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Man Y, Shi X, He Y, Duan C, Han C, Zhang D, Xu H. Phosphine Oxide-Nd 3+ Coordination Chains with Cumulated Output Enable Efficient LED-Pumping Optical Amplification. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17114-17121. [PMID: 38870413 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared luminescent rare-earth organic complexes have attracted intensive attention in the field of optical waveguide amplification. However, their optical gains were commonly less than 4 dB/cm due to limited doping concentrations. Herein, two one-dimensional (1D) Nd3+ coordination chains, namely, [Nd(TTA)3(DBTDPO)]n (Nd1) and [Nd(TTA)3(DPEPO)]n (Nd2), bridged by phosphine oxide ligands were developed for the neodymium-doped waveguide amplifier. Despite its P-P distance being similar to DBTDPO, the different P═O orientation of DPEPO renders markedly shorter intra- and interchain Nd-Nd distances for Nd2 in comparison to Nd1. Furthermore, the weaker intermolecular interactions alleviate the quenching effect for Nd2. Therefore, Nd2 can provide more locally concentrated and radiative Nd3+ ions, leading to a larger Nd3+-characteristic 1.06 μm emission intensity and duration than Nd1. Based on embedded and evanescent-field waveguide structures, Nd2 achieves state-of-the-art gain maxima of 5.7 and 4.9 dB/cm as well as outstanding gain stability. These results indicate that controllable coordination assembly of lanthanide ions in multidimension provides a flexible approach to combine local high-density outputs and effective suppression of quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Man
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaowu Shi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Model Microelectronics College), Xiamen University, Xiamen 3361005, China
| | - Yan He
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Model Microelectronics College), Xiamen University, Xiamen 3361005, China
| | - Chunbo Duan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chunmiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Model Microelectronics College), Xiamen University, Xiamen 3361005, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Material Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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Channel Waveguides in Lithium Niobate and Lithium Tantalate. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25173925. [PMID: 32867367 PMCID: PMC7504696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-loss photonic waveguides in lithium niobate offer versatile functionality as nonlinear frequency converters, switches, and modulators for integrated optics. Combining the flexibility of laser processing with liquid phase epitaxy we have fabricated and characterized lithium niobate channel waveguides on lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. We used liquid phase epitaxy with K2O flux on laser-machined lithium niobate and lithium tantalate substrates. The laser-driven rapid-prototyping technique can be programmed to give machined features of various sizes, and liquid phase epitaxy produces high quality single-crystal, lithium niobate channels. The surface roughness of the lithium niobate channels on a lithium tantalate substrate was measured to be 90 nm. The lithium niobate channel waveguides exhibit propagation losses of 0.26 ± 0.04 dB/mm at a wavelength of 633 nm. Second harmonic generation at 980 nm was demonstrated using the channel waveguides, indicating that these waveguides retain their nonlinear optical properties.
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Investigation of Ytterbium Incorporation in Lithium Niobate for Active Waveguide Devices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10062189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report on an investigation of the ytterbium diffusion characteristics in lithium niobate. Ytterbium-doped substrates were prepared by in-diffusion of thin metallic layers coated onto x- and z-cut congruent substrates at different temperatures. The ytterbium profiles were investigated in detail by means of secondary neutral mass spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and optical spectroscopy. Diffusion from an infinite source was used to determine the solubility limit of ytterbium in lithium niobate as a function of temperature. The derived diffusion parameters are of importance for the development of active waveguide devices in ytterbium-doped lithium niobate.
