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Brès CS, Della Torre A, Grassani D, Brasch V, Grillet C, Monat C. Supercontinuum in integrated photonics: generation, applications, challenges, and perspectives. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:1199-1244. [PMID: 36969949 PMCID: PMC10031268 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion in nonlinear materials is an extremely useful solution to the generation of new optical frequencies. Often, it is the only viable solution to realize light sources highly relevant for applications in science and industry. In particular, supercontinuum generation in waveguides, defined as the extreme spectral broadening of an input pulsed laser light, is a powerful technique to bridge distant spectral regions based on single-pass geometry, without requiring additional seed lasers or temporal synchronization. Owing to the influence of dispersion on the nonlinear broadening physics, supercontinuum generation had its breakthrough with the advent of photonic crystal fibers, which permitted an advanced control of light confinement, thereby greatly improving our understanding of the underlying phenomena responsible for supercontinuum generation. More recently, maturing in fabrication of photonic integrated waveguides has resulted in access to supercontinuum generation platforms benefiting from precise lithographic control of dispersion, high yield, compact footprint, and improved power consumption. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of supercontinuum generation in chip-based platforms, from underlying physics mechanisms up to the most recent and significant demonstrations. The diversity of integrated material platforms, as well as specific features of waveguides, is opening new opportunities, as will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille-Sophie Brès
- Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Della Torre
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
| | - Davide Grassani
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), 2000Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Grillet
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
| | - Christelle Monat
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
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Lühder TAK, Chemnitz M, Schneidewind H, Schartner EP, Ebendorff‐Heidepriem H, Schmidt MA. Tailored Multi-Color Dispersive Wave Formation in Quasi-Phase-Matched Exposed Core Fibers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103864. [PMID: 35038237 PMCID: PMC8922130 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Widely wavelength-tunable femtosecond light sources in a compact, robust footprint play a central role in many prolific research fields and technologies, including medical diagnostics, biophotonics, and metrology. Fiber lasers are on the verge in the development of such sources, yet widespan spectral tunability of femtosecond pulses remains a pivotal challenge. Dispersive wave generation, also known as Cherenkov radiation, offers untapped potentials to serve these demands. In this work, the concept of quasi-phase matching for multi-order dispersive wave formation with record-high spectral fidelity and femtosecond durations is exploited in selected, partially conventionally unreachable spectral regions. Versatile patterned sputtering is utilized to realize height-modulated high-index nano-films on exposed fiber cores to alter fiber dispersion to an unprecedented degree through spatially localized, induced resonances. Nonlinear optical experiments and simulations, as well as phase-mismatching considerations based on an effective dispersion, confirm the conversion process and reveal unique emission features, such as almost power-independent wavelength stability and femtosecond duration. This resonance-empowered approach is applicable to both fiber and on-chip photonic systems and paves the way to instrumentalize dispersive wave generation as a unique tool for efficient, coherent femtosecond multi-frequency conversion for applications in areas such as bioanalytics, life science, quantum technology, or metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman A. K. Lühder
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein‐Str. 9Jena07745Germany
| | - Mario Chemnitz
- Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCentre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications1650 Boulevard Lionel‐BouletVarennesQuebecJ3X 1S2Canada
| | - Henrik Schneidewind
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein‐Str. 9Jena07745Germany
| | - Erik P. Schartner
- School of Physical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS)The University of AdelaideAdelaideSA5005Australia
| | - Heike Ebendorff‐Heidepriem
- School of Physical Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) and Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS)The University of AdelaideAdelaideSA5005Australia
| | - Markus A. Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert‐Einstein‐Str. 9Jena07745Germany
- Otto Schott Institute of Material ResearchFraunhoferstr. 6Jena07743Germany
- Abbe School of Photonics and Physics FacultyFriedrich Schiller UniversityJena07743Germany
