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Tan L, Fu W, Gao Q, Wang PP. Chiral Plasmonic Hybrid Nanostructures: A Gateway to Advanced Chiroptical Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309033. [PMID: 37944554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chirality introduces a new dimension of functionality to materials, unlocking new possibilities across various fields. When integrated with plasmonic hybrid nanostructures, this attribute synergizes with plasmonic and other functionalities, resulting in unprecedented chiroptical materials that push the boundaries of the system's capabilities. Recent advancements have illuminated the remarkable chiral light-matter interactions within chiral plasmonic hybrid nanomaterials, allowing for the harnessing of their tunable optical activity and hybrid components. These advancements have led to applications in areas such as chiral sensing, catalysis, and spin optics. Despite these promising developments, there remains a need for a comprehensive synthesis of the current state-of-the-art knowledge, as well as a thorough understanding of the construction techniques and practical applications in this field. This review begins with an exploration of the origins of plasmonic chirality and an overview of the latest advancements in the synthesis of chiral plasmonic hybrid nanostructures. Furthermore, representative emerging categories of hybrid nanomaterials are classified and summarized, elucidating their versatile applications. Finally, the review engages with the fundamental challenges associated with chiral plasmonic hybrid nanostructures and offer insights into the future prospects of this advanced field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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2
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Kumar P, Simon A, Kotov NA. Enantiomeric discrimination by chiral electromagnetic resonance enhancement. Chirality 2023; 35:732-738. [PMID: 37142446 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Circularly polarized light interacts preferentially with the biomolecules to generate spectral fingerprints reflecting their primary and secondary structure in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The spectral features can be transferred to the visible and near-infrared regions by coupling the biomolecules with plasmonic assemblies made of noble metals. Nanoscale gold tetrahelices were used to detect the presence of chiral objects that are 40 times smaller in size by using plane-polarized light of 550 nm wavelength. The emergence of chiral hotspots in the gaps between 80 nm long tetrahelices differentiate between weakly scattering S- vs R-molecules with optical constants similar to that of organic solvents. Simulations map the spatial distribution of the scattered field to reveal enantiomeric discrimination with selectivity up to 0.54.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexander Simon
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas A Kotov
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Singh AK, Lin ZH, Jiang M, Mayerhöfer TG, Huang JS. Dielectric metasurface-assisted cavity ring-down spectroscopy for thin-film circular dichroism analysis. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14093-14099. [PMID: 37581361 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Chiral molecules show differences in their chemical and optical properties due to the different spatial arrangements of the atoms in the two enantiomers. A common way to optically differentiate them is to detect the disparity in the absorption of light by the two enantiomers, i.e. absorption circular dichroism (CD). However, the CD of typical molecules is very small, limiting the sensitivity of chiroptical analysis based on CD. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a well-known ultrasensitive absorption spectroscopic method for low-absorbing gas-phase samples because the multiple reflections of light in the cavity greatly increase the absorption path. By inserting a prism into the cavity, the optical mode undergoes total internal reflection (TIR) at the prism surface and the evanescent wave (EW) enables the absorption detection of condensed-phase samples within a very thin layer near the prism surface, called EW-CRDS. Here, we propose an ultrasensitive chiral absorption spectroscopy platform using dielectric metasurface-assisted EW-CRDS. We theoretically show that, upon linearly polarized and oblique incidence, the metasurface exhibits minimum scattering and absorption loss, introduces negligible polarization change, and locally converts the linearly polarized light into near fields with finite optical chirality, enabling CD detection with EW-CRDS that typically works with linearly polarized light. We evaluate the ring-down time in the presence of chiral molecules and determine the sensitivity of the cavity as a function of total absorption from the molecules. The findings open the avenue for the ultrasensitive thin film detection of chiral molecules using CRDS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Singh
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Zhan-Hong Lin
