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Hou J, Xue B, Ma R, Yu S, Zhu Y, Chen X, Lu J, Wan W. UV-enhanced photorefractive response rate in a thin-film lithium niobate microdisk. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3456-3459. [PMID: 38875644 DOI: 10.1364/ol.527579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The photorefractive (PR) effect plays a critical role in emerging photonic technologies, including dynamic volume holography and on-chip all-optical functionalities. Nevertheless, its slow response rate has posed a significant obstacle to its practical application. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the PR response rate in a high-Q thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) microdisk under UV light irradiation. At an irradiation intensity of 30 mW/cm2, the PR effect achieves a high response bandwidth of approximately 256 kHz. By employing this UV-assisted PR effect, we have achieved rapid laser-cavity locking and self-stabilization, where perturbations are automatically compensated. This technique paves the way toward real-time dynamic holography, editable photonic devices on a lithium niobate platform, and high-speed all-optical information processing.
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2
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Tang C, Nie M, Chen JY, Ma Z, Li Z, Xie Y, Sua YM, Huang SW, Huang YP. Broadband frequency comb generation through cascaded quadratic nonlinearity in thin-film lithium niobate microresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2449-2452. [PMID: 38691741 DOI: 10.1364/ol.523920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Broadband frequency comb generation through cascaded quadratic nonlinearity remains experimentally untapped in free-space cavities with bulk χ(2) materials mainly due to the high threshold power and restricted ability of dispersion engineering. Thin-film lithium niobate (LN) is a good platform for nonlinear optics due to the tight mode confinement in a nano-dimensional waveguide, the ease of dispersion engineering, large quadratic nonlinearities, and flexible phase matching via periodic poling. Here we demonstrate broadband frequency comb generation through dispersion engineering in a thin-film LN microresonator. Bandwidths of 150 nm (80 nm) and 25 nm (12 nm) for center wavelengths at 1560 and 780 nm are achieved, respectively, in a cavity-enhanced second-harmonic generation (doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator). Our demonstration paves the way for pure quadratic soliton generation, which is a great complement to dissipative Kerr soliton frequency combs for extended interesting nonlinear applications.
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3
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Lee WB, Kwon YJ, Kim DH, Sunwoo YH, Lee SS. Hybrid integrated thin-film lithium niobate-silicon nitride electro-optical phased array incorporating silicon nitride grating antenna for two-dimensional beam steering. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9171-9183. [PMID: 38571156 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
This study proposes a solid-state two-dimensional beam-steering device based on an electro-optical phased array (EOPA) in thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) and silicon nitride (SiN) hybrid platforms, thereby eliminating the requirement for the direct etching of TFLN. Electro-optic (EO) phase modulator array comprises cascaded multimode interference couplers with an SiN strip-loaded TFLN configuration, which is designed and fabricated via i-line photolithography. Each EO modulator element with an interaction region length of 1.56 cm consumed a minimum power of 3.2 pJ/π under a half-wave voltage of 3.64 V and had an estimated modulation speed of 1.2 GHz. Subsequently, an SiN dispersive antenna with a waveguide grating was tethered to the modulator array to form an EOPA, facilitating the out-of-plane radiation of highly defined near-infrared beams. A prepared EOPA utilized EO phase control and wavelength tuning near 1550 nm to achieve a field-of-view of 22° × 5° in the horizontal and vertical directions. The proposed hybrid integrated platform can potentially facilitate low-power and high-speed beam steering.
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Hwang H, Nurrahman MR, Heo H, Ko K, Moon K, Ju JJ, Han SW, Jung H, Lee H, Seo MK. Hyperband electro-optic modulator based on a two-pulley coupled lithium niobate racetrack resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:658-661. [PMID: 38300083 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Integrated optical modulators (IOMs) are crucial components of on-chip photonic circuits. However, most conventional IOMs are restricted to specific spectral bands. Here, we leveraged the wide transparency window of lithium niobate in conjunction with the two-pulley coupled resonator method. This approach led to the development of a hyperband electro-optic (EO) modulator that operates over an expansive spectral range from 775 to 1550 nm on a single device. The demonstrated EO modulator exhibits half-wave voltage-length products of 0.25, 0.93, and 0.68 V·cm at wavelengths of 1539.50, 969.70, and 775.17 nm, respectively.
