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Wang Y, Xi T, Zhang X, Guo C, Shao X. Snapshot dual-wavelength digital holography with LED and laser hybrid illumination. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14154-14168. [PMID: 38859369 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
To address the problem of the time-sharing recording of dual-wavelength low-coherence holograms while avoiding the use of customized achromatic optical elements, a snapshot dual-wavelength digital holography with LED and laser hybrid illumination is proposed. In this method, the parallel phase-shifting method is firstly employed to suppress zero-order and twin-image noise, and to record a LED hologram with low speckle noise and full field of view. Secondly, another laser hologram with a different center wavelength affected by speckle noise is recorded simultaneously using the spatial multiplexing technique. Finally, dual-wavelength wrapped phase images are reconstructed from a spatial multiplexing hologram, and then are combined to achieve low-noise phase unwrapping utilizing the iterative algorithm. Simulation and optical experiments on a reflective step with a depth of 1.38µm demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve single-shot and large-range height measurements while maintaining low-noise and full-field imaging.
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2
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Xiao J, Chen L, Wen K, Hu Y. Nonlocal means filter based on cosine similarity applied in speckle reduction of digital holography. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7474-7481. [PMID: 36256052 DOI: 10.1364/ao.466315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the field of digital holography, the speckle caused by coherent light greatly disturbs the quality of the reconstruction. This paper presents an innovative method to efficiently reduce speckle noise with a nonlocal means filter based on cosine similarity that determines the weight of each traversal pixel to the target pixel by comparing the similarity between the target pixel neighborhood and the traversal pixel neighborhood. Experimental results with qualitative and quantitative analysis indicate that the proposed method significantly improves noise reduction performance while preserving the details of the original image. Compared with other general image-processing methods, this well-directed method is more in line with the characteristics of holographic speckle noise and has obvious advantages in various metrics.
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3
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Joglekar M, Trivedi V, Chhaniwal V, Claus D, Javidi B, Anand A. LED based large field of view off-axis quantitative phase contrast microscopy by hologram multiplexing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29234-29245. [PMID: 36299102 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we describe the development of a single shot, self-referencing wavefront division, multiplexing digital holographic microscope employing LED sources for large field of view quantitative phase imaging of biological samples. To address the difficulties arising while performing interferometry with low temporally coherent sources, an optical arrangement utilizing multiple Fresnel Biprisms is used for hologram multiplexing, enhancing the field of view and increasing the signal to noise ratio. Biprisms offers the ease of obtaining interference patterns by automatically matching the path length between the two off-axis beams. The use of low temporally coherent sources reduces the speckle noise and the cost, and the form factor of the setup. The developed technique was implemented using both visible and UV LEDs and tested on polystyrene microspheres and human erythrocytes.
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4
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Dohet-Eraly J, Boudjeltia KZ, Rousseau A, Queeckers P, Lelubre C, Desmet JM, Chopard B, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Three-dimensional analysis of blood platelet spreading using digital holographic microscopy: a statistical study of the differential effect of coatings in healthy volunteers and dialyzed patients. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:502-513. [PMID: 35154888 PMCID: PMC8803030 DOI: 10.1364/boe.448817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In cardiovascular disorders, the study of thrombocytes, commonly known as platelets, is highly important since they are involved in blood clotting, essential in hemostasis, and they can in pathological situations affect the blood circulation. In this paper, single deposited platelets are measured using interferometric digital holographic microscopy. We have shown that the average optical height of platelets is significantly lower in healthy volunteers than in dialyzed patients, meaning a better spreading. It demonstrates the great interest for assessing this parameter in any patients, and therefore the high potential of analyzing single spread platelets using digital holographic microscopy in fundamental research as well as a diagnostic tool in routine laboratories, for usual blood tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Dohet-Eraly
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Charleroi, 706 Rue de Gozée, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
- Microgravity Research Centre, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Charleroi, 706 Rue de Gozée, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Charleroi, 706 Rue de Gozée, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Patrick Queeckers
- Microgravity Research Centre, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Christophe Lelubre
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Charleroi, 706 Rue de Gozée, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Charleroi - Hôpital civil Marie Curie, 140 Chaussée de Bruxelles, 6042 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Desmet
- Department of Nephrology, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Charleroi - Hôpital Vésale, 706 Rue de Gozée, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Bastien Chopard
- Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, 7 Route de Drize, 1227 Carouge, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Yourassowsky
- Microgravity Research Centre, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Frank Dubois
- Microgravity Research Centre, Université libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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5