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Min Jiang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Thomas G Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jer-Shing Huang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Member of Leibniz Health Technologies, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Albert Einstein Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Member of the Leibniz Centre for Photonics in Infection Research (LPI), Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Debia NP, Muller JM, Gonçalves PFB, Rodembusch FS, Lüdtke DS. Effective enantioselective recognition by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy: Towards a paradigm shift to optical sensors with unusual chemical architecture. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 294:122526. [PMID: 36868019 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A series of amino acid-derived 1,2,3-triazoles presenting the amino acid residue and the benzazole fluorophore connected by a triazole-4-carboxylate spacer was studied for enantioselective recognition using only steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy in solution. In this investigation, the optical sensing was performed with D-(-) and L-(+)-Arabinose and (R)-(-) and (S)-(+)-Mandelic acid as chiral analytes. The optical sensors showed specific interactions with each pair of enantiomers, allowing photophysical responses, which were used for their enantioselective recognition. DFT calculations confirm the specific interaction between the fluorophores and the analytes corroborating the observed high enantioselectivity of these compounds with the studied enantiomers. Finally, this study investigated nontrivial sensors for chiral molecules by a mechanism different than turn-on fluorescence and has the potential to broad chiral compounds with fluorophoric units as optical sensors for enantioselective sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalí P Debia
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jenifer M Muller
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo F B Gonçalves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiano S Rodembusch
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Diogo S Lüdtke
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Cao Z, He J, Jiao C, Liu Z, Xu L, Zheng C, Peng S, Chen B. Chiroptical Activity in All-Inorganic Intrinsically Chiral Perovskite-like Nanocrystals Synthesized via Enantioselective Strategy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2533-2541. [PMID: 36877191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Enantiomeric control of intrinsically chiral inorganic nanocrystals (NCs), despite being reported in few systems over the past years, still remains a challenging task. Here, we succeeded in the enantioselective synthesis of intrinsically chiral perovskite-like CsCuCl3 NCs in the presence of chiral amino acids using an antisolvent crystallization method at room temperature. The d-/l-ligand-induced enantiomeric NCs showed the relevant characteristic chiroptical responses. Interestingly, under the addition of each d- or l-form of the ligand, the chiroptical activity of the NCs could be tailored through facilely tuning the Cs/Cu feed ratios and amino acid types. The polarity of such amino acids and their coordination configurations with the NC structures contributed to the distinct behaviors. The ability to manipulate the ligand-induced enantioselective strategy would open pathways for the controllable synthesis of intrinsically chiral inorganics and enable a better understanding of the origins of precursor-ligand-associated chiral discrimination and crystallization phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetan Cao
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jia He
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuangwei Jiao
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Linfeng Xu
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Simin Peng
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Adhikari S, Orrit M. Optically Probing the Chirality of Single Plasmonic Nanostructures and of Single Molecules: Potential and Obstacles. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:3486-3497. [PMID: 36411819 PMCID: PMC9673138 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) is a standard method for the analysis of biomolecular conformation. It is very reliable when applied to molecules, but requires relatively large amounts of solution. Plasmonics offer the perspective of enhancement of CD signals, which would extend CD spectrometry to smaller amounts of molecules and to weaker chiral signals. However, plasmonic enhancement comes at the cost of additional complications: averaging over all orientations is no longer possible or reliable, linear dichroism leaks into CD signals because of experimental imperfections, scattering and its interference with the incident beam must be taken into account, and the interaction between chiral molecules and possibly chiral plasmonic structures considerably complicates the interpretation of measured signals. This Perspective aims to explore the motivations and problems of plasmonic chirality and to re-evaluate present and future solutions.