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O Ramírez M, Molina P, Gómez-Tornero A, Hernández-Pinilla D, Sánchez-García L, Carretero-Palacios S, Bausá LE. Hybrid Plasmonic-Ferroelectric Architectures for Lasing and SHG Processes at the Nanoscale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901428. [PMID: 31243833 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coherent light sources providing sub-wavelength confined modes are in ever more demand to face new challenges in a variety of disciplines. Scalability and cost-effective production of these systems are also highly desired. The use of ferroelectrics in functional optical platforms, on which plasmonic arrangements can be formed, is revealed as a simple and powerful method to develop coherent light sources with improved and novel functionalities at the nanoscale. Two types of sources with sub-diffraction spatial confinement and improved performances are presented: i) plasmon-assisted solid-state nanolasers based on the interaction between metallic nanostructures and optically active rare earth doped ferroelectric crystals and ii) nonlinear radiation sources based on quadratic frequency mixing processes that are enhanced by means of localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonances. The mechanisms responsible for the intensification of the radiation-matter interaction processes by LSP resonances are discussed in each case. The challenges, potential applications, and future perspectives of the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola O Ramírez
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Molina
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gómez-Tornero
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Hernández-Pinilla
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-García
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sol Carretero-Palacios
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa E Bausá
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Instituto de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Brüske D, Suntsov S, Rüter CE, Kip D. Efficient Nd:Ti:LiNbO 3 ridge waveguide lasers emitting around 1085 nm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:8884-8889. [PMID: 31052699 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.008884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on efficient neodymium-doped titanium in-diffused ridge waveguide lasers in x-cut congruent LiNbO3 under excitation at 814 nm. For the sample fabrication we used our novel technique of three-side evaporation and in-diffusion for Nd and Ti incorporation into pre-defined ridges. Due to improved photorefractive damage resistance by indium tin oxide (ITO) coating we achieved stable laser operation at 1084.7 nm with a maximum output power of 108 mW and a slope efficiency of 34% exceeding the best literature values for Nd:Ti:LiNbO3 ridge waveguide lasers.
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Yraola E, Molina P, Plaza JL, Ramírez MO, Bausá LE. Spontaneous emission and nonlinear response enhancement by silver nanoparticles in a Nd³⁺-doped periodically poled LiNbO₃ laser crystal. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:910-794. [PMID: 23136089 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Yraola
- Departamento de Física de Materiales and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Quintanilla M, Rodríguez EM, Cantelar E, Cussó F, Domingo C. Micro-Raman characterization of Zn-diffused channel waveguides in Tm(3+):LiNbO(3). OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:5449-5458. [PMID: 20389561 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.005449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work micro-Raman scattering experiments have been performed in LiNbO(3):Tm(3+) samples with waveguides fabricated by Zn(2+) in-diffusion. The results shown that Zn(2+) ions enter the lattice in Li(+) sites, but also in interstitial positions. This produces a compaction of the lattice close to the surface of the sample, generating the waveguide. It is shown that this region is surrounded by a different area in which the lattice is relaxed to recover the characteristic lattice parameters of LiNbO(3):Tm(3+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Quintanilla
- Departamento de Física de Materiales (Módulo 04), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás yValiente 7. 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Shur JW, Lee HJ, Yoon DH. Near-stoichiometric LiNbO 3:ZrO 2single crystal growth by micro pulling down method. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.200900615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yang J, Diemeer MBJ, Geskus D, Sengo G, Pollnau M, Driessen A. Neodymium-complex-doped photodefined polymer channel waveguide amplifiers. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:473-475. [PMID: 19373345 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Channel waveguides based on a polymer, 6-fluorinated-dianhydride/epoxy, which is actively doped with a Nd complex, Nd(thenoyltrifluoroacetone)(3) 1,10-phenanthroline, are fabricated by a simple and reproducible procedure, spin coating a photodefinable cladding polymer onto a thermally oxidized silicon wafer, photopatterning, backfilling with the active core polymer, and spin coating with an upper cladding layer. Photoluminescence at 1060 nm from the Nd(3+) ions with a lifetime of 130 mus is observed. Optical gain at 1060 nm is demonstrated in channel waveguides with different Nd(3+) concentrations. By accounting for the waveguide loss of 0.1 dB/cm, an internal net gain of 8 dB is demonstrated for a 5.6-cm-long channel waveguide amplifier. Owing to the nature of the Nd(3+) complex, energy-transfer upconversion affects the gain only at Nd(3+) concentrations above 1 x 10(20) cm(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands.
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Apostolopoulos V, Hickey LM, Sager DA, Wilkinson JS. Gallium-diffused waveguides in sapphire. OPTICS LETTERS 2001; 26:1586-1588. [PMID: 18049671 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and characterization of gallium-diffused planar waveguides in sapphire are reported. Waveguides were fabricated by diffusion of 60-200-nm-thick films of gallium oxide into c -cut sapphire at 1600 degrees C for times ranging from 6 to 16 h. Near-field intensity profiles of the guided modes were measured at wavelengths from 488 to 850 nm, and the surface-index elevation was estimated to be up to (0.6+/-0.02)x10(-2) . Potential applications for low-threshold Ti:sapphire waveguide lasers and for optical integrated circuits with passive and active elements in sapphire are discussed.