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Cacace T, Bianco V, Mandracchia B, Pagliarulo V, Oleandro E, Paturzo M, Ferraro P. Compact off-axis holographic slide microscope: design guidelines. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:2511-2532. [PMID: 32499940 PMCID: PMC7249844 DOI: 10.1364/boe.11.002511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Holographic microscopes are emerging as suitable tools for in situ diagnostics and environmental monitoring, providing high-throughput, label-free, quantitative imaging capabilities through small and compact devices. In-line holographic microscopes can be realized at contained costs, trading off complexity in the phase retrieval process and being limited to sparse samples. Here we present a 3D printed, cost effective and field portable off-axis holographic microscope based on the concept of holographic microfluidic slide. Our scheme removes complexity from the reconstruction process, as phase retrieval is non iterative and obtainable by hologram demodulation. The configuration we introduce ensures flexibility in the definition of the optical scheme, exploitable to realize modular devices with different features. We discuss trade-offs and design rules of thumb to follow for developing DH microscopes based on the proposed solution. Using our prototype, we image flowing marine microalgae, polystyrene beads, E.coli bacteria and microplastics. We detail the effect on the performance and costs of each parameter, design, and hardware choice, guiding readers toward the realization of optimized devices that can be employed out of the lab by non-expert users for point of care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cacace
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” Viale Lincoln 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bianco
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Biagio Mandracchia
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Vito Pagliarulo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Emilia Oleandro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” Viale Lincoln 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Melania Paturzo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”, Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
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6
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Bianco V, Memmolo P, Leo M, Montresor S, Distante C, Paturzo M, Picart P, Javidi B, Ferraro P. Strategies for reducing speckle noise in digital holography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:48. [PMID: 30839600 PMCID: PMC6106996 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Digital holography (DH) has emerged as one of the most effective coherent imaging technologies. The technological developments of digital sensors and optical elements have made DH the primary approach in several research fields, from quantitative phase imaging to optical metrology and 3D display technologies, to name a few. Like many other digital imaging techniques, DH must cope with the issue of speckle artifacts, due to the coherent nature of the required light sources. Despite the complexity of the recently proposed de-speckling methods, many have not yet attained the required level of effectiveness. That is, a universal denoising strategy for completely suppressing holographic noise has not yet been established. Thus the removal of speckle noise from holographic images represents a bottleneck for the entire optics and photonics scientific community. This review article provides a broad discussion about the noise issue in DH, with the aim of covering the best-performing noise reduction approaches that have been proposed so far. Quantitative comparisons among these approaches will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Bianco
- CNR-ISASI Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- CNR-ISASI Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Marco Leo
- CNR-ISASI Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Silvio Montresor
- Université du Maine, CNRS UMR 6613, LAUM, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Cosimo Distante
- CNR-ISASI Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Melania Paturzo
- CNR-ISASI Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Pascal Picart
- Université du Maine, CNRS UMR 6613, LAUM, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - Bahram Javidi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, U-4157, Storrs, CT 06269 USA
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- CNR-ISASI Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti “E. Caianiello”, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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7
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Javidi B, Markman A, Rawat S, O'Connor T, Anand A, Andemariam B. Sickle cell disease diagnosis based on spatio-temporal cell dynamics analysis using 3D printed shearing digital holographic microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:13614-13627. [PMID: 29801384 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.013614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We present a spatio-temporal analysis of cell membrane fluctuations to distinguish healthy patients from patients with sickle cell disease. A video hologram containing either healthy red blood cells (h-RBCs) or sickle cell disease red blood cells (SCD-RBCs) was recorded using a low-cost, compact, 3D printed shearing interferometer. Reconstructions were created for each hologram frame (time steps), forming a spatio-temporal data cube. Features were extracted by computing the standard deviations and the mean of the height fluctuations over time and for every location on the cell membrane, resulting in two-dimensional standard deviation and mean maps, followed by taking the standard deviations of these maps. The optical flow algorithm was used to estimate the apparent motion fields between subsequent frames (reconstructions). The standard deviation of the magnitude of the optical flow vectors across all frames was then computed. In addition, seven morphological cell (spatial) features based on optical path length were extracted from the cells to further improve the classification accuracy. A random forest classifier was trained to perform cell identification to distinguish between SCD-RBCs and h-RBCs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of machine learning assisted cell identification and diagnosis of sickle cell disease based on cell membrane fluctuations and morphology using both spatio-temporal and spatial analysis.