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Sun M, Wang X, Guo X, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Chirality at nanoscale for bioscience. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3069-3081. [PMID: 35414873 PMCID: PMC8926252 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the rapidly expanding fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology, there is considerable interest in chiral nanomaterials, which are endowed with unusually strong circular dichroism. In this review, we summarize the principles of organization underlying chiral nanomaterials and generalize the recent advances in the main strategies used to fabricate these nanoparticles for bioscience applications. The creation of chirality from nanoscale building blocks has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically, and the tunability of chirality using external fields, such as light and magnetic fields, has allowed the optical activity of these materials to be controlled and their properties understood. Therefore, the specific recognition and potential applications of chiral materials in bioscience are discussed. The effects of the chirality of nanostructures on biological systems have been exploited to sense and cut molecules, for therapeutic applications, and so on. In the final part of this review, we examine the future perspectives for chiral nanomaterials in bioscience and the challenges posed by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhong Sun
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Guo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
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Both S, Schäferling M, Sterl F, Muljarov EA, Giessen H, Weiss T. Nanophotonic Chiral Sensing: How Does It Actually Work? ACS NANO 2022; 16:2822-2832. [PMID: 35080371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic chiral sensing has recently attracted a lot of attention. The idea is to exploit the strong light-matter interaction in nanophotonic resonators to determine the concentration of chiral molecules at ultralow thresholds, which is highly attractive for numerous applications in life science and chemistry. However, a thorough understanding of the underlying interactions is still missing. The theoretical description relies on either simple approximations or on purely numerical approaches. We close this gap and present a general theory of chiral light-matter interactions in arbitrary resonators. Our theory describes the chiral interaction as a perturbation of the resonator modes, also known as resonant states or quasi-normal modes. We observe two dominant contributions: A chirality-induced resonance shift and changes in the modes' excitation and emission efficiencies. Our theory brings deep insights for tailoring and enhancing chiral light-matter interactions. Furthermore, it allows us to predict spectra much more efficiently in comparison to conventional approaches. This is particularly true, as chiral interactions are inherently weak and therefore perturbation theory fits extremely well for this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Both
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Schäferling
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Egor A Muljarov
- Cardiff University, School of Physics and Astronomy, The Parade, CF24 3AA, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, and NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
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He Y, Zhou Q, Wang N, Yang H, Liu X. Improved discrimination of phenylalanine enantiomers by surface enhanced Raman scattering assay: molecular insight into chiral interaction. Analyst 2022; 147:1540-1543. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral interaction-based SERS discrimination of phenylalanine (Phe) enantiomers, with the Raman scattering enhancement degree of d-Phe being 50-fold greater than that of l-Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiu He
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Qinghai Zhou
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ning Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xinling Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
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Abstract
Subnanometric materials (SNMs) refer to nanomaterials with sizes comparable to the diameter of common linear polymers or confined at the level of a single unit cell in at least one dimension, usually <1 nm. Conventional inorganic nanoparticles are usually deemed to be rigid, lacking self-adjustable conformation. In contrast, the size at subnanometric scale endows SNMs with flexibility analogous to polymers, resulting in their abundant self-adjustable conformation. It is noteworthy that some highly flexible SNMs can adjust their shape automatically to form chiral conformation, which is rare in conventional inorganic nanoparticles. Herein, we summarize the chiral conformation of SNMs and clarify the driving force behind their formation, in an attempt to establish a better understanding for the origin of flexibility and chirality at subnanometric scale. In addition, the general strategies for controlling the conformation of SNMs are elaborated, which might shed light on the efficient fabrications of chiral inorganic materials. Finally, the challenges facing this area as well as some unexplored topics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
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Surface Plasmonic Sensors: Sensing Mechanism and Recent Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165262. [PMID: 34450704 PMCID: PMC8401600 DOI: 10.3390/s21165262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmonic sensors have been widely used in biology, chemistry, and environment monitoring. These sensors exhibit extraordinary sensitivity based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, and they have found commercial applications. In this review, we present recent progress in the field of surface plasmonic sensors, mainly in the configurations of planar metastructures and optical-fiber waveguides. In the metastructure platform, the optical sensors based on LSPR, hyperbolic dispersion, Fano resonance, and two-dimensional (2D) materials integration are introduced. The optical-fiber sensors integrated with LSPR/SPR structures and 2D materials are summarized. We also introduce the recent advances in quantum plasmonic sensing beyond the classical shot noise limit. The challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed.
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