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Hilbert V, Blinne A, Fuchs S, Feigl T, Kämpfer T, Rödel C, Uschmann I, Wünsche M, Paulus GG, Förster E, Zastrau U. An extreme ultraviolet Michelson interferometer for experiments at free-electron lasers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:095111. [PMID: 24089870 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a Michelson interferometer for 13.5 nm soft x-ray radiation. It is characterized in a proof-of-principle experiment using synchrotron radiation, where the temporal coherence is measured to be 13 fs. The curvature of the thin-film beam splitter membrane is derived from the observed fringe pattern. The applicability of this Michelson interferometer at intense free-electron lasers is investigated, particularly with respect to radiation damage. This study highlights the potential role of such Michelson interferometers in solid density plasma investigations using, for instance, extreme soft x-ray free-electron lasers. A setup using the Michelson interferometer for pseudo-Nomarski-interferometry is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzenz Hilbert
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Schlotter WF, Sorgenfrei F, Beeck T, Beye M, Gieschen S, Meyer H, Nagasono M, Föhlisch A, Wurth W. Longitudinal coherence measurements of an extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:372-374. [PMID: 20125725 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the average single-pulse longitudinal coherence characteristics of FLASH, a self amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser, at extreme UV wavelengths. Electric field autocorrelation measurements in the time domain were enabled by a wavefront division beam splitter applied to a tunable delay Mach-Zehnder interferometer. These data agree with the spectral bandwidth measurements made in the frequency domain. They exhibit two correlation time scales and the measured coherence curves have relevant implications for single-shot measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Schlotter
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free Electron Laser Science,22761 Hamburg, Germany.
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Filevich J, Rocca JJ, Marconi MC, Smith RF, Dunn J, Keenan R, Hunter JR, Moon SJ, Nilsen J, Ng A, Shlyaptsev VN. Picosecond-resolution soft-x-ray laser plasma interferometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:3938-3946. [PMID: 15250561 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe a soft-x-ray laser interferometry technique that allows two-dimensional diagnosis of plasma electron density with picosecond time resolution. It consists of the combination of a robust high-throughput amplitude-division interferometer and a 14.7-nm transient-inversion soft-x-ray laser that produces approximately 5-ps pulses. Because of its picosecond resolution and short-wavelength scalability, this technique has the potential for extending the high inherent precision of soft-x-ray laser interferometry to the study of very dense plasmas of significant fundamental and practical interest, such as those investigated for inertial confinement fusion. Results of its use in the diagnostics of dense large-scale laser-created plasmas are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filevich
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Smith RF, Dunn J, Hunter JR, Nilsen J, Hubert S, Jacquemot S, Remond C, Marmoret R, Fajardo M, Zeitoun P, Vanbostal L, Lewis CLS, Ravet MF, Delmotte F. Longitudinal coherence measurements of a transient collisional x-ray laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2003; 28:2261-2263. [PMID: 14649961 DOI: 10.1364/ol.28.002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present what is to our knowledge the first longitudinal coherence measurement of a transient inversion collisional x-ray laser. We investigated the picosecond output of a Ni-like Pd x-ray laser at 14.68 nm generated by the COMET laser facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Interference fringes were generated with a Michelson interferometer setup in which a thin multilayer membrane was used as a beam splitter. We determined the longitudinal coherence for the 4d1S0 --> 4p1P1 lasing transition to be approximately 400 microm (1/e half-width) by changing the length of one interferometer arm and measuring the resultant variation in fringe visibility. The inferred gain-narrowed linewidth of approximately 0.29 pm is a factor of 4 less than previously measured in quasi-steady-state x-ray laser schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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Delmotte F, Ravet MF, Bridou F, Varnière F, Zeitoun P, Hubert S, Vanbostal L, Soullie G. X-ray-ultraviolet beam splitters for the Michelson interferometer. APPLIED OPTICS 2002; 41:5905-5912. [PMID: 12371548 DOI: 10.1364/ao.41.005905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of realizing a Michelson interferometer working at 13.9 nm, we have developed a symmetrical beam splitter with multilayers deposited on the front and back sides of a silicon nitride membrane. On the basis of the experimental optical properties of the membrane, simulations have been performed to define the multilayer structure that provides the highest reflectivity-transmission product. Optimized Mo-Si multilayers have been successfully deposited on both sides of t he membrane by use of the ion-beam sputtering technique, with a thickness-period reproducibility of 0.1 nm. Measurements by means of synchrotron radiation at 13.9 nm and at an angle of 45 degrees provide a reflectivity of 14.2% and a transmission of 15.2% for a 60% s-polarized light, close to the simulated values. Such a beam splitter has been used for x-ray laser Michelson interferometry at 13.9 nm. The first interferogram is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Delmotte
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orsay, France.