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8
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Puyo L, Huignard JP, Atlan M. Off-axis digital holography with multiplexed volume Bragg gratings. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:3281-3287. [PMID: 29714317 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.003281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on an optical imaging design based on common-path off-axis digital holography, using a multiplexed volume Bragg grating. In the reported method, a reference optical wave is made by deflection and spatial filtering through a volume Bragg grating. This design has several advantages, including simplicity, stability, and robustness against misalignment.
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9
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Ginner L, Schmoll T, Kumar A, Salas M, Pricoupenko N, Wurster LM, Leitgeb RA. Holographic line field en-face OCT with digital adaptive optics in the retina in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:472-485. [PMID: 29552387 PMCID: PMC5854052 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a high-resolution line field en-face time domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using an off-axis holography configuration. Line field en-face OCT produces high speed en-face images at rates of up to 100 Hz. The high frame rate favors good phase stability across the lateral field-of-view which is indispensable for digital adaptive optics (DAO). Human retinal structures are acquired in-vivo with a broadband light source at 840 nm, and line rates of 10 kHz to 100 kHz. Structures of different retinal layers, such as photoreceptors, capillaries, and nerve fibers are visualized with high resolution of 2.8 µm and 5.5 µm in lateral directions. Subaperture based DAO is successfully applied to increase the visibility of cone-photoreceptors and nerve fibers. Furthermore, en-face Doppler OCT maps are generated based on calculating the differential phase shifts between recorded lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurin Ginner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Salas
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nastassia Pricoupenko
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara M. Wurster
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and its Translation to Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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10
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Cho J, Lim J, Jeon S, Choi GJ, Moon H, Park NC, Park YP. Dual-wavelength off-axis digital holography using a single light-emitting diode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:2123-2131. [PMID: 29401937 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new low-coherence interferometry system for dual-wavelength off-axis digital holography. By utilizing diffraction gratings, two beams with narrower bandwidths and different center wavelengths could be filtered in a single light-emitting diode. The characteristics of the system are analytically determined to extend the coherence length and field-of-view enough for off-axis configuration. The proposed system enables the fast and accurate measurement of the surface profile with more than a micrometer step height and less noise. The performance of the system is verified by the experimental results of a standard height sample.
