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Laplatine L, Messaoudene S, Gaignebet N, Herrier C, Livache T. Correction of 2 π Phase Jumps for Silicon Photonic Sensors Based on Mach Zehnder Interferometers with Application in Gas and Biosensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1712. [PMID: 38475248 DOI: 10.3390/s24051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Silicon photonic sensors based on Mach Zehnder Interferometers (MZIs) have applications spanning from biological and olfactory sensors to temperature and ultrasound sensors. Although a coherent detection scheme can solve the issues of sensitivity fading and ambiguity in phase direction, the measured phase remains 2π periodic. This implies that the acquisition frequency should ensure a phase shift lower than π between each measurement point to prevent 2π phase jumps. Here, we describe and experimentally characterize two methods based on reference MZIs with lower sensitivities to alleviate this drawback. These solutions improve the measurement robustness and allow the lowering of the acquisition frequency. The first method is based on the phase derivative sign comparison. When a discrepancy is detected, the reference MZI is used to choose whether 2π should be added or removed from the nominal MZI. It can correct 2π phase jumps regardless of the sensitivity ratio, so that a single reference MZI can be used to correct multiple nominal MZIs. This first method relaxes the acquisition frequency requirement by a factor of almost two. However, it cannot correct phase jumps of 4π, 6π or higher between two measurement points. The second method is based on the comparison between the measured phase from the nominal MZI and the phase expected from the reference MZI. It can correct multiple 2π phase jumps but requires at least one reference MZI per biofunctionalization. It will also constrain the corrected phase to lie in a limited interval of [-π, +π] around the expected value, and might fail to correct phase shifts above a few tens of radians depending on the disparity of the nominal sensors responses. Nonetheless, for phase shift lower than typically 20 radians, this method allows the lowering of the acquisition frequency almost arbitrarily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thierry Livache
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Dong C, Zhou Z, Gu X, Zhang Y, Tong G, Wu Z, Zhang H, Wang W, Xia J, Wu J, Chen T, Guo J, Wang F, Tang F. Dynamic Spectral Modulation on Meta-Waveguides Utilizing Liquid Crystal. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304116. [PMID: 37870207 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The integration of metasurfaces and optical waveguides is gradually attracting the attention of researchers because it allows for more efficient manipulation and guidance of light. However, most of the existing studies focus on passive devices, which lack dynamic modulation. This work utilizes the meta-waveguides with liquid crystal(LC) to modulate the on-chip spectrum, which is the first experimentally verified, to the authors' knowledge. By applying a voltage, the refractive index of the liquid crystal surrounding the meta-waveguides can be tuned, resulting in a blue shift of the spectrum. The simulation shows that the 18.4 dB switching ratio can be achieved at 1550 nm. The meta-waveguides are prepared using electron beam lithography (EBL), and the improved transmittance of the spectrum in the short wavelength is experimentally verified, which is consistent with the simulation trend. At 1551.64 nm wavelength, the device achieves a switching ratio of ≈16 dB with an active area of 8 µm × 0.4 µm. Based on this device, an optoelectronic computing architecture for the Hadamard matrix product and a novel wavelength selection switch are proposed. This work offers a promising avenue for on-chip dynamic modulation in integrated photonics, which has the advantage of a compact active area, fast response time, and low energy consumption compared to conventional thermal-light modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaowen Gu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Guodong Tong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tangsheng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Nanjing Electronic Devices Institute, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jinping Guo
- Accelink Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Accelink Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430010, China
| | - Fengfan Tang
- Accelink Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430010, China
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Tantiwanichapan K, Jolivot R, Jomphoak A, Srisuai N, Chananonnawathorn C, Lertvanithpol T, Horprathum M, Boonruang S. Demonstration of cross reaction in hybrid graphene oxide/tantalum dioxide guided mode resonance sensor for selective volatile organic compound. