1
|
Forbes R, Hockett P, Leterrier Q, Lausten R. Efficient (∼10 %) generation of vacuum ultraviolet femtosecond pulses via four-wave mixing in hollow-core fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3178-3181. [PMID: 38824357 DOI: 10.1364/ol.524719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
We report the generation of the fifth harmonic of Ti:sapphire, at 160 nm, with more than 4 µJ of pulse energy and a pulse length of 37 fs with a 1 kHz repetition rate. The vacuum ultraviolet pulses are produced using four-wave difference frequency mixing in a He-filled stretched hollow-core fiber, driven by a pump at 267 nm and seeded at 800 nm. Guided by simulations using Luna.jl, we are able to optimize the process carefully. The result is a conversion efficiency of ∼10% from the 267 nm pump beam.
Collapse
|
2
|
Forbes R, Hockett P, Lausten R. Efficient generation of the 7th harmonic of Ti:sapphire (114.6 nm) vacuum ultraviolet pulses with 60 fs duration by non-collinear four-wave mixing in argon. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2410-2413. [PMID: 35561363 DOI: 10.1364/ol.457070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in femtosecond vacuum UV (VUV) pulse generation, pioneered by the work of Noack et al., has enabled new experiments in ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. Expanding on this work, we report the generation of 60 fs VUV pulses at the 7th harmonic of Ti:sapphire with more than 50 nJ of pulse energy at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The 114.6 nm pulses are produced using non-collinear four-wave difference-frequency mixing in argon. The non-collinear geometry increases the phase-matching pressure, and results in a conversion efficiency of ∼10-3 from the 200 nm pump beam. The VUV pulses are pre-chirp-compensated for material dispersion with xenon, which has negative dispersion in this wavelength range, thus allowing almost transform-limited pulses to be delivered to the experimental chamber.
Collapse
|
3
|
Schuurman MS, Blanchet V. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy: the continuing evolution of a mature technique. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20012-20024. [PMID: 35297909 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (TRPES) has become one of the most widespread techniques for probing nonadiabatic dynamics in the excited electronic states of molecules. Furthermore, the complementary development of ab initio approaches for the simulation of TRPES signals has enabled the interpretation of these transient spectra in terms of underlying coupled electronic-nuclear dynamics. In this perspective, we discuss the current state-of-the-art approaches, including efforts to push femtosecond pulses into vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray regimes as well as the utilization of novel polarizations to use time-resolved optical activity as a probe of nonadiabatic dynamics. We close this perspective with a forward-looking prospectus on the new areas of application for this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6B9, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Dr, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Forbes R, Neville SP, Larsen MAB, Röder A, Boguslavskiy AE, Lausten R, Schuurman MS, Stolow A. Vacuum Ultraviolet Excited State Dynamics of the Smallest Ketone: Acetone. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8541-8547. [PMID: 34464141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We combined tunable vacuum-ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (VUV-TRPES) with high-level quantum dynamics simulations to disentangle multistate Rydberg-valence dynamics in acetone. A femtosecond 8.09 eV pump pulse was tuned to the sharp origin of the A1(n3dyz) band. The ensuing dynamics were tracked with a femtosecond 6.18 eV probe pulse, permitting TRPES of multiple excited Rydberg and valence states. Quantum dynamics simulations reveal coherent multistate Rydberg-valence dynamics, precluding simple kinetic modeling of the TRPES spectrum. Unambiguous assignment of all involved Rydberg states was enabled via the simulation of their photoelectron spectra. The A1(ππ*) state, although strongly participating, is likely undetectable with probe photon energies ≤8 eV and a key intermediate, the A2(nπ*) state, is detected here for the first time. Our dynamics modeling rationalizes the temporal behavior of all photoelectron transients, allowing us to propose a mechanism for VUV-excited dynamics in acetone which confers a key role to the A2(nπ*) state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Simon P Neville
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Martin A B Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen ø, Denmark
| | - Anja Röder
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Andrey E Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael S Schuurman
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Joint Centre for Extreme Photonics, University of Ottawa - National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kotsina N, Townsend D. Improved insights in time-resolved photoelectron imaging. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10736-10755. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review new light source developments and data analysis considerations relevant to the time-resolved photoelectron imaging technique. Case studies illustrate how these themes may enhance understanding in studies of excited state molecular dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences
- Heriot-Watt University
- Edinburgh
- UK
- Institute of Chemical Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paterson MJ, Townsend D. Rydberg-to-valence evolution in excited state molecular dynamics. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1815389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phan TD, Li A, Nakamura H, Imasaka T, Imasaka T. Single-Photon Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Vacuum Ultraviolet Femtosecond Laser. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1730-1737. [PMID: 32608978 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The wavelength of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser (TS, 800 nm) was converted into the ultraviolet (UV, 200 nm) using three β-barium borate crystals (β-BaB2O4) for frequency doubling and subsequent mixing. The UV pulse was further converted into the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 185 nm) based on four-wave Raman mixing, in which a two-color pump beam consisting of the fundamental beam (800 nm) of the TS and the signal beam of an optical parametric amplifier (1200 nm) pumped by the TS was focused onto a capillary waveguide filled with hydrogen gas for molecular phase modulation and the single-color UV probe beam (200 nm) was then focused onto the waveguide for frequency modulation to generate anti-Stokes and high-order Stokes Raman sidebands at wavelengths of 185 and 218-267 nm, respectively. The efficiency of conversion from the UV (200 nm) to the VUV (185 nm) was 6%. The ionization energy was calculated for 13 amino polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using density functional theory, since they are associated with the development of occupational bladder cancers. The values calculated by the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ and ωB97Xd/cc-pVTZ methods were 6.24-7.14 eV (199-174 nm) and 6.41-7.35 eV (194-169 nm), respectively. A sample containing a mixture of 9-aminoanthracene, 3-aminofluoranthene, and 1-aminopyrene was separated by gas chromatography (GC), and the eluents were ionized with the VUV pulse (0.015 μJ) in mass spectrometry (MS). The analytes were observed on a two-dimensional display of GC/MS, and the detection limit obtained by single-photon ionization of 3-aminofluoranthene was 1 ng/μL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thang Dinh Phan