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11
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Bianco V, Mandracchia B, Marchesano V, Pagliarulo V, Olivieri F, Coppola S, Paturzo M, Ferraro P. Endowing a plain fluidic chip with micro-optics: a holographic microscope slide. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17055. [PMID: 30167297 PMCID: PMC6062330 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC) devices are extremely promising in that they enable diagnostic functions at the point-of-care. Within this scope, an important goal is to design imaging schemes that can be used out of the laboratory. In this paper, we introduce and test a pocket holographic slide that allows digital holography microscopy to be performed without an interferometer setup. Instead, a commercial off-the-shelf plastic chip is engineered and functionalized with this aim. The microfluidic chip is endowed with micro-optics, that is, a diffraction grating and polymeric lenses, to build an interferometer directly on the chip, avoiding the need for a reference arm and external bulky optical components. Thanks to the single-beam scheme, the system is completely integrated and robust against vibrations, sharing the useful features of any common path interferometer. Hence, it becomes possible to bring holographic functionalities out of the lab, moving complexity from the external optical apparatus to the chip itself. Label-free imaging and quantitative phase contrast mapping of live samples are demonstrated, along with flexible refocusing capabilities. Thus, a liquid volume can be analyzed in one single shot with no need for mechanical scanning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Bianco
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Biagio Mandracchia
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli 80100, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Vito Pagliarulo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Federico Olivieri
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
- Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, P.le Tecchio 80, Napoli 80100, Italy
| | - Sara Coppola
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Melania Paturzo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems—Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Napoli 80078, Italy
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12
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Rostykus M, Moser C. Compact lensless off-axis transmission digital holographic microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:16652-16659. [PMID: 28789166 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.016652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current compact lensless holographic microscopes are based on either multiple angle in-line holograms, multiple wavelength illumination or a combination thereof. Complex computational algorithms are necessary to retrieve the phase image which slows down the visualization of the image. Here we propose a simple compact lensless transmission holographic microscope with an off-axis configuration which simplifies considerably the computational processing to visualize the phase images and opens the possibility of real time phase imaging using off the shelf smart phone processors and less than $3 worth of optics and detectors, suitable for broad educational dissemination. This is achieved using a side illumination and analog hologram gratings to shape the reference and signal illumination beams from one light source. We demonstrate experimentally imaging of cells with a field of view (FOV) of ~12mm2, and a resolution of ~3.9μm.
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13
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Wang BY, Han L, Yang Y, Yue QY, Guo CS. Wavefront sensing based on a spatial light modulator and incremental binary random sampling. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:603-606. [PMID: 28146538 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A wavefront sensing method based on a spatial light modulator (SLM) and an incremental binary random sampling (IBRS) algorithm is proposed. In this method, the recording setup is built just by a transmittance SLM and an image sensor. The tested wavefront incident to the SLM plane can be quantitatively retrieved from the diffraction intensities of the wavefront passed through the SLM displaying a IBRS pattern. Because only two modulation states (opaque and transparent) of the SLM are used, the method does not need to know the concrete modulation function of the SLM in advance. In addition by introducing the concept of the incremental random sampling into wavefront sensing, the adaptability of phase retrieving based on the diffraction intensities is significantly improved. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has used this concept for the same purpose. Some experimental results are given for demonstrating the feasibility of our method.
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14
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Picazo-Bueno JÁ, Zalevsky Z, García J, Ferreira C, Micó V. Spatially multiplexed interferometric microscopy with partially coherent illumination. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:106007. [PMID: 27786343 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.10.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported on a simple, low cost, and highly stable way to convert a standard microscope into a holographic one [Opt. Express 22, 14929 (2014)]. The method, named spatially multiplexed interferometric microscopy (SMIM), proposes an off-axis holographic architecture implemented onto a regular (nonholographic) microscope with minimum modifications: the use of coherent illumination and a properly placed and selected one-dimensional diffraction grating. In this contribution, we report on the implementation of partially (temporally reduced) coherent illumination in SMIM as a way to improve quantitative phase imaging. The use of low coherence sources forces the application of phase shifting algorithm instead of off-axis holographic recording to recover the sample’s phase information but improves phase reconstruction due to coherence noise reduction. In addition, a less restrictive field of view limitation (1/2) is implemented in comparison with our previously reported scheme (1/3). The proposed modification is experimentally validated in a regular Olympus BX-60 upright microscope considering a wide range of samples (resolution test, microbeads, swine sperm cells, red blood cells, and prostate cancer cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel Picazo-Bueno
- Universitat de Valencia, Departamento de Óptica, C/Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Bar-Ilan University, Faculty of Engineering, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Javier García
- Universitat de Valencia, Departamento de Óptica, C/Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Carlos Ferreira
- Universitat de Valencia, Departamento de Óptica, C/Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | - Vicente Micó
- Universitat de Valencia, Departamento de Óptica, C/Doctor Moliner 50, Burjassot 46100, Spain
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15
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Dohet-Eraly J, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Fast numerical autofocus of multispectral complex fields in digital holographic microscopy with a criterion based on the phase in the Fourier domain. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4071-4074. [PMID: 27607975 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the complex amplitude of optical fields, that is, both quantitative phase and intensity, enables numeric reconstruction along the optical axis. Nonetheless, a criterion is required for autofocusing. This Letter presents a robust and rapid refocusing criterion suitable for color interferometric digital holographic microscopy, and, more generally, for applications where complex amplitude is known for at least two different wavelengths. This criterion uses the phase in the Fourier domain, which is compared among wavelengths. It is applicable whatever the nature of the observed object: opaque, refractive, or both mixed. The method is validated with simulated and experimental holograms.
