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Lim D, Renteria ES, Sime DS, Ju YM, Kim JH, Criswell T, Shupe TD, Atala A, Marini FC, Gurcan MN, Soker S, Hunsberger J, Yoo JJ. Bioreactor design and validation for manufacturing strategies in tissue engineering. Biodes Manuf 2021; 5:43-63. [PMID: 35223131 PMCID: PMC8870603 DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer new therapeutic options to restore, maintain or improve tissue function following disease or injury. To maximize the biological function of a tissue-engineered clinical product, specific conditions must be maintained within a bioreactor to allow the maturation of the product in preparation for implantation. Specifically, the bioreactor should be designed to mimic the mechanical, electrochemical and biochemical environment that the product will be exposed to in vivo. Real-time monitoring of the functional capacity of tissue-engineered products during manufacturing is a critical component of the quality management process. The present review provides a brief overview of bioreactor engineering considerations. In addition, strategies for bioreactor automation, in-line product monitoring and quality assurance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Eric S. Renteria
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Drake S. Sime
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Young Min Ju
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tracy Criswell
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas D. Shupe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Frank C. Marini
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Metin N. Gurcan
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Joshua Hunsberger
- RegenMed Development Organization (ReMDO), Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA
| | - James J. Yoo
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Pardo A, Streeter SS, Maloney BW, Gutierrez-Gutierrez JA, McClatchy DM, Wells WA, Paulsen KD, Lopez-Higuera JM, Pogue BW, Conde OM. Modeling and Synthesis of Breast Cancer Optical Property Signatures With Generative Models. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:1687-1701. [PMID: 33684035 PMCID: PMC8224479 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2021.3064464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Is it possible to find deterministic relationships between optical measurements and pathophysiology in an unsupervised manner and based on data alone? Optical property quantification is a rapidly growing biomedical imaging technique for characterizing biological tissues that shows promise in a range of clinical applications, such as intraoperative breast-conserving surgery margin assessment. However, translating tissue optical properties to clinical pathology information is still a cumbersome problem due to, amongst other things, inter- and intrapatient variability, calibration, and ultimately the nonlinear behavior of light in turbid media. These challenges limit the ability of standard statistical methods to generate a simple model of pathology, requiring more advanced algorithms. We present a data-driven, nonlinear model of breast cancer pathology for real-time margin assessment of resected samples using optical properties derived from spatial frequency domain imaging data. A series of deep neural network models are employed to obtain sets of latent embeddings that relate optical data signatures to the underlying tissue pathology in a tractable manner. These self-explanatory models can translate absorption and scattering properties measured from pathology, while also being able to synthesize new data. The method was tested on a total of 70 resected breast tissue samples containing 137 regions of interest, achieving rapid optical property modeling with errors only limited by current semi-empirical models, allowing for mass sample synthesis and providing a systematic understanding of dataset properties, paving the way for deep automated margin assessment algorithms using structured light imaging or, in principle, any other optical imaging technique seeking modeling. Code is available.
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Leyba KA, Vasudevan S, O'Sullivan TD, Goergen CJ. Evaluation of Hemodynamics in a Murine Hindlimb Ischemia Model Using Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 53:557-566. [PMID: 32956499 PMCID: PMC7981275 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), an optical imaging technique capable of quantitatively measuring tissue hemodynamics over a large field-of-view, has captured the interest of scientists and clinicians due to its ability to image rapidly and noninvasively. The goal of this study was to apply SFDI in a preclinical murine model to assess its ability to measure hemodynamic changes due to hindlimb ischemia in vivo longitudinally. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Complete unilateral femoral artery ligation was performed on a total of nine C57BL/6J mice to induce ischemia in the left hindlimb. Changes in vascular perfusion in each mouse were monitored through SFDI acquisition of both the ischemic and control limbs throughout the course of 4 weeks. High-frequency pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound was also acquired to confirm occlusion of the left femoral artery post-ligation compared with the control limb, while histological analysis was used to quantify femoral artery lumen shape and size. RESULTS Tissue oxygen saturation in the ischemic limb normalized to the control limb decreased from a ratio of 0.96 ± 0.06 at baseline to 0.86 ± 0.10 at day 1, then 0.94 ± 0.06 at day 3, followed by 0.95 ± 0.14 at day 7, 0.91 ± 0.09 at day 14, 0.90 ± 0.09 at day 21, and 1.01 ± 0.09 at day 28. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate the utility of SFDI to detect hemodynamic changes in a preclinical murine model, as well as how to effectively use this tool to extract information regarding ischemia-induced hindlimb changes. In our model, we observed a decline in tissue oxygen saturation within one day post-ischemic injury, followed by a return to baseline values over the 4-week study period. While reducing skin artifacts and modifying camera hardware could still improve this murine imaging approach, our multimodality study presented here suggests that SFDI can be used to reliably characterize ischemia-mediated changes in a clinically relevant mouse model of peripheral arterial disease. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Leyba