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5
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Holzgrafe J, Puma E, Cheng R, Warner H, Shams-Ansari A, Shankar R, Lončar M. Relaxation of the electro-optic response in thin-film lithium niobate modulators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3619-3631. [PMID: 38297579 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is a promising electro-optic (EO) photonics platform with high modulation bandwidth, low drive voltage, and low optical loss. However, EO modulation in TFLN is known to relax on long timescales. Instead, thermo-optic heaters are often used for stable biasing, but heaters incur challenges with cross-talk, high power, and low bandwidth. Here, we characterize the low-frequency (1 mHz to 1 MHz) EO response of TFLN modulators, investigate the root cause of EO relaxation and demonstrate methods to improve bias stability. We show that relaxation-related effects can enhance EO modulation across a frequency band spanning 1kHz to 20kHz in our devices - a counter-intuitive result that can confound measurement of half-wave voltage (V π) in TFLN modulators. We also show that EO relaxation can be slowed by more than 104-fold through control of the LN-metal interface and annealing, offering progress toward lifetime-stable EO biasing. Such robust EO biasing would enable applications for TFLN devices where cross-talk, power, and bias bandwidth are critical, such as quantum devices, high-density integrated photonics, and communications.
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6
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Yue G, Li Y. Integrated lithium niobate optical phased array for two-dimensional beam steering. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3633-3636. [PMID: 37450712 DOI: 10.1364/ol.491748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical phased arrays (OPAs) with high speed, low power consumption, and low insertion loss are appealing for various applications, including light detection and ranging, free-space communication, image projection, and imaging. These OPAs can be achieved by fully harnessing the advantages of integrated lithium niobate (LN) photonics, which include high electro-optical modulation speed, low driving voltage, and low optical loss. Here we present an integrated LN OPA that operates in the near-infrared regime. Our experimental results demonstrate 24 × 8° two-dimensional beam steering, a far-field beam spot with a full width at half maximum of 2 × 0.6°, and a sidelobe suppression level of 10 dB. Furthermore, the phase modulator of our OPA exhibits a half-wave voltage of 6 V. The low power consumption exhibited by our OPA makes it highly attractive for a wide range of applications. Beyond conventional applications, our OPA's high speed opens up the possibility of novel applications such as high-density point cloud generation and tomographic holography.
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7
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Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease W, Arnold G, Fink JM. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3784. [PMID: 37355691 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qiu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Rishabh Sahu
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - William Hease
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Georg Arnold
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Johannes M Fink
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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8
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Jia D, Zhang R, Yang C, Hao Z, Yu X, Gao F, Bo F, Zhang G, Xu J. Electrically tuned coupling of lithium niobate microresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2744-2747. [PMID: 37186755 DOI: 10.1364/ol.488974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microresonators coupled with integrated waveguides operate stably but usually lack tunability for an optimal coupling state. In this Letter, we demonstrate a racetrack resonator with an electrically modulated coupling on an X-cut lithium niobate (LN) platform by introducing a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with two balanced directional couplers (DCs) to realize light exchange. This device provides a wide-range coupling regulation, from under-coupling and critical coupling to deep over-coupling. Importantly, it has a fixed resonance frequency when the DC splitting ratio is 3 dB. The measured optical responses of the resonator exhibit a high extinction ratio, exceeding 23 dB, and an effective half-wave voltage length Vπ·L of 0.77 V·cm, suitable for CMOS compatibility. Microresonators with tunable coupling and a stable resonance frequency are expected to find application in nonlinear optical devices on LN-integrated optical platforms.