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16
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Mahajan S, Trivedi V, Vora P, Chhaniwal V, Javidi B, Anand A. Highly stable digital holographic microscope using Sagnac interferometer. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3743-3746. [PMID: 26274649 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferometric microscopy has grown into a very potent tool for quantitative phase imaging of biological samples. Among the interfermetric methods, microscopy by digital holography is one of the most effective techniques, especially for studying dynamics of cells. Imaging of cell fluctuations requires digital holographic setups with high temporal stability. Common path setups in which the object and the reference beams encounter the same set of optical elements provide better temporal stability compared to two-beam setups. Here, we present a compact, easy-to-implement, common path digital holographic microscope based on Sagnac interferometer geometry. The microscope is implemented using a diode laser module employing a CCD array or a webcam sensor to record holograms. The system was tested for three-dimensional imaging capability, numerical focusing ability, and temporal stability. Sub-nanometer temporal stability without external vibration isolation components was obtained in both cases. The higher temporal stability makes the microscope compatible to image cell fluctuations, which is demonstrated by imaging the oscillation of the cell membrane of human red blood cells.
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Liu C, Kim MK. Digital adaptive optics line-scanning confocal imaging system. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:111203. [PMID: 26140334 PMCID: PMC4572096 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.11.111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A digital adaptive optics line-scanning confocal imaging (DAOLCI) system is proposed by applying digital holographic adaptive optics to a digital form of line-scanning confocal imaging system. In DAOLCI, each line scan is recorded by a digital hologram, which allows access to the complex optical field from one slice of the sample through digital holography. This complex optical field contains both the information of one slice of the sample and the optical aberration of the system, thus allowing us to compensate for the effect of the optical aberration, which can be sensed by a complex guide star hologram. After numerical aberration compensation, the corrected optical fields of a sequence of line scans are stitched into the final corrected confocal image. In DAOLCI, a numerical slit is applied to realize the confocality at the sensor end. The width of this slit can be adjusted to control the image contrast and speckle noise for scattering samples. DAOLCI dispenses with the hardware pieces, such as Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and deformable mirror, and the closed-loop feedbacks adopted in the conventional adaptive optics confocal imaging system, thus reducing the optomechanical complexity and cost. Numerical simulations and proof-of-principle experiments are presented that demonstrate the feasibility of this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Liu
- University of South Florida, Department of Physics, Digital Holography and Microscopy Laboratory, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Myung K. Kim
- University of South Florida, Department of Physics, Digital Holography and Microscopy Laboratory, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Dohet-Eraly J, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Color imaging-in-flow by digital holographic microscopy with permanent defect and aberration corrections. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:6070-6073. [PMID: 25361158 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.006070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Color imaging-in-flow of particles is performed using red-green-blue (RGB) digital holographic microscopy (DHM), whose sources are partially coherent. RGB DHM provides intensity and quantitative phase images in the three color channels, which is valuable for observing small objects in numerous fields. In-flow investigation on a large depth of field is made possible by the refocusing capability of DHM and has many potential applications. A method is also developed to automatically correct the color balance and compensate both intensity and phase defects and aberrations, providing high-quality imaging. Experimental results show color in-flow analysis of microplankton and confirm the efficiency of the correction method.