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sandhya Vasudevan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Thomas D O'Sullivan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Applegate MB, Karrobi K, Angelo Jr. JP, Austin W, Tabassum SM, Aguénounon E, Tilbury K, Saager RB, Gioux S, Roblyer D. OpenSFDI: an open-source guide for constructing a spatial frequency domain imaging system. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-13. [PMID: 31925946 PMCID: PMC7008504 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.1.016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a diffuse optical measurement technique that can quantify tissue optical absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (<inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>) on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Measurements of μa at different wavelengths enable the extraction of molar concentrations of tissue chromophores over a wide field, providing a noncontact and label-free means to assess tissue viability, oxygenation, microarchitecture, and molecular content. We present here openSFDI: an open-source guide for building a low-cost, small-footprint, three-wavelength SFDI system capable of quantifying μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula> as well as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in biological tissue. The companion website provides a complete parts list along with detailed instructions for assembling the openSFDI system.<p> Aim: We describe the design of openSFDI and report on the accuracy and precision of optical property extractions for three different systems fabricated according to the instructions on the openSFDI website.</p> <p> Approach: Accuracy was assessed by measuring nine tissue-simulating optical phantoms with a physiologically relevant range of μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula> with the openSFDI systems and a commercial SFDI device. Precision was assessed by repeatedly measuring the same phantom over 1 h.</p> <p> Results: The openSFDI systems had an error of 0 ± 6 % in μa and -2 ± 3 % in <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>, compared to a commercial SFDI system. Bland-Altman analysis revealed the limits of agreement between the two systems to be ± 0.004 mm - 1 for μa and -0.06 to 0.1 mm - 1 for <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>. The openSFDI system had low drift with an average standard deviation of 0.0007 mm - 1 and 0.05 mm - 1 in μa and <inline-formula>μs'</inline-formula>, respectively.</p>,<p> Conclusion: The openSFDI provides a customizable hardware platform for research groups seeking to utilize SFDI for quantitative diffuse optical imaging.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Applegate
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Kavon Karrobi
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Wyatt Austin
- University of Maine, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Syeda M. Tabassum
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Karissa Tilbury
- University of Maine, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Orono, Maine, United States
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping Sweden
| | - Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Address all correspondence to Darren Roblyer, E-mail:
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Rowland R, Ponticorvo A, Jarrin Lopez A, Li S, Li X, Ichii H, Durkin AJ. Monitoring kidney optical properties during cold storage preservation with spatial frequency domain imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-7. [PMID: 31777223 PMCID: PMC6882458 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.11.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of kidneys results in delayed graft function in as many as 40% of cases. During the organ transplantation process, donor kidneys undergo a period of cold ischemic time (CIT), where the organ is preserved with a cold storage solution to maintain tissue viability. Some complications observed after grafting may be due to damage sustained to the kidney during CIT. However, the effects due to this damage are not apparent until well after transplant surgery has concluded. To this end, we have used spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to measure spatially resolved optical properties of porcine kidneys over the course of 80-h CIT. During this time, we observed an increase in both reduced scattering (μ s& ' ) and absorption (μa) coefficients. The measured scattering b parameter increased until 24 h of CIT, then returned toward baseline during the remaining duration of the imaging sequence. These results show that the optical properties of kidney tissue change with increasing CIT and suggest that continued investigation into the application of SFDI to kidneys under CIT may lead to the development of a noninvasive method for assessing graft viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rowland
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Alberto Jarrin Lopez
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, UC Irvine Division of Transplantation, Orange, California, United States
| | - Shiri Li
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, UC Irvine Division of Transplantation, Orange, California, United States
| | - Xiaodong Li
- UC Irvine Health Douglas Hospital, Department of Pathology, Orange, California, United States