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Xu C, Wu H, He Y, Xu L. Efficient Second- and Third-Harmonic Generations in Er 3+/Fe 2+-Doped Lithium Niobate Single Crystal with Engineered Surficial Cylindrical Hole Arrays. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101639. [PMID: 37242055 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, significant enhancement of second- and third-harmonic generation efficiencies in a 1 mol% Er3+ and 0.07 mol% Fe2+-doped lithium niobate single-crystal plate were achieved after ablating periodic cylindrical pit arrays on the surface. Enhanced absorption and reduced transmittance of light were measured when the incident light signal passed through the patterned sample. Enhanced photoluminescence and two-photon-pumped upconversion emission spectra were also explored to obtain more details on the efficiency gains. The excitation-energy-dependent second-harmonic generation efficiency was measured, and an enhancement as high as 20-fold was calculated. The conversion efficiency of second-harmonic generation is 1 to 3 orders higher than that from other lithium niobite metasurfaces and nanoantennas. This work provides a convenient and effective method to improve the nonlinear conversion efficiency in a thin lithium niobite plate, which is desirable for applying to integrated optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Xu
- School of Primary Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400700, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hongli Wu
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yanwei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Long Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro&Nano Structure Optoelectronics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Brès CS, Della Torre A, Grassani D, Brasch V, Grillet C, Monat C. Supercontinuum in integrated photonics: generation, applications, challenges, and perspectives. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:1199-1244. [PMID: 36969949 PMCID: PMC10031268 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion in nonlinear materials is an extremely useful solution to the generation of new optical frequencies. Often, it is the only viable solution to realize light sources highly relevant for applications in science and industry. In particular, supercontinuum generation in waveguides, defined as the extreme spectral broadening of an input pulsed laser light, is a powerful technique to bridge distant spectral regions based on single-pass geometry, without requiring additional seed lasers or temporal synchronization. Owing to the influence of dispersion on the nonlinear broadening physics, supercontinuum generation had its breakthrough with the advent of photonic crystal fibers, which permitted an advanced control of light confinement, thereby greatly improving our understanding of the underlying phenomena responsible for supercontinuum generation. More recently, maturing in fabrication of photonic integrated waveguides has resulted in access to supercontinuum generation platforms benefiting from precise lithographic control of dispersion, high yield, compact footprint, and improved power consumption. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of supercontinuum generation in chip-based platforms, from underlying physics mechanisms up to the most recent and significant demonstrations. The diversity of integrated material platforms, as well as specific features of waveguides, is opening new opportunities, as will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille-Sophie Brès
- Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Della Torre
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
| | - Davide Grassani
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), 2000Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Grillet
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
| | - Christelle Monat
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
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11
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Renaud D, Assumpcao DR, Joe G, Shams-Ansari A, Zhu D, Hu Y, Sinclair N, Loncar M. Sub-1 Volt and high-bandwidth visible to near-infrared electro-optic modulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1496. [PMID: 36973272 PMCID: PMC10042872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated electro-optic (EO) modulators are fundamental photonics components with utility in domains ranging from digital communications to quantum information processing. At telecommunication wavelengths, thin-film lithium niobate modulators exhibit state-of-the-art performance in voltage-length product (VπL), optical loss, and EO bandwidth. However, applications in optical imaging, optogenetics, and quantum science generally require devices operating in the visible-to-near-infrared (VNIR) wavelength range. Here, we realize VNIR amplitude and phase modulators featuring VπL's of sub-1 V ⋅ cm, low optical loss, and high bandwidth EO response. Our Mach-Zehnder modulators exhibit a VπL as low as 0.55 V ⋅ cm at 738 nm, on-chip optical loss of ~0.7 dB/cm, and EO bandwidths in excess of 35 GHz. Furthermore, we highlight the opportunities these high-performance modulators offer by demonstrating integrated EO frequency combs operating at VNIR wavelengths, with over 50 lines and tunable spacing, and frequency shifting of pulsed light beyond its intrinsic bandwidth (up to 7x Fourier limit) by an EO shearing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Renaud
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel Rimoli Assumpcao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Graham Joe
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Amirhassan Shams-Ansari
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Di Zhu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yaowen Hu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Neil Sinclair
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, and Alliance for Quantum Technologies (AQT), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, MA, USA
| | - Marko Loncar
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA.
