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Yu J, Xu J, Zhang A, Song Y, Qi J, Dong Q, Chen J, Liu Z, Chen W, Cheng Y. Manufacture of Three-Dimensional Optofluidic Spot-Size Converters in Fused Silica Using Hybrid Laser Microfabrication. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9449. [PMID: 36502151 PMCID: PMC9737694 DOI: 10.3390/s22239449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a hybrid laser microfabrication approach for the manufacture of three-dimensional (3D) optofluidic spot-size converters in fused silica glass by a combination of femtosecond (fs) laser microfabrication and carbon dioxide laser irradiation. Spatially shaped fs laser-assisted chemical etching was first performed to form 3D hollow microchannels in glass, which were composed of embedded straight channels, tapered channels, and vertical channels connected to the glass surface. Then, carbon dioxide laser-induced thermal reflow was carried out for the internal polishing of the whole microchannels and sealing parts of the vertical channels. Finally, 3D optofluidic spot-size converters (SSC) were formed by filling a liquid-core waveguide solution into laser-polished microchannels. With a fabricated SSC structure, the mode spot size of the optofluidic waveguide was expanded from ~8 μm to ~23 μm with a conversion efficiency of ~84.1%. Further measurement of the waveguide-to-waveguide coupling devices in the glass showed that the total insertion loss of two symmetric SSC structures through two ~50 μm-diameter coupling ports was ~6.73 dB at 1310 nm, which was only about half that of non-SSC structures with diameters of ~9 μm at the same coupling distance. The proposed approach holds great potential for developing novel 3D fluid-based photonic devices for mode conversion, optical manipulation, and lab-on-a-chip sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Yu
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Xu
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Aodong Zhang
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yunpeng Song
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jia Qi
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiaonan Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianfang Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Liu
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Chen
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ya Cheng
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Theoretical and Experimental Analysis on Statistical Properties of Coupling Efficiency for Single-Mode Fiber in Free-Space Optical Communication Link Based on Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-Kolmogorov turbulence has been widely observed in free-space optical communication links and should be used to evaluate the system performance. We calculated the wavefront residual variance in the condition of the non-Kolmogorov turbulence model and deduced the mathematical expression of the probability density function (PDF) for the coupling efficiency (CE) of a single-mode fiber (SMF). The PDF was simulated, and the results showed its robustness and rationality. Moreover, an experiment was set up to verify the PDF with experimental distribution. The correlation coefficients are above 0.95 in all cases, which means the statistical model of the CE fitted the experimental distribution well.
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Yuan Y, Zhang J, Dang J, Zheng W, Zheng G, Fu P, Qu J, Hoenders BJ, Zhao Y, Cai Y. Enhanced fiber-coupling efficiency via high-order partially coherent flat-topped beams for free-space optical communications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5634-5643. [PMID: 35209521 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The fiber-coupling efficiency of signal beams is crucial in free space optical (FSO) communications. Herein, we derived an analytical expression for the fiber-coupling efficiency of partially coherent flat-topped beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence based on the cross-spectral density function. Our numerical calculation results showed that the fiber-coupling efficiency of partially coherent flat-topped beams in a turbulent atmosphere could be enhanced by increasing the beam order. Under the same conditions, the fiber-coupling efficiency of the high-order partially coherent flat-topped beams was larger than those connected to the Gaussian and Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beams. Our results will improve the quality of partially coherent beams used in FSO communications.
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