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Wolff MA, Vogel S, Splitthoff L, Schuck C. Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors integrated with tantalum pentoxide waveguides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17170. [PMID: 33051576 PMCID: PMC7555505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74426-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits hold great potential for realizing quantum technology. Efficient single-photon detectors are an essential constituent of any such quantum photonic implementation. In this regard waveguide-integrated superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors are an ideal match for achieving advanced photon counting capabilities in photonic integrated circuits. However, currently considered material systems do not readily satisfy the demands of next generation nanophotonic quantum technology platforms with integrated single-photon detectors, in terms of refractive-index contrast, band gap, optical nonlinearity, thermo-optic stability and fast single-photon counting with high signal-to-noise ratio. Here we show that such comprehensive functionality can be realized by integrating niobium titanium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors with tantalum pentoxide waveguides. We demonstrate state-of-the-art detector performance in this novel material system, including devices showing 75% on-chip detection efficiency at tens of dark counts per second, detector decay times below 1 ns and sub-30 ps timing accuracy for telecommunication wavelengths photons at 1550 nm. Notably, we realize saturation of the internal detection efficiency over a previously unattained bias current range for waveguide-integrated niobium titanium nitride superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors. Our work enables the full set of high-performance single-photon detection capabilities on the emerging tantalum pentoxide-on-insulator platform for future applications in integrated quantum photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Wolff
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Vogel
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lukas Splitthoff
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Schuck
- Institute of Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- CeNTech - Center for Nanotechnology, Heisenbergstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- SoN - Center for Soft Nanoscience, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Castelló-Lurbe D, Carrascosa A, Silvestre E, Díez A, Van Erps J, Vermeulen N, Andrés MV. Measurement of the soliton number in guiding media through continuum generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4432-4435. [PMID: 32796976 DOI: 10.1364/ol.399382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
No general approach is available yet to measure directly the ratio between chromatic dispersion and the nonlinear coefficient, and hence the soliton number for a given optical pulse, in an arbitrary guiding medium. Here we solve this problem using continuum generation. We experimentally demonstrate our method in polarization-maintaining and single-mode fibers with positive and negative chromatic dispersion. Our technique also offers new opportunities to determine the chromatic dispersion of guiding media over a broad spectral range while pumping at a fixed wavelength.
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New Candidate Multicomponent Chalcogenide Glasses for Supercontinuum Generation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8112082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Broadband supercontinuum (SC) generation requires host material attributes defined by both optical and physical properties and the material’s manufacturability. We review and define the trade-offs in these attributes as applied to fiber or planar film applications based on homogeneous glass property data, and provide a series of examples of how one might optimize such attributes through material compositional and morphology design. As an example, we highlight the role of varying composition, microstructure, and linear/nonlinear optical properties, such as transmittance, refractive index, and the multiphoton absorption coefficient, for a series of novel multicomponent chalcogenide glasses within a model GeSe2-As2Se3-PbSe (GAP-Se) system. We report key optical property variation as a function of composition and form, and discuss how such glasses, suitable for both fiber and planar film processing, could lend themselves as candidates for use in SC generation. We demonstrate the impact of starting glass composition and morphology and illustrate how tailoring composition and form (bulk versus film) leads to significant variation in linear, nonlinear, and dispersive optical property behavior within this system that enables design options that are attractive to optimization of desirable SC performance, based on optical composites.
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Tuggle M, Kucera C, Hawkins T, Sligh D, Runge AFJ, Peacock AC, Dragic P, Ballato J. Highly nonlinear yttrium-aluminosilicate optical fiber with a high intrinsic stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4849-4852. [PMID: 29216126 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly nonlinear (high-NA small-mode-area) optical fibers also possessing an intrinsically high stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold are described. More specifically, silica clad, yttrium-aluminosilicate core fibers are shown to exhibit an intrinsically low Brillouin gain coefficient between 0.125 and 0.139×10-11 m/W and a Brillouin gain linewidth of up to 500 MHz. Losses on the order of 0.7 dB/m were measured, resulting from impurities in the precursor materials. Nonlinear refractive index values are determined to be similar to that of silica, but significant measurement uncertainty is attributed to the need to estimate dispersion curves since their direct measurement could not be made. The interest for highly nonlinear optical fibers with a low intrinsic Brillouin gain coefficient is expected to continue, especially with the growing developments of narrow-linewidth high-energy laser systems.