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Gill DM, McCaughan L, Wright JC. Spectroscopic site determinations in erbium-doped lithium niobate. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:2334-2344. [PMID: 9983735 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Lorenzo A, Jaffrezic H, Roux B, Boulon G, Bausá LE, García-Solé J. Lattice location of Pr3+ ions in LiNbO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:6278-6284. [PMID: 9981857 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.6278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Lorenzo A, Bausá LE. Optical spectroscopy of Pr3+ ions in LiNbO3. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:16643-16650. [PMID: 9978668 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.16643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Aust JA, Malone KJ, Veasey DL, Sanford NA, Roshko A. Passively Q-switched Nd-doped waveguide laser. OPTICS LETTERS 1994; 19:1849. [PMID: 19855674 DOI: 10.1364/ol.19.001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Sanford NA, Aust JA, Malone KJ, Larson DR. Linewidth narrowing in an imbalanced Y-branch waveguide laser. OPTICS LETTERS 1993; 18:281. [PMID: 19802110 DOI: 10.1364/ol.18.000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Macalik B. Optical detection of Eu3+ sites in LiNbO3:Eu3+ and LiNbO3:MgO:Eu3+. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:88-94. [PMID: 10004419 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Sanford NA, Aust JA, Malone KJ, Larson DR, Roshko A. Nd:LiTaO(3) waveguide laser. OPTICS LETTERS 1992; 17:1578-1580. [PMID: 19798251 DOI: 10.1364/ol.17.001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Waveguide lasers operating near 1092 and 1076 nm were fabricated in Z-cut Nd-Ti codiffused LiTaO(3). The Nd diffusion was at 14000 degrees C for 120 h. Samples from two wafers were examined. The Nd film starting thickness was 7 nm in wafer 1 and 15 nm in wafer 2. Ti stripes, 8-15 microm wide, were diffused at 1500 degrees C for 4 h for wafer 1 (130-nm stripe thickness) and 2 h forwafer 2 (100-nm stripe thickness). Pumping was at 750 nm. Threshold occurred at 330 mW of absorbedpump power for the best waveguides from wafer 1 and100 mW for the best waveguides from wafer 2. The slope efficiency of the latter was 0.07%.
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Lallier E. Rare-earth-doped glass and LiNbO(3) waveguide lasers and optical amplifiers. APPLIED OPTICS 1992; 31:5276-5282. [PMID: 20733706 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.005276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been considerable interest in the field of rare-earth-doped integrated optics because of their potential use in compact and efficient monolithic devices combining the rare-earth laser gain and the large range of integrated optical functions already demonstrated. Recent developments in Nd(3+)-doped and Er(3+)-doped glass and LiNbO(3) waveguide lasers and optical amplifiers, their application, and future prospects are reviewed briefly.
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Field SJ, Hanna DC, Large AC, Shepherd DP, Tropper AC, Chandler PJ, Townsend PD, Zhang L. Ion-implanted Nd:GGG channel waveguide laser. OPTICS LETTERS 1992; 17:52-54. [PMID: 19784227 DOI: 10.1364/ol.17.000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report what is to our knowledge the first fabrication and laser operation of ion-implanted Nd:GGG channel waveguides. Diode-pumped operation has been achieved with absorbed power thresholds as low as ~2 mW and a slope efficiency of ~30% with respect to absorbed power.
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Field SJ, Hanna DC, Shepherd DP, Tropper AC, Chandler PJ, Townsend PD, Zhang L. Ion-implanted Nd:MgO:LiNbO(3) planar waveguide laser. OPTICS LETTERS 1991; 16:481-483. [PMID: 19773973 DOI: 10.1364/ol.16.000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Laser oscillation in an ion-implanted planar Nd:MgO:LiNbO(3) waveguide is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. Details of the waveguide structure, spectroscopic properties, photorefractive effects, and laser performance are given. A simple calculation of the absorbed power threshold gives ~8 mW, in fair agreement with the experimental value of ~17 mW.
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