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, UC Irvine Division of Transplantation, Orange, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
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6
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Torabzadeh M, Stockton P, Kennedy GT, Saager RB, Durkin AJ, Bartels RA, Tromberg BJ. Hyperspectral imaging in the spatial frequency domain with a supercontinuum source. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-9. [PMID: 31271005 PMCID: PMC6995957 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a method for quantitative hyperspectral optical imaging in the spatial frequency domain (hs-SFDI) to image tissue absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs') parameters over a broad spectral range. The hs-SFDI utilizes principles of spatial scanning of the spectrally dispersed output of a supercontinuum laser that is sinusoidally projected onto the tissue using a digital micromirror device. A scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera is used for capturing images that are demodulated and analyzed using SFDI computational models. The hs-SFDI performance is validated using tissue-simulating phantoms over a range of μa and μs' values. Quantitative hs-SFDI images are obtained from an ex-vivo beef sample to spatially resolve concentrations of oxy-, deoxy-, and met-hemoglobin, as well as water and fat fractions. Our results demonstrate that the hs-SFDI can quantitatively image tissue optical properties with 1000 spectral bins in the 580- to 950-nm range over a wide, scalable field of view. With an average accuracy of 6.7% and 12.3% in μa and μs', respectively, compared to conventional methods, hs-SFDI offers a promising approach for quantitative hyperspectral tissue optical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Torabzadeh
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Patrick Stockton
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Gordon T. Kennedy
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Rolf B. Saager
- Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Randy A. Bartels
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Bruce J. Tromberg, E-mail:
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7
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Gioux S, Mazhar A, Cuccia DJ. Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-18. [PMID: 31222987 PMCID: PMC6995958 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.7.071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
- Address all correspondence to Sylvain Gioux, E-mail:
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8
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Gioux S, Mazhar A, Cuccia DJ. Spatial frequency domain imaging in 2019: principles, applications, and perspectives. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019. [PMID: 31222987 DOI: 10.1117/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) has witnessed very rapid growth over the last decade, owing to its unique capabilities for imaging optical properties and chromophores over a large field-of-view and in a rapid manner. We provide a comprehensive review of the principles of this imaging method as of 2019, review the modeling of light propagation in this domain, describe acquisition methods, provide an understanding of the various implementations and their practical limitations, and finally review applications that have been published in the literature. Importantly, we also introduce a group effort by several key actors in the field for the dissemination of SFDI, including publications, advice in hardware and implementations, and processing code, all freely available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gioux
- University of Strasbourg, ICube Laboratory, Strasbourg, France
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9
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He X, Li T, Fu X, Jiang X, Gao Y, Rao X. Fast estimation of optical properties of pear using a single snapshot technique combined with a least-squares support vector regression model based on spatial frequency domain imaging. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:4075-4084. [PMID: 31158164 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spatial frequency domain imaging has great potential in agricultural produce quality control due to its advantage of wide-field mapping of absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs') parameters. However, it is not widely adopted in real applications due to the large time cost during image acquisition and inversion calculation processes. In this study, a single snapshot technique was used to obtain ac and dc components (Rd_ac, Rd_dc) of diffuse reflectance of turbid media (phantoms and pears). The validation results for the snapshot method indicate that at the spatial frequency of 1000/3 m-1, it achieved the optimal demodulation, by comparison with the results obtained by the commonly used time-domain amplitude demodulation method. Diffusion approximation, artificial neural network, least-squares support vector machine regression (LSSVR), and LSSVR combined with a genetic algorithm (LSSVR+GA) were then used to predict μa and μs' from the obtained Rd_ac, Rd_dc at the fx of 1000/3 m-1. Validation results indicated that the LSSVR method took the least time to calculate μa and μs' with high performance. The proposed imaging system and algorithm were implemented for the inspection of a pear bruise. Results indicated that the bruise, which is not obviously distinguishable in original gray maps, can show obvious contrast in calculated μa and μs' maps, especially in μa maps. Further, the contrast becomes more obvious with the passage of time. In summary, this study developed a low-cost spatial frequency imaging system and matching software that could realize fast detection of optical properties for a pear with the proposed snapshot and LSSVR algorithms.