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Kashiwagi K, Kurokawa T, Okuyama Y, Mori T, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto Y, Hirano M. Direct generation of 12.5-GHz-spaced optical frequency comb with ultrabroad coverage in near-infrared region by cascaded fiber configuration. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:8120-8131. [PMID: 27137251 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.008120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We generated a 12.5-GHz-spacing optical frequency comb that can be resolved over 100 THz, from 1040 to 1750 nm, without spectral mode filtering. To cover such a broad spectrum, we used electro-optic modulation of single frequency light and line-by-line pulse synthesis to produce a clear pulse train and subsequent spectral broadening in highly nonlinear fibers (HNLFs). We numerically and experimentally investigated a configuration of the HNLFs and find that a two-stage broadening through different HNLFs is required when using limited pulse energy at a high repetition rate. We designed and fabricated solid silica-based HNLFs with small zero-dispersion wavelengths to obtain strong spectral broadening, especially at the shorter wavelengths. The individual lines of the proposed frequency comb are resolvable with high contrast over the entire spectral range. The results described in this paper should lead to the development of multicarrier sources for wavelength-division-multiplexing communication and super-multi-point frequency calibration for spectrometers, especially in astrophysics.
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Wang T, Venkatram N, Gosciniak J, Cui Y, Qian G, Ji W, Tan DTH. Multi-photon absorption and third-order nonlinearity in silicon at mid-infrared wavelengths. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:32192-32198. [PMID: 24514813 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.032192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon based nonlinear photonics has been extensively researched at telecom wavelengths in recent years. However, studies of Kerr nonlinearity in silicon at mid-infrared wavelengths still remain limited. Here, we report the wavelength dependency of third-order nonlinearity in the spectral range from 1.6 μm to 6 μm, as well as multi-photon absorption coefficients in the same range. The third-order nonlinear coefficient n2 was measured with a peak value of 1.65 × 10(−13) cm2/W at a wavelength of 2.1 μm followed by the decay of nonlinear refractive index n2 up to 2.6 μm. Our latest measurements extend the wavelength towards 6 μm, which show a sharp decrement of n2 beyond 2.1 μm and steadily retains above 3 μm. In addition, the analysis of three-photon absorption and four-photon absorption processes are simultaneously performed over the wavelength range from 2.3 μm to 4.4 μm. Furthermore, the effect of multi-photon absorption on nonlinear figure of merit in silicon is discussed in detail.
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9
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Shen TSR, Lau APT, Yu C. Simultaneous and independent multi-parameter monitoring with fault localization for DSP-based coherent communication systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18:23608-23619. [PMID: 21164705 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.023608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Digital signal processing (DSP)-based coherent communications have become standard for future high-speed optical networks. Implementing DSP-based advanced algorithms for data detection requires much more detailed knowledge of the transmission link parameters, resulting in optical performance monitoring (OPM) being even more important for next generation systems. At the same time, the DSP platform also enables new strategies for OPM. In this paper, we propose the use of pilot symbols with alternating power levels and study the statistics of the received power and phase difference to simultaneously and independently monitor the carrier frequency offset between transmitter and receiver laser, laser linewidth, number of spans, fiber nonlinearity parameters as well as optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of a transmission link. Analytical predictions are verified by simulation results for systems with full chromatic dispersion (CD) compensation per span and 10% CD under-compensation per span. In addition, we show that by monitoring the changes in the statistics of the received pilot symbols during network operation, one can locate faults or OSNR degradations along a transmission link without additional monitoring equipments at intermediate nodes, which may be useful for more efficient dynamic routing and network management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shun Rong Shen
- Photonics Research Center, Department of Electrical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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10
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Chan FYM, Yasumoto K, Shum P. Coupled-mode analysis of Bragg-reflection filters based on asymmetric nonlinear dual-core fibers. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2009; 26:489-496. [PMID: 19252647 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.26.000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a Bragg-reflection grating coupler using a nonlinear dual-core fiber with a long-period grating (LPG) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) inscribed in different cores. The LPG couples light from the primary core to the cladding, while the FBG operating in reflection acts to drop the channel from the secondary core. The coupler is nonreflective along the launching core. Theoretical analysis of this structure demonstrates a design for obtaining a flat-top bandpass filter with high reflectivity, steep band transitions, and negligible sidelobes. By launching an intense pump beam into the individual cores, a switchable and a wavelength tunable passband can be achieved. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the device as a grating-based all-optical element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Y M Chan
- Lightwave Technology Group, Network Technology Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Sherman A, Benkler E, Telle HR. Small third-order optical-nonlinearity detection free of laser parameters. OPTICS LETTERS 2009; 34:49-51. [PMID: 19109636 DOI: 10.1364/ol.34.000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel, versatile method for sensitive measurement of nonresonant third-order optical nonlinearities in waveguides. The measurement is referenced to a bulk sample with well-known nonlinear optical properties, thus ruling out the influence of laser pulse parameters like duration, contrast, and spectral phase or amplitude. Since the generated mixing product is heterodyne detected, extremely small third-order optical nonlinearities, e.g., from air-filled short waveguides, can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Sherman
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany.