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Singh AK, Faridian A, Gao P, Pedrini G, Osten W. Quantitative phase imaging using a deep UV LED source. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3468-71. [PMID: 24978513 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method for high resolution phase imaging of biological and non-biological samples using an incoherent deep ultraviolet (DUV) LED source. The diffraction pattern of the object wave is recorded at different axial planes and the phase is retrieved by propagation of the angular spectrum. To maintain enough light intensity, we avoided using a pinhole or spectral filter for increasing the coherence of the DUV LED source. This makes the setup very simple and cost effective. The short wavelength (285 nm) of the DUV light, tuned to the absorption peak of the biological samples, allows simultaneously high resolution and high contrast images. The experimental results are presented to verify this principle.
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Dohet-Eraly J, Yourassowsky C, Dubois F. Refocusing based on amplitude analysis in color digital holographic microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:1109-1112. [PMID: 24690683 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A refocusing criterion adapted to red-green-blue (RGB) digital holographic microscopy is established. It is applicable for both amplitude and phase objects. This color criterion is based on a monochromatic criterion, using the integrated modulus amplitude. Simulated RGB holograms show the value of having color information, even for colorless samples; in addition, the position of the focus plane along the optical axis is determined more accurately. Simulations take into account both the numerical apertures of lenses and noise during the holographic process. We also implement an algorithm exponentially reducing the computation time required for detecting the focus plane. The method is validated on experimental holograms.
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Guo R, Yao B, Gao P, Min J, Zhou M, Han J, Yu X, Yu X, Lei M, Yan S, Yang Y, Dan D, Ye T. Off-axis digital holographic microscopy with LED illumination based on polarization filtering. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:8233-8238. [PMID: 24513823 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.008233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A reflection mode digital holographic microscope with light emitting diode (LED) illumination and off-axis interferometry is proposed. The setup is comprised of a Linnik interferometer and a grating-based 4f imaging unit. Both object and reference waves travel coaxially and are split into multiple diffraction orders in the Fourier plane by the grating. The zeroth and first orders are filtered by a polarizing array to select orthogonally polarized object waves and reference waves. Subsequently, the object and reference waves are combined again in the output plane of the 4f system, and then the hologram with uniform contrast over the entire field of view can be acquired with the aid of a polarizer. The one-shot nature in the off-axis configuration enables an interferometric recording time on a millisecond scale. The validity of the proposed setup is illustrated by imaging nanostructured substrates, and the experimental results demonstrate that the phase noise is reduced drastically by an order of 68% when compared to a He-Ne laser-based result.
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Slabý T, Kolman P, Dostál Z, Antoš M, Lošťák M, Chmelík R. Off-axis setup taking full advantage of incoherent illumination in coherence-controlled holographic microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:14747-62. [PMID: 23787662 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.014747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coherence-controlled holographic microscope (CCHM) combines off-axis holography and an achromatic grating interferometer allowing for the use of light sources of arbitrary degree of temporal and spatial coherence. This results in coherence gating and strong suppression of coherent noise and parasitic interferences enabling CCHM to reach high phase measurement accuracy and imaging quality. The achievable lateral resolution reaches performance of conventional widefield microscopes, which allows resolving up to twice smaller details when compared to typical off-axis setups. Imaging characteristics can be controlled arbitrarily by coherence between two extremes: fully coherent holography and confocal-like incoherent holography. The basic setup parameters are derived and described in detail and experimental validations of imaging characteristics are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Slabý