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Adan Li
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Department of Environmental Design, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Division of International Strategy, Center of Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30, Sakurazaka, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka 810-0024, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kotsina N, Belli F, Gao SF, Wang YY, Wang P, Travers JC, Townsend D. Ultrafast Molecular Spectroscopy Using a Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Light Source. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:715-720. [PMID: 30694062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate, for the first time, the application of rare-gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs) as tunable ultraviolet light sources in femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. A critical requirement here is excellent output stability over extended periods of data acquisition, and we show this can be readily achieved. The time-resolved photoelectron imaging technique reveals nonadiabatic dynamical processes operating on three distinct time scales in the styrene molecule following excitation over the 242-258 nm region. These include ultrafast (<100 fs) internal conversion between the S2(ππ*) and S1(ππ*) electronic states and subsequent intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution within S1(ππ*). Compact, cost-effective, and highly efficient benchtop HC-PCF sources have huge potential to open up many exciting new avenues for ultrafast spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet spectral regions. We anticipate that our initial validation of this approach will generate important impetus in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , U.K
| | - Federico Belli
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , U.K
| | - Shou-Fei Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Laser Technology, Institute of Laser Engineering , Beijing University of Technology , 100124 Beijing , China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Laser Technology, Institute of Laser Engineering , Beijing University of Technology , 100124 Beijing , China
| | - Pu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Laser Technology, Institute of Laser Engineering , Beijing University of Technology , 100124 Beijing , China
| | - John C Travers
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , U.K
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics & Quantum Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , U.K
- Institute of Chemical Sciences , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Larsen MAB, Sølling TI, Forbes R, Boguslavskiy AE, Makhija V, Veyrinas K, Lausten R, Stolow A, Zawadzki MM, Saalbach L, Kotsina N, Paterson MJ, Townsend D. Vacuum ultraviolet excited state dynamics of small amides. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5079721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. B. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Theis I. Sølling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ruaridh Forbes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Andrey E. Boguslavskiy
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
- National Research Council Canada,
100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Varun Makhija
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Kévin Veyrinas
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Rune Lausten
- National Research Council Canada,
100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
- National Research Council Canada,
100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5,
Canada
| | - Magdalena M. Zawadzki
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Saalbach
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nikoleta Kotsina
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Paterson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Townsend
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Horio T, Suzuki YI, Suzuki T. Ultrafast photodynamics of pyrazine in the vacuum ultraviolet region studied by time-resolved photoelectron imaging using 7.8-eV pulses. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:044307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4955298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
11
|
Trabs P, Noack F, Aleksandrovsky AS, Zaitsev AI, Petrov V. Generation of coherent radiation in the vacuum ultraviolet using randomly quasi-phase-matched strontium tetraborate. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:618-621. [PMID: 26907438 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tunable coherent radiation is generated in the vacuum ultraviolet down to 121 nm using random quasi-phase matching in strontium tetraborate, the shortest wavelength ever produced with a second-order nonlinear optical process in a solid-state material. Relevant properties of this radiation, the nonlinear process, and the nonlinear crystal are investigated.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bartlett NCM, Ogi Y, Suzuki T. Ultrafast Photoelectron Imaging Using Tunable UV and Vacuum UV Pulses. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshinori Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sapaev U, Husakou A, Herrmann J. Combined action of the bound-electron nonlinearity and the tunnel-ionization current in low-order harmonic generation in noble gases. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:25582-25591. [PMID: 24150398 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.025582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We study numerically low-order harmonic generation in noble gases pumped by intense femtosecond laser pulses in the tunneling ionization regime. We analyze the influence of the phase-mismatching on this process, caused by the generated plasma, and study in dependence on the pump intensity the origin of harmonic generation arising either from the bound-electron nonlinearity or the tunnel-ionization current. It is shown that in argon the optimum pump intensity of about 100 TW/cm² leads to the maximum efficiency, where the main contribution to low-order harmonics originates from the bound-electron third and fifth order susceptibilities, while for intensities higher than 300 TW/cm² the tunnel-ionization current plays the dominant role. Besides, we predict that VUV pulses at 133 nm can be generated with relatively high efficiency of about 1.5 × 10⁻³ by 400 nm pump pulses.
Collapse
|
14
|
Horio T, Spesyvtsev R, Suzuki T. Simultaneous generation of sub-20 fs deep and vacuum ultraviolet pulses in a single filamentation cell and application to time-resolved photoelectron imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:22423-22428. [PMID: 24104131 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.022423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sub-20 fs pulses of the third, fourth, and fifth harmonics of a Ti:sapphire laser are simultaneously generated using cascaded four-wave mixing in filamentation propagation of the fundamental frequency and the second harmonic pulses in Ne gas. Reflective optics under vacuum are employed after the four-wave mixing to minimize material dispersion of the optical pulses. The cross-correlation between 198 and 159 nm pulses of 18 fs is achieved without dispersion compensation. This new light source is applied to time-resolved photoelectron imaging of carbon disulfide (CS₂).
Collapse
|