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Li J, Poon AW. A 3C-SiC-on-Insulator-Based Integrated Photonic Platform Using an Anodic Bonding Process with Glass Substrates. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:399. [PMID: 36838099 PMCID: PMC9962413 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various crystalline silicon carbide (SiC) polytypes are emerging as promising photonic materials due to their wide bandgap energies and nonlinear optical properties. However, their wafer forms cannot readily provide a refractive index contrast for optical confinement in the SiC layer, which makes it difficult to realize a SiC-based integrated photonic platform. In this paper, we demonstrate a 3C-SiC-on-insulator (3C-SiCoI)-based integrated photonic platform by transferring the epitaxial 3C-SiC layer from a silicon die to a borosilicate glass substrate using anodic bonding. By fine-tuning the fabrication process, we demonstrated nearly 100% area transferring die-to-wafer bonding. We fabricated waveguide-coupled microring resonators using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)-based dry etching and demonstrated a moderate loaded quality (Q) factor of 1.4 × 105. We experimentally excluded the existence of the photorefractive effect in this platform at sub-milliwatt on-chip input optical power levels. This 3C-SiCoI platform is promising for applications, including large-scale integration of linear, nonlinear and quantum photonics.
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13
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Liu H, Li Y, Yang Q, Zhou S, Jia Y. A tailored 100%-efficient 532/1064-nm demultiplexer in y-cut LiNbO 3 crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:787-790. [PMID: 36723589 DOI: 10.1364/ol.480495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report a tailored 532/1064-nm demultiplexer based on a multimode interference (MMI) coupler with an efficiency of 100%. The device structure is designed according to the self-imaging principle, and the propagation and the wavelength division performance are simulated by the beam propagation method. The demultiplexer is fabricated in a y-cut LiNbO3 crystal by femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) combined with the ion implantation technique. The end-face coupling system is used to measure the near field intensity distribution, and the spectra collected from the output ports are obtained by spectrometers. The simulated and the experimental results indicate that the customized demultiplexer in the LiNbO3 crystal presents excellent wavelength division performance operating at 532 nm and 1064 nm. This work demonstrates the application potential of FLDW technology for developing miniaturized photonic components and provides a new strategy for fabricating high-efficiency integrated wavelength division devices on an optical monocrystalline platform.
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Zhuang R, He J, Qi Y, Li Y. High-Q Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Microrings Fabricated with Wet Etching. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208113. [PMID: 36325644 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has been widely used in electro-optic modulators, acoustic--optic modulators, electro-optic frequency combs, and nonlinear wavelength converters owing to the excellent optical properties of lithium niobate. The performance of these devices is highly dependent on the fabrication quality of TFLN. Although state-of-the-art TFLN microrings with an intrinsic quality factor (Q-factor) exceeding 1 × 107 have been realized by inductively coupled plasma-reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), ICP-RIE has moderate throughput, moderate reproducibility, and high cost in etching TFLN, while CMP features moderate throughput and low cost in etching TFLN. Here, a wet etching method for TFLN, leading to the fabrication of a micro-racetrack with an intrinsic Q-factor of over 9.27 × 106 is developed. The suitability of this method to fabricate a narrow coupling gap between the bus waveguide and microring enables the coupling conditions of the microring to be customized. This method features a high throughput, a high reproducibility, and a low cost in etching TFLN, showing the potential to boost the mass production of integrated LN photonic devices with high fidelity and affordability dramatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinze He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yifan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Li C, Chen B, Ruan Z, Wu H, Zhou Y, Liu J, Chen P, Chen K, Guo C, Liu L. High modulation efficiency and large bandwidth thin-film lithium niobate modulator for visible light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36394-36402. [PMID: 36258568 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate an integrated visible light modulator at 532 nm on the thin-film lithium niobate platform. The waveguides on such platform feature a propagation loss of 2.2 dB/mm while a grating for fiber interface has a coupling loss of 5 dB. Our fabricated modulator demonstrates a low voltage-length product of 1.1 V·cm and a large electro-optic bandwidth with a roll-off of -1.59 dB at 25 GHz for a length of 3.3 mm. This device offers a compact and large bandwidth solution to the challenge of integrated visible wavelength modulation in lithium niobate and paves the way for future small-form-factor integrated systems at visible wavelengths.
