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Song G, Jelly ET, Chu KK, Kendall WY, Wax A. A review of low-cost and portable optical coherence tomography. PROGRESS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:032002. [PMID: 37645660 PMCID: PMC10465117 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abfeb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful optical imaging technique capable of visualizing the internal structure of biological tissues at near cellular resolution. For years, OCT has been regarded as the standard of care in ophthalmology, acting as an invaluable tool for the assessment of retinal pathology. However, the costly nature of most current commercial OCT systems has limited its general accessibility, especially in low-resource environments. It is therefore timely to review the development of low-cost OCT systems as a route for applying this technology to population-scale disease screening. Low-cost, portable and easy to use OCT systems will be essential to facilitate widespread use at point of care settings while ensuring that they offer the necessary imaging performances needed for clinical detection of retinal pathology. The development of low-cost OCT also offers the potential to enable application in fields outside ophthalmology by lowering the barrier to entry. In this paper, we review the current development and applications of low-cost, portable and handheld OCT in both translational and research settings. Design and cost-reduction techniques are described for general low-cost OCT systems, including considerations regarding spectrometer-based detection, scanning optics, system control, signal processing, and the role of 3D printing technology. Lastly, a review of clinical applications enabled by low-cost OCT is presented, along with a detailed discussion of current limitations and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
| | | | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Wesley Y Kendall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
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Kearns NM, Jones AC, Kunz MB, Allen RT, Flach JT, Zanni MT. Two-Dimensional White-Light Spectroscopy Using Supercontinuum from an All-Normal Dispersion Photonic Crystal Fiber Pumped by a 70 MHz Yb Fiber Oscillator. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:3046-3055. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b02206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Kearns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Andrew C. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Miriam Bohlmann Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ryan T. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jessica T. Flach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martin T. Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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3
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Higgins K, Calhoun TR. Compressed supercontinuum probe for transient absorption microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1750-1753. [PMID: 29652356 PMCID: PMC6342203 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we combine three optical advancements to transient absorption microscopy in order to access the photodynamics in systems requiring stringent spatial and temporal resolution criteria. First, a broadband visible probe is generated by a commercial photonic crystal fiber. Second, a spatial light modulator-based pulse shaper is incorporated to reduce the pulse dispersion and improve temporal resolution. Third, 1.4 numerical aperture objectives for excitation and light collection provide optimal spatial resolution. The result of these improvements is a probe beam that spans 115 nm across the visible region yet maintains a ∼100 fs instrument response at the sample position. We demonstrate the capabilities of this microscope by imaging polystyrene beads in a solution of IR-144 dye, revealing aggregated species at the bead surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville TN 37996
| | - Tessa R. Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 1420 Circle Dr., Knoxville TN 37996
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Paul K, Sengupta P, Ark ED, Tu H, Zhao Y, Boppart SA. Coherent control of an opsin in living brain tissue. NATURE PHYSICS 2017; 13:1111-1116. [PMID: 29983725 PMCID: PMC6029863 DOI: 10.1038/nphys4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinal-based opsins are light-sensitive proteins. The photoisomerization reaction of these proteins has been studied outside cellular environments using ultrashort tailored light pulses1-5. However, how living cell functions can be modulated via opsins by modifying fundamental nonlinear optical properties of light interacting with the retinal chromophore has remained largely unexplored. We report the use of chirped ultrashort near-infrared pulses to modulate light-evoked ionic current from Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in brain tissue, and consequently the firing pattern of neurons, by manipulating the phase of the spectral components of the light. These results confirm that quantum coherence of the retinal-based protein system, even in a living neuron, can influence its current output, and open up the possibilities of using designer-tailored pulses for controlling molecular dynamics of opsins in living tissue to selectively enhance or suppress neuronal function for adaptive feedback-loop applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Parijat Sengupta
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eugene D Ark