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Kwok CH, Chow CW, Tsang HK, Lin C, Bjarklev A. Nonlinear polarization rotation in a dispersion-flattened photonic-crystal fiber for ultrawideband (>100 nm) all-optical wavelength conversion of 10 Gbit/s nonreturn-to-zero signals. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:1782-4. [PMID: 16729069 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We study the conversion bandwidth of the cross-polarization-modulation (XPoIM)-based wavelength conversion scheme with a dispersion-flattened highly nonlinear photonic-crystal fiber for signals with a nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) modulation format. Both theoretical and experimental results show that the conversion bandwidth can be extended to cover a very wide band, including S-, C-, and L-bands for 10 Gbit/s NRZ signals (a total bandwidth of 120 nm is experimentally demonstrated). We also study the theoretical bandwidth limit for 40 Gbit/s NRZ signals. A significant extension of the conversion bandwidth using the XPoIM approach compared with the four-wave mixing approach previously reported is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kwok
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Centre for Advanced Research in Photonics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Heras C, Subías J, Pelayo J, Villuendas F. Direct measurement of frequency and polarization dependences of cross-phase modulation in fibers from high-resolution optical spectra. OPTICS LETTERS 2006; 31:14-6. [PMID: 16419862 DOI: 10.1364/ol.31.000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of an experiment for frequency and polarization dependence characterization of non-linear cross-phase-modulation (XPM) effects in optical fibers. The measurement technique is based on the direct analysis of high-resolution optical spectra of a signal wave that is phase modulated by an intensity-modulated pump wave. Measurement results provide experimental confirmation of the scalar character, over the whole resonant frequency range, of the electrostrictive contribution to the nonlinear refractive index. Also, the results confirm experimentally the relation describing the polarization dependence of the Kerr contribution to XPM in non-polarization-maintaining fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heras
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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14
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Kim SK, Moon HS, Seo JC. Coherence effect on the measurement of optical fiber nonlinear coefficient. OPTICS LETTERS 2005; 30:1120-2. [PMID: 15943286 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a source coherence effect on the measurement of the optical fiber nonlinear coefficient by use of dual optical frequencies. We produced coherent and incoherent dual optical frequencies with a self-heterodyne Mach-Zehnder interferometer with and without a delay line, respectively. Our measurement results included both an electrostrictive and a Kerr nonlinear coefficient because of the low modulation frequency. Comparing the coherent case with an incoherent case, we obtained a nonlinear coefficient that was more than 3% higher in the coherent case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kwan Kim
- Optical Metrology Division, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong-Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-340, South Korea.
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Kim YH, Lee BH, Chung Y, Paek UC, Han WT. Resonant optical nonlinearity measurement of Yb(3+) / Al(3+) codoped optical fibers by use of a long-period fiber grating pair. OPTICS LETTERS 2002; 27:580-582. [PMID: 18007868 DOI: 10.1364/ol.27.000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new method of measuring optical nonlinearity for resonant nonlinear optical fibers is proposed. A long-period fiber grating (LPG) pair was used to measure the nonlinear refractive index n(2) of a Yb(3+)/Al (3+) codoped optical fiber, which was spliced between the two LPGs, as the fiber was pumped with a laser diode. The nonlinear refractive index of the Yb(3+)/Al (3+) codoped fiber near 1580 nm depended on the pump power. As the pump power increased, the nonlinear refractive index decreased. At launched pump powers of 2-8 mW, the nonlinear refractive index of the Yb(3+)/Al (3+) codoped fiber near 1580 nm was ~7.5x10(-15)m (2)/W .
