosensor method demonstrated a wide dynamic linear detection range of 32.2 zM-8.0 pM with a limit of detection of 16 zM under optimal experimental conditions for HIF-1α, an approximate 106-fold enhanced detection sensitivity compared with the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method based on absorbance. The detection of HIF-1α using the newly developed srQLISA sensor allows for independently predicting tumor progression and early cancer onset increases in the microvasculature density of tumor lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungah Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Indra Batjikh
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunung Yu
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Natural Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Lachmann R, Marsikova B, Heintzmann R, Diederich B. UCsim2: two-dimensionally structured illumination microscopy using UC2. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20200148. [PMID: 35152763 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art microscopy techniques enable the imaging of sub-diffraction barrier biological structures at the price of high costs or a lack of transparency. We try to reduce some of these barriers by presenting a super-resolution upgrade to our recently presented open-source optical toolbox UC2. Our new injection moulded parts allow larger builds with higher precision. The 4× lower manufacturing tolerance compared to three-dimensional printing makes assemblies more reproducible. By adding consumer-grade available open-source hardware such as digital mirror devices and laser projectors, we demonstrate a compact three-dimensional multimodal setup that combines image scanning microscopy and structured illumination microscopy. We demonstrate a gain in resolution and optical sectioning using the two different modes compared to the widefield limit by imaging Alexa Fluor ® 647- and Silicon Rhodamine-stained HeLa cells. We compare different objective lenses and by sharing the designs and manuals of our setup, we make super-resolution imaging available to everyone. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - René Lachmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbora Marsikova
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Benedict Diederich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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Villegas-Hernández LE, Dubey V, Nystad M, Tinguely JC, Coucheron DA, Dullo FT, Priyadarshi A, Acuña S, Ahmad A, Mateos JM, Barmettler G, Ziegler U, Birgisdottir ÅB, Hovd AMK, Fenton KA, Acharya G, Agarwal K, Ahluwalia BS. Chip-based multimodal super-resolution microscopy for histological investigations of cryopreserved tissue sections. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:43. [PMID: 35210400 PMCID: PMC8873254 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Histology involves the observation of structural features in tissues using a microscope. While diffraction-limited optical microscopes are commonly used in histological investigations, their resolving capabilities are insufficient to visualize details at subcellular level. Although a novel set of super-resolution optical microscopy techniques can fulfill the resolution demands in such cases, the system complexity, high operating cost, lack of multi-modality, and low-throughput imaging of these methods limit their wide adoption for histological analysis. In this study, we introduce the photonic chip as a feasible high-throughput microscopy platform for super-resolution imaging of histological samples. Using cryopreserved ultrathin tissue sections of human placenta, mouse kidney, pig heart, and zebrafish eye retina prepared by the Tokuyasu method, we demonstrate diverse imaging capabilities of the photonic chip including total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, intensity fluctuation-based optical nanoscopy, single-molecule localization microscopy, and correlative light-electron microscopy. Our results validate the photonic chip as a feasible imaging platform for tissue sections and pave the way for the adoption of super-resolution high-throughput multimodal analysis of cryopreserved tissue samples both in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Villegas-Hernández
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vishesh Dubey
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Nystad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jean-Claude Tinguely
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - David A Coucheron
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Firehun T Dullo
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anish Priyadarshi
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sebastian Acuña
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Azeem Ahmad
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - José M Mateos
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gery Barmettler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Åsa Birna Birgisdottir
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Cardiovascular Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aud-Malin Karlsson Hovd
- Department of Medical Biology, RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Andreassen Fenton
- Department of Medical Biology, RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Women's Health and Perinatology Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krishna Agarwal
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Klokkargårdsbakken N-9019, Tromsø, Norway.
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Li Q, Hulleman CN, Moerland RJ, Mailvaganam E, Ganapathy S, Brinks D, Stallinga S, Rieger B. Waveguide-based total internal reflection fluorescence microscope enabling cellular imaging under cryogenic conditions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:34097-34108. [PMID: 34809207 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is an important imaging tool for the investigation of biological structures, especially the study on cellular events near the plasma membrane. Imaging at cryogenic temperatures not only enables observing structures in a near-native and fixed state but also suppresses irreversible photo-bleaching rates, resulting in increased photo-stability of fluorophores. Traditional TIRF microscopes produce an evanescent field based on high numerical aperture immersion objective lenses with high magnification, which results in a limited field of view and is incompatible with cryogenic conditions. Here, we present a waveguide-based TIRF microscope, which is able to generate a uniform evanescent field using high refractive index waveguides on photonic chips and to obtain cellular observation at cryogenic temperatures. Our method provides an inexpensive way to achieve total-internal-reflection fluorescence imaging under cryogenic conditions.
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Coucheron DA, Helle ØI, Wilkinson JS, Murugan GS, Domínguez C, Angelskår H, Ahluwalia BS. Study of waveguide background at visible wavelengths for on-chip nanoscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20735-20746. [PMID: 34266156 DOI: 10.1364/oe.420844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
On-chip super-resolution optical microscopy is an emerging field relying on waveguide excitation with visible light. Here, we investigate two commonly used high-refractive index waveguide platforms, tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) and silicon nitride (Si3N4), with respect to their background with excitation in the range 488-640 nm. The background strength from these waveguides were estimated by imaging fluorescent beads. The spectral dependence of the background from these waveguide platforms was also measured. For 640 nm wavelength excitation both the materials had a weak background, but the background increases progressively for shorter wavelengths for Si3N4. We further explored the effect of the waveguide background on localization precision of single molecule localization for direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). An increase in background for Si3N4 at 488 nm is shown to reduce the localization precision and thus the resolution of the reconstructed images. The localization precision at 640nm was very similar for both the materials. Thus, for shorter wavelength applications Ta2O5 is preferable. Reducing the background from Si3N4 at shorter wavelengths via improved fabrication will be worth pursuing.
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