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Youbo Zhao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Tu H, Boppart SA. Coherent fiber supercontinuum for biophotonics. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2013; 7:10.1002/lpor.201200014. [PMID: 24358056 PMCID: PMC3864867 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.201200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biophotonics and nonlinear fiber optics have traditionally been two independent fields. Since the discovery of fiber-based supercontinuum generation in 1999, biophotonics applications employing incoherent light have experienced a large impact from nonlinear fiber optics, primarily because of the access to a wide range of wavelengths and a uniform spatial profile afforded by fiber supercontinuum. However, biophotonics applications employing coherent light have not benefited from the most well-known techniques of supercontinuum generation for reasons such as poor coherence (or high noise), insufficient controllability, and inadequate portability. Fortunately, a few key techniques involving nonlinear fiber optics and femtosecond laser development have emerged to overcome these critical limitations. Despite their relative independence, these techniques are the focus of this review, because they can be integrated into a low-cost portable biophotonics source platform. This platform can be shared across many different areas of research in biophotonics, enabling new applications such as point-of-care coherent optical biomedical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Liu Y, King MD, Tu H, Zhao Y, Boppart SA. Broadband nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy by shaping a coherent fiber supercontinuum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:8269-75. [PMID: 23571917 PMCID: PMC3641023 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.008269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy has been widely applied in different fields due to its label-free chemical-sensing capability. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) provides stronger signal and faster acquisition than spontaneous Raman scattering, making it especially suitable for molecular imaging. Coherently-controlled single-beam CARS simplifies the conventional multi-beam setup, but the vibrational bandwidth and non-trivial spectrum retrieval have been limiting factors. In this work, a coherent supercontinuum generated in an all-normal-dispersion nonlinear fiber is phase-shaped within a narrow bandwidth for broadband vibrational spectroscopy. The Raman spectra can be directly retrieved from the CARS measurements, covering the fingerprint regime up to 1750 cm(-1). The retrieved spectra of several chemical species agree with their spontaneous Raman data. The compact fiber supercontinuum source offers broad vibrational bandwidth with high stability and sufficient power, showing the potential for spectroscopic imaging in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Matthew D. King
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Haohua Tu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Youbo Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
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Liu Y, Tu H, Benalcazar WA, Chaney EJ, Boppart SA. Multimodal Nonlinear Microscopy by Shaping a Fiber Supercontinuum From 900 to 1160 nm. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2012; 18:10.1109/JSTQE.2011.2168559. [PMID: 24187481 PMCID: PMC3812947 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2011.2168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy has become widely used in biophotonic imaging. Pulse shaping provides control over nonlinear optical processes of ultrafast pulses for selective imaging and contrast enhancement. In this study, nonlinear microscopy, including two-photon fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation, was performed using pulses shaped from a fiber supercontinuum (SC) spanning from 900 to 1160 nm. The SC generated by coupling pulses from a Yb:KYW pulsed laser into a photonic crystal fiber was spectrally filtered and compressed using a spatial light modulator. The shaped pulses were used for nonlinear optical imaging of cellular and tissue samples. Amplitude and phase shaping the fiber SC offers selective and efficient nonlinear optical imaging over a broad bandwidth with a single-beam and an easily tunable setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA ( )
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Tu H, Liu Y, Lægsgaard J, Turchinovich D, Siegel M, Kopf D, Li H, Gunaratne T, Boppart S. Cross-validation of theoretically quantified fiber continuum generation and absolute pulse measurement by MIIPS for a broadband coherently controlled optical source. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2012; 106:379-384. [PMID: 23144537 PMCID: PMC3491074 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-011-4746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The predicted spectral phase of a fiber continuum pulsed source rigorously quantified by the scalar generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation is found to be in excellent agreement with that measured by multiphoton intra-pulse interference phase scan (MIIPS) with background subtraction. This cross-validation confirms the absolute pulse measurement by MIIPS and the transform-limited compression of the fiber continuum pulses by the pulse shaper performing the MIIPS measurement, and permits the subsequent coherent control on the fiber continuum pulses by this pulse shaper. The combination of the fiber continuum source with the MIIPS-integrated pulse shaper produces compressed transform-limited 9.6 fs (FWHM) pulses or arbitrarily shaped pulses at a central wavelength of 1020 nm, an average power over 100 mW, and a repetition rate of 76 MHz. In comparison to the 229-fs pump laser pulses that generate the fiber continuum, the compressed pulses reflect a compression ratio of 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Tu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Y. Liu
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J. Lægsgaard
- DTU Fotonik—Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - D. Turchinovich
- DTU Fotonik—Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M. Siegel
- High Q Laser Innovation GmbH, Feldgut 9, 6830 Rankweil, Austria
| | - D. Kopf
- High Q Laser Innovation GmbH, Feldgut 9, 6830 Rankweil, Austria
| | - H. Li
- BioPhotonics Solutions, Inc., 1401 East Lansing Drive, Suite 112, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - T. Gunaratne
- BioPhotonics Solutions, Inc., 1401 East Lansing Drive, Suite 112, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - S.A. Boppart
- Biophotonics Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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