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10
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Saidian M, Lakey JRT, Ponticorvo A, Rowland R, Baldado M, Williams J, Pronda M, Alexander M, Flores A, Shiri L, Zhang S, Choi B, Kohen R, Tromberg BJ, Durkin AJ. Characterisation of impaired wound healing in a preclinical model of induced diabetes using wide-field imaging and conventional immunohistochemistry assays. Int Wound J 2018; 16:144-152. [PMID: 30273979 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Major complications of diabetes lead to inflammation and oxidative stress, delayed wound healing, and persistent ulcers. The high morbidity, mortality rate, and associated costs of management suggest a need for non-invasive methods that will enable the early detection of at-risk tissue. We have compared the wound-healing process that occurs in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rats with non-diabetic controls using contrast changes in colour photography (ie, Weber Contrast) and the non-invasive optical method Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI). This technology can be used to quantify the structural and metabolic properties of in-vivo tissue by measuring oxyhaemoglobin concentration (HbO2 ), deoxyhaemoglobin concentration (Hb), and oxygen saturation (StO2 ) within the visible boundaries of each wound. We also evaluated the changes in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the dermis using immunohistochemistry. Contrast changes in colour photographs showed that diabetic rats healed at a slower rate in comparison with non-diabetic control, with the most significant change occurring at 7 days after the punch biopsy. We observed lower HbO2 , StO2 , and elevated Hb concentrations in the diabetic wounds. The iNOS level was higher in the dermis of the diabetic rats compared with the non-diabetic rats. Our results showed that, in diabetes, there is higher level of iNOS that can lead to an observed reduction in HbO2 levels. iNOS is linked to increased inflammation, leading to prolonged wound healing. Our results suggest that SFDI has potential as a non-invasive assessment of markers of wound-healing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayer Saidian
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Adrien Ponticorvo
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Rebecca Rowland
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Melissa Baldado
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Joshua Williams
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Maaikee Pronda
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Antonio Flores
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Li Shiri
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Stellar Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Roni Kohen
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Anthony J Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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11
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Angelo JP, van de Giessen M, Gioux S. Real-time endoscopic optical properties imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:5113-5126. [PMID: 29188107 PMCID: PMC5695957 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.005113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
With almost 50% of all surgeries in the U.S. being performed as minimally invasive procedures, there is a need to develop quantitative endoscopic imaging techniques to aid surgical guidance. Recent developments in widefield optical imaging make endoscopic implementations of real-time measurement possible. In this work, we introduce a proof-of-concept endoscopic implementation of a functional widefield imaging technique called 3D single snapshot of optical properties (3D-SSOP) that provides quantitative maps of absorption and reduced scattering optical properties as well as surface topography with simple instrumentation added to a commercial endoscope. The system's precision and accuracy is validated using tissue-mimicking phantoms, showing a max error of 0.004 mm-1, 0.05 mm-1, and 1.1 mm for absorption, reduced scattering, and sample topography, respectively. This study further demonstrates video acquisition of a moving phantom and an in vivo sample with a framerate of approximately 11 frames per second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Angelo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Sylvain Gioux
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- ICube Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, 300 Bd S. Brant, Illkirch, 67412 France
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Wilson RH, Crouzet C, Torabzadeh M, Bazrafkan A, Farahabadi MH, Jamasian B, Donga D, Alcocer J, Zaher SM, Choi B, Akbari Y, Tromberg BJ. High-speed spatial frequency domain imaging of rat cortex detects dynamic optical and physiological properties following cardiac arrest and resuscitation. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:045008. [PMID: 29296630 PMCID: PMC5742642 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.4.045008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying rapidly varying perturbations in cerebral tissue absorption and scattering can potentially help to characterize changes in brain function caused by ischemic trauma. We have developed a platform for rapid intrinsic signal brain optical imaging using macroscopically structured light. The device performs fast, multispectral, spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI), detecting backscattered light from three-phase binary square-wave projected patterns, which have a much higher refresh rate than sinusoidal patterns used in conventional SFDI. Although not as fast as "single-snapshot" spatial frequency methods that do not require three-phase projection, square-wave patterns allow accurate image demodulation in applications such as small animal imaging where the limited field of view does not allow single-phase demodulation. By using 655, 730, and 850 nm light-emitting diodes, two spatial frequencies ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]), three spatial phases (120 deg, 240 deg, and 360 deg), and an overall camera acquisition rate of 167 Hz, we map changes in tissue absorption and reduced scattering parameters ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentration at [Formula: see text]. We apply this method to a rat model of cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to quantify hemodynamics and scattering on temporal scales ([Formula: see text]) ranging from tens of milliseconds to minutes. We observe rapid concurrent spatiotemporal changes in tissue oxygenation and scattering during CA and following CPR, even when the cerebral electrical signal is absent. We conclude that square-wave SFDI provides an effective technical strategy for assessing cortical optical and physiological properties by balancing competing performance demands for fast signal acquisition, small fields of view, and quantitative information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Wilson