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Monzón-Hernández D, Starodumov AN, Barmenkov YO, Torres-Gómez I, Mendoza-Santoyo F. Continuous-wave measurement of the fiber nonlinear refractive index. OPTICS LETTERS 1998; 23:1274-1276. [PMID: 18087496 DOI: 10.1364/ol.23.001274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose a technique for measuring the nonlinear refractive index of fiber based on transmission-coefficient measurements in a fiber Sagnac interferometer. In contrast with traditional methods, the proposed method uses a single optical source operating in cw mode and direct intensity measurement, enabling one to avoid the errors caused by fiber dispersion and uncertainty of spectral peak difference measurements that occur with pulse-based methods. The nonlinear refractive index in 20-mol. % GeO(2) fiber was measured to be (3.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(-16) cm(2) W(-1) at 1064 nm.
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17
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Milam D. Review and assessment of measured values of the nonlinear refractive-index coefficient of fused silica. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:546-550. [PMID: 18268623 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The literature describes more than 30 measurements, at wavelengths between 249 and 1550 nm, of the absolute value of the nonlinear refractive-index coefficient of fused silica. Results of these experiments were assessed and best currently available values were selected for the wavelengths of 351, 527, and 1053 nm. The best values are (3.6 ? 0.64) x 10(-16) cm(2)/W at 351 nm, (3.0 ? 0.35) x 10(-16) cm(2)/W at 527 nm, and (2.74 ? 0.17) x 10(-16) cm(2)/W at 1053 nm.
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Lee HK, Kim KH, Lee EH. Measurement of the nonlinear refractive index of fibers with a rotating nonlinear Sagnac interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 1997; 36:5893-5897. [PMID: 18259424 DOI: 10.1364/ao.36.005893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We developed a method to measure the nonlinear refractive-index coefficient of fibers using a nonlinear Sagnac interferometer. To enhance the measurement accuracy, we employed a phase-sensitive detection technique using a rotational sensitive property of the Sagnac interferometer. The measured values were reproducible to within 10 % accuracy.
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Buckland EL, Boyd RW. Measurement of the frequency response of the electrostrictive nonlinearity in optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 1997; 22:676-678. [PMID: 18185625 DOI: 10.1364/ol.22.000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The electrostrictive contribution to the nonlinear refractive index is investigated by use of frequency-dependent cross-phase modulation with a weak unpolarized cw probe wave and a harmonically modulated pump copropagating in optical fibers. Self-delayed homodyne detection is used to measure the amplitude of the sidebands imposed upon the probe wave as a function of pump intensity for pump modulation frequencies from 10 MHz to 1 GHz. The ratio of the electrostrictive nonlinear coefficient to the cross-phase-modulation Kerr coefficient for unpolarized light is measured to be 1.58:1 for a standard step-index single-mode fiber and 0.41:1 for dispersion-shifted fibers, indicating a larger electrostrictive response in silica fibers than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Buckland
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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Boskovic A, Chernikov SV, Taylor JR, Gruner-Nielsen L, Levring OA. Direct continuous-wave measurement of n(2) in various types of telecommunication fiber at 1.55 microm. OPTICS LETTERS 1996; 21:1966-1968. [PMID: 19881861 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.001966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A method for measuring the nonlinear refractive index of optical fibers with an error of less than 5% is demonstrated. The technique is based on measuring the nonlinear phase shift experienced by a dual-frequency beat signal, permitting a simple, highly sensitive, accurate, repeatable, and easily automated measurement procedure and sampling. Measurements of the nonlinear coefficient in standard telecommunication, dispersion-shifted, and a number of dispersion-compensated fibers are presented.
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Buckland EL, Boyd RW. Electrostrictive contribution to the intensity-dependent refractive index of optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 1996; 21:1117-1119. [PMID: 19876271 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We show that electrostriction contributes significantly to self-action effects in optical fibers, adding 19% to the nonlinear refractive index for fields that vary slowly compared with the ~1-ns time scale of the acoustic response. Electrostriction also modifies the tensor nature of the nonlinear-optical response. The electrostrictive nonlinearity is the origin of the observed difference between measurements of n(2) with cw and mode-locked lasers.
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Kato T, Suetsugu Y, Nishimura M. Estimation of nonlinear refractive index in various silica-based glasses for optical fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 1995; 20:2279. [PMID: 19865192 DOI: 10.1364/ol.20.002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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