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16
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Celik OT, Sarabalis CJ, Mayor FM, Stokowski HS, Herrmann JF, McKenna TP, Lee NRA, Jiang W, Multani KKS, Safavi-Naeini AH. High-bandwidth CMOS-voltage-level electro-optic modulation of 780 nm light in thin-film lithium niobate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:23177-23186. [PMID: 36225003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrated photonics operating at visible-near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths offer scalable platforms for advancing optical systems for addressing atomic clocks, sensors, and quantum computers. The complexity of free-space control optics causes limited addressability of atoms and ions, and this remains an impediment on scalability and cost. Networks of Mach-Zehnder interferometers can overcome challenges in addressing atoms by providing high-bandwidth electro-optic control of multiple output beams. Here, we demonstrate a VNIR Mach-Zehnder interferometer on lithium niobate on sapphire with a CMOS voltage-level compatible full-swing voltage of 4.2 V and an electro-optic bandwidth of 2.7 GHz occupying only 0.35 mm2. Our waveguides exhibit 1.6 dB/cm propagation loss and our microring resonators have intrinsic quality factors of 4.4 × 105. This specialized platform for VNIR integrated photonics can open new avenues for addressing large arrays of qubits with high precision and negligible cross-talk.
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17
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Zatti L, Bergamasco N, Lomonte E, Lenzini F, Pernice W, Liscidini M. Spontaneous parametric downconversion in linearly uncoupled resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1766-1769. [PMID: 35363730 DOI: 10.1364/ol.453324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study degenerate spontaneous parametric downconversion in a structure composed of two linearly uncoupled resonators, in which the linear properties of the fundamental and second-harmonic field can be engineered independently. As an example, we show that in this system it is simple to generate photon pairs that are nearly uncorrelated in energy. These results extend the use of linearly uncoupled resonators to the case of second-order nonlinear interactions.
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18
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Zhao Y, Jang JK, Okawachi Y, Gaeta AL. Theory of χ (2)-microresonator-based frequency conversion. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5393-5396. [PMID: 34724484 DOI: 10.1364/ol.427684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator-based platforms with ${\chi ^{(2)}}$ nonlinearities have the potential to perform frequency conversion at high efficiencies and ultralow powers with small footprints. The standard doctrine for achieving high conversion efficiency in cavity-based devices requires "perfect matching," that is, zero phase mismatch while all relevant frequencies are precisely at a cavity resonance, which is difficult to achieve in integrated platforms due to fabrication errors and limited tunabilities. In this Letter, we show that the violation of perfect matching does not necessitate a reduction in conversion efficiency. On the contrary, in many cases, mismatches should be intentionally introduced to improve the efficiency or tunability of conversion. We identify the universal conditions for maximizing the efficiency of cavity-based frequency conversion and show a straightforward approach to fully compensate for parasitic processes such as thermorefractive and photorefractive effects that, typically, can limit the conversion efficiency. We also show the design criteria that make these high-efficiency states stable against nonlinearity-induced instabilities.
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Xu Y, Sayem AA, Fan L, Zou CL, Wang S, Cheng R, Fu W, Yang L, Xu M, Tang HX. Bidirectional interconversion of microwave and light with thin-film lithium niobate. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4453. [PMID: 34294711 PMCID: PMC8298523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Superconducting cavity electro-optics presents a promising route to coherently convert microwave and optical photons and distribute quantum entanglement between superconducting circuits over long-distance. Strong Pockels nonlinearity and high-performance optical cavity are the prerequisites for high conversion efficiency. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) offers these desired characteristics. Despite significant recent progresses, only unidirectional conversion with efficiencies on the order of 10-5 has been realized. In this article, we demonstrate the bidirectional electro-optic conversion in TFLN-superconductor hybrid system, with conversion efficiency improved by more than three orders of magnitude. Our air-clad device architecture boosts the sustainable intracavity pump power at cryogenic temperatures by suppressing the prominent photorefractive effect that limits cryogenic performance of TFLN, and reaches an efficiency of 1.02% (internal efficiency of 15.2%). This work firmly establishes the TFLN-superconductor hybrid EO system as a highly competitive transduction platform for future quantum network applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ayed Al Sayem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Linran Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chang-Ling Zou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Risheng Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Likai Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mingrui Xu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hong X Tang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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