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Loetgering L, Witte S, Rothhardt J. Advances in laboratory-scale ptychography using high harmonic sources [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4133-4164. [PMID: 35209658 DOI: 10.1364/oe.443622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet microscopy and wavefront sensing are key elements for next-generation ultrafast applications, such as chemically-resolved imaging, focal spot diagnostics in pump-and-probe experiments, and actinic metrology for the state-of-the-art lithography node at 13.5 nm wavelength. Ptychography offers a robust solution to the aforementioned challenges. Originally adapted by the electron and synchrotron communities, advances in the stability and brightness of high-harmonic tabletop sources have enabled the transfer of ptychography to the laboratory. This review covers the state of the art in tabletop ptychography with high harmonic generation sources. We consider hardware options such as illumination optics and detector concepts as well as algorithmic aspects in the analysis of multispectral ptychography data. Finally, we review technological application cases such as multispectral wavefront sensing, attosecond pulse characterization, and depth-resolved imaging.
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Yin L, Wang H, Reagan BA, Rocca JJ. Programmable pulse synthesizer for the generation of Joule-level picosecond laser pulses of arbitrary shape. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:35325-35335. [PMID: 31878703 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.035325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the demonstration of a pulse synthesizer based on spatial beam splitting and pulse stacking for the generation of picosecond laser pulses of Joule-level energy with arbitrary shape. An array of liquid crystals is used to control the amplitude of ten individual sub-pulses, and sliding retroreflectors are used to adjust their temporal separations. The synthesizer was used in combination with a λ=1.03 µm diode-pumped cryogenically-cooled Yb: YAG chirped pulse amplification laser to synthesize 1.3 J pulses or pulse trains of arbitrary shapes up to 9 ns duration with a temporal resolution as short as 8 ps. This pulse synthesizer offers the opportunity to incorporate a self-learning system to search for the optimal laser pulse shapes for various applications including optimized plasma conditions in laser-plasma based soft x-ray lasers and plasma sources for extreme ultraviolet lithography.
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Helk T, Zürch M, Spielmann C. Perspective: Towards single shot time-resolved microscopy using short wavelength table-top light sources. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:010902. [PMID: 30868083 PMCID: PMC6404932 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved imaging allows revealing the interaction mechanisms in the microcosm of both inorganic and biological objects. While X-ray microscopy has proven its advantages for resolving objects beyond what can be achieved using optical microscopes, dynamic studies using full-field imaging at the nanometer scale are still in their infancy. In this perspective, we present the current state of the art techniques for full-field imaging in the extreme-ultraviolet- and soft X-ray-regime which are suitable for single exposure applications as they are paramount for studying dynamics in nanoscale systems. We evaluate the performance of currently available table-top sources, with special emphasis on applications, photon flux, and coherence. Examples for applications of single shot imaging in physics, biology, and industrial applications are discussed.
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Siebold M, Loeser M, Roeser F, Seltmann M, Harzendorf G, Tsybin I, Linke S, Banerjee S, Mason PD, Phillips PJ, Ertel K, Collier JC, Schramm U. High-energy, ceramic-disk Yb:LuAG laser amplifier. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:21992-22000. [PMID: 23037349 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.021992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the first short-pulse amplification results to several hundred millijoule energies in ceramic Yb:LuAG. We have demonstrated ns-pulse output from a diode-pumped Yb:LuAG amplifier at a maximum energy of 580 mJ and a peak optical-to-optical efficiency of 28% at 550 mJ. In cavity dumped operation of a nanosecond oscillator we obtained 1 mJ at up to 100 Hz repetition rate. A gain bandwidth of 5.4 nm was achieved at room temperature by measuring the small-signal single-pass gain. Furthermore, we compared our results with Yb:YAG within the same amplifier system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Siebold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
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Reagan BA, Wernsing KA, Curtis AH, Furch FJ, Luther BM, Patel D, Menoni CS, Rocca JJ. Demonstration of a 100 Hz repetition rate gain-saturated diode-pumped table-top soft x-ray laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:3624-3626. [PMID: 22940970 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.003624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the operation of a gain-saturated table-top soft x-ray laser at 100 Hz repetition rate. The laser generates an average power of 0.15 mW at λ=18.9 nm, the highest laser power reported to date from a sub-20-nm wavelength compact source. Picosecond laser pulses of 1.5 μJ energy were produced at λ=18.9 nm by amplification in a Mo plasma created by tailoring the temporal intensity profile of single pump pulses with 1 J energy produced by a diode-pumped chirped pulse amplification Yb:YAG laser. Lasing was also obtained in the 13.9 nm line of Ni-like Ag. These results increase by an order of magnitude the repetition rate of plasma-based soft x-ray lasers opening the path to milliwatt average power table-top lasers at sub-20 nm wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A Reagan
