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Zhang W, Lin J, Yuan Z, Lin Y, Shang W, Chin LK, Zhang M. Terahertz Metamaterials for Biosensing Applications: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 14:3. [PMID: 38275304 PMCID: PMC10813048 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, THz metamaterials have emerged as a promising technology for biosensing by extracting useful information (composition, structure and dynamics) of biological samples from the interaction between the THz wave and the biological samples. Advantages of biosensing with THz metamaterials include label-free and non-invasive detection with high sensitivity. In this review, we first summarize different THz sensing principles modulated by the metamaterial for bio-analyte detection. Then, we compare various resonance modes induced in the THz range for biosensing enhancement. In addition, non-conventional materials used in the THz metamaterial to improve the biosensing performance are evaluated. We categorize and review different types of bio-analyte detection using THz metamaterials. Finally, we discuss the future perspective of THz metamaterial in biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Zhang
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiahan Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhengxin Yuan
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanxiao Lin
- School of Physics and Material Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenli Shang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lip Ket Chin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Key Laboratory of On-Chip Communication and Sensor Chip of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Liu PQ, Miao X, Datta S. Recent Advances in Liquid Metal Photonics: Technologies and Applications. OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS 2023; 13:699-727. [PMID: 38249122 PMCID: PMC10798671 DOI: 10.1364/ome.484236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Near-room-temperature liquid metals offer unique and crucial advantages over solid metals for a broad range of applications which require soft, stretchable and/or reconfigurable structures and devices. In particular, gallium-based liquid metals are the most suitable for a wide range of applications, not only owing to their low melting points, but also thanks to their low toxicity and negligible vapor pressure. In addition, gallium-based liquid metals exhibit attractive optical properties which make them highly suitable for a variety of photonics applications. This review summarizes the material properties of gallium-based liquid metals, highlights several effective techniques for fabricating liquid-metal-based structures and devices, and then focuses on the various photonics applications of these liquid metals in different spectral regions, following with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities for future research in this relatively nascent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Q. Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Xianglong Miao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shreyan Datta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Li Q, van de Groep J, White AK, Song JH, Longwell SA, Fordyce PM, Quake SR, Kik PG, Brongersma ML. Metasurface optofluidics for dynamic control of light fields. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1097-1103. [PMID: 36163507 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate light and liquids on integrated optofluidics chips has spurred a myriad of important developments in biology, medicine, chemistry and display technologies. Here we show how the convergence of optofluidics and metasurface optics can lead to conceptually new platforms for the dynamic control of light fields. We first demonstrate metasurface building blocks that display an extreme sensitivity in their scattering properties to their dielectric environment. These blocks are then used to create metasurface-based flat optics inside microfluidic channels where liquids with different refractive indices can be directed to manipulate their optical behaviour. We demonstrate the intensity and spectral tuning of metasurface colour pixels as well as on-demand optical elements. We finally demonstrate automated control in an integrated meta-optofluidic platform to open up new display functions. Combined with large-scale microfluidic integration, our dynamic-metasurface flat-optics platform could open up the possibility of dynamic display, imaging, holography and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qitong Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adam K White
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Longwell
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Polly M Fordyce
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pieter G Kik
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3D-Printed Programmable Mechanical Metamaterials for Vibration Isolation and Buckling Control. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vibration isolation performance at low-frequency ranges before resonance is a vital characteristic that conventional springs cannot exhibit. This paper introduces a novel zero Poisson’s ratio graded cylindrical metamaterial to fulfill two main goals: (1) vibration isolation performance in low-frequency bands prior to resonance and (2) global buckling control of a long cylindrical tube. For this purpose, “soft and stiff” re-entrant unit cells with varying stiffness were developed. The cylindrical metamaterials were then fabricated using a multi-jet fusion HP three-dimensional (3D) printer. The finite element analyses (FEA) and experimental results demonstrate that the simultaneous existence of multi-stiffness unit cells leads to quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) regions in the force-displacement relationship of a cylindrical metamaterial under compression. They possess significant vibration isolation performance at frequency ranges between 10 and 30 Hz. The proposed multi-stiffness re-entrant unit cells also offer global buckling control of long cylindrical tubes (with a length to diameter ratio of 3.7). The simultaneous existence of multi-stiffness re-entrant unit cells provides a feature for designers to adjust and control the deformation patterns and unit cells’ densification throughout cylindrical tubes.
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Yang F, Pitchappa P, Wang N. Terahertz Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) for 6G Communication Links. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:285. [PMID: 35208409 PMCID: PMC8879315 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The forthcoming sixth generation (6G) communication network is envisioned to provide ultra-fast data transmission and ubiquitous wireless connectivity. The terahertz (THz) spectrum, with higher frequency and wider bandwidth, offers great potential for 6G wireless technologies. However, the THz links suffers from high loss and line-of-sight connectivity. To overcome these challenges, a cost-effective method to dynamically optimize the transmission path using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) is widely proposed. RIS is constructed by embedding active elements into passive metasurfaces, which is an artificially designed periodic structure. However, the active elements (e.g., PIN diodes) used for 5G RIS are impractical for 6G RIS due to the cutoff frequency limitation and higher loss at THz frequencies. As such, various tuning elements have been explored to fill this THz gap between radio waves and infrared light. The focus of this review is on THz RISs with the potential to assist 6G communication functionalities including pixel-level amplitude modulation and dynamic beam manipulation. By reviewing a wide range of tuning mechanisms, including electronic approaches (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transistors, Schottky diodes, high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), and graphene), optical approaches (photoactive semiconductor materials), phase-change materials (vanadium dioxide, chalcogenides, and liquid crystals), as well as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), this review summarizes recent developments in THz RISs in support of 6G communication links and discusses future research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prakash Pitchappa
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Nan Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
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