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10799. [PMID: 37402874 PMCID: PMC10319844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper experimentally demonstrates a crossed reaction of pure and hybrid graphene oxide (GO)/tantalum dioxide (TaO2) as a volatile organic compound (VOC) absorber in a guided mode resonance (GMR) sensing platform. The proposed GMR platform has a porous TaO2 film as the main guiding layer, allowing for more molecular adsorption and enhanced sensitivity. GO is applied on top as an additional VOC absorber to increase the selectivity. The hybrid sensing mechanism is introduced by varying the concentration of the GO aqueous solution. The experimental results show that the pure TaO2-GMR has a high tendency to adsorb most of the tested VOC molecules, with the resonance wavelength shifting accordingly to the physical properties of the VOCs (molecular weight, vapor pressure, etc). The largest signal appears in the large molecule such as toluene, and its sensitivity is gradually reduced in the hybrid sensors. At the optimum GO concentration of 3 mg/mL, the hybrid GO/TaO2 -GMR is more sensitive to methanol, while the pure GO sensor coated with GO at 5 mg/mL is highly selective to ammonia. The sensing mechanisms are verified using the distribution function theory (DFT) to simulate the molecular absorption, along with the measured functional groups measured on the sensor surface by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The crossed reaction of these sensors is further analyzed by means of machine learning, specifically the principal component analysis (PCA) method and decision tree algorithm. The results show that this sensor is a promising candidate for quantitative and qualitative VOCs detection in sensor array platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khwanchai Tantiwanichapan
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Romuald Jolivot
- School of Engineering, BU-CROCCS, Bangkok University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Apichai Jomphoak
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Nantarat Srisuai
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chanunthorn Chananonnawathorn
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Lertvanithpol
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Mati Horprathum
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sakoolkan Boonruang
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group (SSDRG), Opto-Electrochemical Sensing Research Team (OEC), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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Puumala LS, Grist SM, Morales JM, Bickford JR, Chrostowski L, Shekhar S, Cheung KC. Biofunctionalization of Multiplexed Silicon Photonic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010053. [PMID: 36671887 PMCID: PMC9855810 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic (SiP) sensors offer a promising platform for robust and low-cost decentralized diagnostics due to their high scalability, low limit of detection, and ability to integrate multiple sensors for multiplexed analyte detection. Their CMOS-compatible fabrication enables chip-scale miniaturization, high scalability, and low-cost mass production. Sensitive, specific detection with silicon photonic sensors is afforded through biofunctionalization of the sensor surface; consequently, this functionalization chemistry is inextricably linked to sensor performance. In this review, we first highlight the biofunctionalization needs for SiP biosensors, including sensitivity, specificity, cost, shelf-stability, and replicability and establish a set of performance criteria. We then benchmark biofunctionalization strategies for SiP biosensors against these criteria, organizing the review around three key aspects: bioreceptor selection, immobilization strategies, and patterning techniques. First, we evaluate bioreceptors, including antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, molecularly imprinted polymers, peptides, glycans, and lectins. We then compare adsorption, bioaffinity, and covalent chemistries for immobilizing bioreceptors on SiP surfaces. Finally, we compare biopatterning techniques for spatially controlling and multiplexing the biofunctionalization of SiP sensors, including microcontact printing, pin- and pipette-based spotting, microfluidic patterning in channels, inkjet printing, and microfluidic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Puumala
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
| | - Jennifer M. Morales
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Justin R. Bickford
- Army Research Laboratory, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Lukas Chrostowski
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sudip Shekhar
- Dream Photonics Inc., Vancouver, BC V6T 0A7, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2332 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Chen Y, Du L, Tian Y, Zhu P, Liu S, Liang D, Liu Y, Wang M, Chen W, Wu C. Progress in the Development of Detection Strategies Based on Olfactory and Gustatory Biomimetic Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:858. [PMID: 36290995 PMCID: PMC9599203 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The biomimetic olfactory and gustatory biosensing devices have broad applications in many fields, such as industry, security, and biomedicine. The development of these biosensors was inspired by the organization of biological olfactory and gustatory systems. In this review, we summarized the most recent advances in the development of detection strategies for chemical sensing based on olfactory and gustatory biomimetic biosensors. First, sensing mechanisms and principles of olfaction and gustation are briefly introduced. Then, different biomimetic sensing detection strategies are outlined based on different sensing devices functionalized with various molecular and cellular components originating from natural olfactory and gustatory systems. Thereafter, various biomimetic olfactory and gustatory biosensors are introduced in detail by classifying and summarizing the detection strategies based on different sensing devices. Finally, the future directions and challenges of biomimetic biosensing development are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Shuge Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Dongxin Liang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yage Liu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an 710061, China
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