- NSF Engineering Research Center for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Papadopoulos DN, Pellegrina A, Ramirez LP, Georges P, Druon F. Broadband high-energy diode-pumped Yb:KYW multipass amplifier. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:3816-3818. [PMID: 21964107 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.003816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a diode-pumped Yb:KYW amplifier delivering up to 27 mJ pulses at a repetition rate of 100 Hz and a spectral bandwidth of 5.5 nm, centered at around 1030 nm. The system is based on a double-head multipass amplifier configuration where the pump thermal load is distributed over two relatively thin laser crystals, which permits a sufficiently large number of passes with minimal passive losses, thus maximizing the energy extraction efficiency. The amplified pulse bandwidth theoretically supports 340 fs pulses, and as a demonstration, a small fraction of the amplified pulses has been compressed to 560 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios N Papadopoulos
- Institut de la Lumière Extrême, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA Paristech, Institut d’Optique, Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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Hong KH, Huang SW, Moses J, Fu X, Lai CJ, Cirmi G, Sell A, Granados E, Keathley P, Kärtner FX. High-energy, phase-stable, ultrabroadband kHz OPCPA at 2.1 μm pumped by a picosecond cryogenic Yb:YAG laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:15538-48. [PMID: 21934917 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.015538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on a kHz, mJ-level, carrier-envelope phase (CEP)-stable ultrabroadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier (OPCPA) at 2.1-μm wavelength, pumped by a high-energy, 14 ps, cryogenic Yb:YAG pump laser, and its application to high-order harmonic generation (HHG) with Xe. The pre-amplifier chain is pumped by a 12-ps Nd:YLF pump laser and both pump lasers are optically synchronized to the signal pulse of the OPCPA. An amplified pulse energy of 0.85 mJ was obtained at the final OPCPA stage with good beam profile. The pulse is compressed to 4.5 optical cycles (<32 fs) with a spectral bandwidth of 474 nm supporting 3.5 optical cycles. The CEP stability was measured to be 194 mrad and the super-fluorescence noise is estimated to be ~9%. First HHG results are demonstrated with Xe showing significant cutoff extension to >85 eV with an efficiency of ~10-10 per harmonic, limited by the maximum gas pressure and flow into the chamber. This demonstrates the potential of this 2.1-μm source for scaling of photon energy and flux in the water-window range when applied to Ne and He at kHz repetition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Han Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Curtis AH, Reagan BA, Wernsing KA, Furch FJ, Luther BM, Rocca JJ. Demonstration of a compact 100 Hz, 0.1 J, diode-pumped picosecond laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:2164-2166. [PMID: 21633483 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated an all-diode-pumped Yb:YAG chirped pulse amplification laser that produces 100 mJ pulses of 5 ps duration at 100 Hz repetition rate. The compact laser system combines a room-temperature Yb:YAG regenerative amplifier for increased bandwidth and a cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG four-pass amplifier for improved heat dissipation and increased efficiency. The optical efficiency of this amplifier is higher than that of other diode-pumped systems of comparable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Curtis
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
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Hong KH, Gopinath JT, Rand D, Siddiqui AM, Huang SW, Li E, Eggleton BJ, Hybl JD, Fan TY, Kärtner FX. High-energy, kHz-repetition-rate, ps cryogenic Yb:YAG chirped-pulse amplifier. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:1752-1754. [PMID: 20517404 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.001752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate amplification of picosecond laser pulses to 40?mJ at a 2?kHz pulse repetition frequency (PRF) from a two-stage cryogenic chirped-pulse Yb:YAG amplifier, composed of a regenerative amplifier (RGA) and a two-pass booster amplifier. The RGA produces 8.2mJ of energy at 2kHz PRF and 13.2mJ at 1kHz PRF with excellent energy stability (approximately 0.3% rms) and beam quality (M(2)<1.1). Pulse stretching and compression are achieved by using a chirped fiber Bragg grating and a multilayer dielectric grating pair, respectively. Compressed 15?ps pulses from the RGA are obtained with a throughput efficiency of approximately 80% (approximately 6.5 mJ for 2kHz). The booster amplifier further amplifies the pulses to 40mJ at 2kHz PRF, and approximately 32 mJ, approximately 15 ps pulses are expected after compression. The amplifier chain seeded from a femtosecond Yb-fiber laser enables the optical self-synchronization between signal and pump in optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Han Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Research Laboratory of Electronics,Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Zimmer D, Zielbauer B, Pittman M, Guilbaud O, Habib J, Kazamias S, Ros D, Bagnoud V, Kuehl T. Optimization of a tabletop high-repetition-rate soft x-ray laser pumped in double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:450-452. [PMID: 20160780 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This Letter reports on the optimization of a tabletop nickel-like molybdenum transient collisionally excited soft x-ray laser (SXRL) at 18.9 nm performed by a double-pulse single-beam grazing incidence pumping (DGRIP). This scheme allows for the first time, to our knowledge, the full control of the pump laser parameters including the pre-pulse duration optimally generating the SXRL amplifier under a grazing incidence. The single-beam geometry of the collinear double-pulse propagation guarantees the ideal overlap of the pre-pulse and main pulse from shot to shot resulting in a more efficient and highly stable SXRL output. SXRL energies up to 2.2 microJ are obtained with a total pump energy less than 1 J for several hours at a 10 Hz repetition rate without realignment under once optimized double pumping pulse parameters including energy ratio, time delay, pre-pulse and main pulse durations, and line focus width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zimmer
- LASERIX-CLUPS, LIXAM UMR 8624, Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 350, F-91405 Orsay CEDEX, France.
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