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Monemahghdoust Z, Montfort F, Cuche E, Emery Y, Depeursinge C, Moser C. Full field vertical scanning in short coherence digital holographic microscope. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:12643-50. [PMID: 23736484 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.012643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In Digital holography Microscopes (DHM) implemented in the so-called "off axis" configuration, the object and reference wave fronts are not co-planar but form an angle of a few degrees. This results into two main drawbacks. First, the contrast of the interference is not uniform spatially when the light source has low coherence. The interference contrast is optimal along a line, but decreases when moving away from it, resulting in a lower image quality. Second, the non-coplanarity between the coherence plane of both wavefronts impacts the coherence vertical scanning measurement mode: when the optical path difference between the signal and the reference beam is changed, the region of maximum interference contrast shifts laterally in the plane of the objective. This results in more complex calculations to extract the topography of the sample and requires scanning over a much larger vertical range, leading to a longer measurement time. We have previously shown that by placing a volume diffractive optical element (VDOE) in the reference arm, the wavefront can be made coplanar with the object wavefront and the image plane of the microscope objective, resulting in a uniform and optimal interferogram. In this paper, we demonstrate a vertical scanning speed improvement by an order of magnitude. Noise in the phase and intensity images caused by scattering and non-uniform diffraction in the VDOE is analyzed quantitatively. Five VDOEs were fabricated with an identical procedure. We observe that VDOEs introduce a small intensity non-uniformity in the reference beam which results in a 20% noise increase in the extracted phase image as compared to the noise in extracted phase image when the VDOE is removed. However, the VDOE has no impact on the temporal noise measured from extracted phase images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Monemahghdoust
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Liu C, Yu X, Kim MK. Phase aberration correction by correlation in digital holographic adaptive optics. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:2940-9. [PMID: 23669707 PMCID: PMC3709446 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.002940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a phase aberration correction method based on the correlation between the complex full-field and guide-star holograms in the context of digital holographic adaptive optics (DHAO). Removal of a global quadratic phase term before the correlation operation plays an important role in the correction. Correlation operation can remove the phase aberration at the entrance pupil plane and automatically refocus the corrected optical field. Except for the assumption that most aberrations lie at or close to the entrance pupil, the presented method does not impose any other constraints on the optical systems. Thus, it greatly enhances the flexibility of the optical design for DHAO systems in vision science and microscopy. Theoretical studies show that the previously proposed Fourier transform DHAO (FTDHAO) is just a special case of this general correction method, where the global quadratic phase term and a defocus term disappear. Hence, this correction method realizes the generalization of FTDHAO into arbitrary DHAO systems. The effectiveness and robustness of this method are demonstrated by simulations and experiments.
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Chhaniwal V, Singh ASG, Leitgeb RA, Javidi B, Anand A. Quantitative phase-contrast imaging with compact digital holographic microscope employing Lloyd's mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:5127-5129. [PMID: 23258027 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.005127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is one of the most effective techniques used for quantitative phase imaging of cells. Here we present a compact, easy to implement, portable, and very stable DHM setup employing a self-referencing Lloyd's mirror configuration. The microscope is constructed using a diode laser source and a CMOS sensor, making it cost effective. The reconstruction of recorded holograms yields the amplitude and phase information of the object. The temporal stability of the presented technique was found to be around 0.9 nm without any vibration compensation, which makes it ideal for studying cell profile changes. This aspect of the technique is demonstrated by studying membrane fluctuations of red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Chhaniwal
- Applied Physics Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, MS University of Baroda, Vadodara 390001, India
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Liu C, Yu X, Kim MK. Fourier transform digital holographic adaptive optics imaging system. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:8449-54. [PMID: 23262541 PMCID: PMC3701757 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.008449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A Fourier transform digital holographic adaptive optics imaging system and its basic principles are proposed. The CCD is put at the exact Fourier transform plane of the pupil of the eye lens. The spherical curvature introduced by the optics except the eye lens itself is eliminated. The CCD is also at image plane of the target. The point-spread function of the system is directly recorded, making it easier to determine the correct guide-star hologram. Also, the light signal will be stronger at the CCD, especially for phase-aberration sensing. Numerical propagation is avoided. The sensor aperture has nothing to do with the resolution and the possibility of using low coherence or incoherent illumination is opened. The system becomes more efficient and flexible. Although it is intended for ophthalmic use, it also shows potential application in microscopy. The robustness and feasibility of this compact system are demonstrated by simulations and experiments using scattering objects.
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