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Smith RF, Dunn J, Nilsen J, Shlyaptsev VN, Moon S, Filevich J, Rocca JJ, Marconi MC, Hunter JR, Barbee TW. Picosecond x-ray laser interferometry of dense plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 89:065004. [PMID: 12190592 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.89.065004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2002] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present the first results from picosecond interferometry of dense laser-produced plasmas using a soft x-ray laser. The picosecond duration and short wavelength of the 14.7 nm Ni-like Pd laser mitigates effects associated with motion blurring and refraction through millimeter-scale plasmas. This enables direct measurement of the electron-density profile to within 10 microm of the target surface. A series of high-quality two-dimensional (2D) density measurements provide unambiguous characterization of the time evolution in a fast-evolving plasma suitable for validation of existing 1D and 2D hydrodynamic codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Smith
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94551, USA
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Yang J, Fan D, Wang S, Gu Y. Moiré technique for spatial coherence measurements of soft-x-ray lasers. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2000; 17:790-793. [PMID: 10757188 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.17.000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel moiré diagnostic that allows the time-averaged spatial coherence properties of soft-x-ray lasers to be measured. The technique is an extension of the theoretical work in a recent paper [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 323 (1999)] and is based on the concept of decompositions of the far-field divergence for partially coherent beams. An appealing feature of the approach is that the spatial coherence width at other planes can be evaluated from the measured one at a given plane on the assumption of shape-invariant beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- National Laboratory on High Power Laser and Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Ditmire T, Gumbrell ET, Smith RA, Tisch JW, Meyerhofer DD, Hutchinson MH. Spatial Coherence Measurement of Soft X-Ray Radiation Produced by High Order Harmonic Generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:4756-4759. [PMID: 10062623 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Cauble R, Barbee TW, Celliers P, Decker C, London RA, Moreno JC, Trebes JE, Wan AS, Weber F. Simultaneous Measurement of Local Gain and Electron Density in X-ray Lasers. Science 1996; 273:1093-6. [PMID: 8688093 DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5278.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
X-ray lasers (XRLs) have experimental average gains that are significantly less than calculated values and a persistently low level of spatial coherence. An XRL has been used both as an injected signal to a short XRL amplifier and as an interferometer beam to measure two-dimensional local gain and density profiles of the XRL plasma with a resolution near 1 micrometer. The measured local gain is in agreement with atomic models but is unexpectedly spatially inhomogeneous. This inhomogeneity is responsible for the low level of spatial coherence observed and helps explain the disparity between observed and simulated gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cauble
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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Chilla JL, Rocca JJ, Martinez OE, Marconi MC. Soft-x-ray interferometer for single-shot laser linewidth measurements. OPTICS LETTERS 1996; 21:955-957. [PMID: 19876216 DOI: 10.1364/ol.21.000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A soft-x-ray Mach-Zehnder interferometer configuration that makes use of the time delay introduced by diffraction gratings to conduct single-shot measurements of the linewidth of soft-x-ray laser amplifiers is proposed and analyzed. The scheme was experimentally demonstrated in the near-IR region of the spectrum by measurement of the mode separation of a semiconductor laser. A symmetric configuration with compensated time delays that can be implemented for plasma diagnostics and for evaluating soft-x-ray optics is also discussed.
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