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Christian Crouzet
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Mohammad Torabzadeh
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Afsheen Bazrafkan
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Maryam H. Farahabadi
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Babak Jamasian
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Dishant Donga
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Juan Alcocer
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Shuhab M. Zaher
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Yama Akbari
- University of California, Department of Neurology, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Irvine, California, United States
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13
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Tabassum S, Zhao Y, Istfan R, Wu J, Waxman DJ, Roblyer D. Feasibility of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) for optically characterizing a preclinical oncology model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:4154-4170. [PMID: 27867722 PMCID: PMC5102554 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Determination of chemotherapy efficacy early during treatment would provide more opportunities for physicians to alter and adapt treatment plans. Diffuse optical technologies may be ideally suited to track early biological events following chemotherapy administration due to low cost and high information content. We evaluated the use of spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) to characterize a small animal tumor model in order to move towards the goal of endogenous optical monitoring of cancer therapy in a controlled preclinical setting. The effects of key measurement parameters including the choice of imaging spatial frequency and the repeatability of measurements were evaluated. The precision of SFDI optical property extractions over repeat mouse measurements was determined to be within 3.52% for move and replace experiments. Baseline optical properties and chromophore values as well as intratumor heterogeneity were evaluated over 25 tumors. Additionally, tumor growth and chemotherapy response were monitored over a 45 day longitudinal study in a small number of mice to demonstrate the ability of SFDI to track treatment effects. Optical scattering and oxygen saturation increased as much as 70% and 25% respectively in treated tumors, suggesting SFDI may be useful for preclinical tracking of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Tabassum
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary’s Street, Boston, MA 02215,USA
| | - Yanyu Zhao
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Raeef Istfan
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Junjie Wu
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David J. Waxman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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14
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Saager RB, Sharif A, Kelly KM, Durkin AJ. In vivo isolation of the effects of melanin from underlying hemodynamics across skin types using spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:57001. [PMID: 27143641 PMCID: PMC4890358 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.057001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a highly structured tissue, raising concerns as to whether skin pigmentation due to epidermal melanin may confound accurate measurements of underlying hemodynamics. Using both venous and arterial cuff occlusions as a means of inducing differential hemodynamic perturbations, we present analyses of spectra limited to the visible or near-infrared regime, in addition to a layered model approach. The influence of melanin, spanning Fitzpatrick skin types I to V, on underlying estimations of hemodynamics in skin as interpreted by these spectral regions are assessed. The layered model provides minimal cross-talk between melanin and hemodynamics and enables removal of problematic correlations between measured tissue oxygenation estimates and skin phototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Rolf B. Saager, E-mail:
| | - Ata Sharif
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Dermatology, 118 Medical Surge 1, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
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15
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Abookasis D, Volkov B, Shochat A, Kofman I. Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamic and brain metabolism parameters following closed head injury in a mouse model by comparative diffuse optical reflectance approaches. NEUROPHOTONICS 2016; 3:025003. [PMID: 27175372 PMCID: PMC4860005 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.3.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical techniques have gained substantial interest over the past four decades for biomedical imaging due to their unique advantages, which may suggest their use as alternatives to conventional methodologies. Several optical techniques have been successfully adapted to clinical practice and biomedical research to monitor tissue structure and function in both humans and animal models. This paper reviews the analysis of the optical properties of brain tissue in the wavelength range between 500 and 1000 nm by three different diffuse optical reflectance methods: spatially modulated illumination, orthogonal diffuse light spectroscopy, and dual-wavelength laser speckle imaging, to monitor changes in brain tissue morphology, chromophore content, and metabolism following head injury. After induction of closed head injury upon anesthetized mice by weight-drop method, significant changes in hemoglobin oxygen saturation, blood flow, and metabolism were readily detectible by all three optical setups, up to 1 h post-trauma. Furthermore, the experimental results clearly demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of the three methodologies, and the differences between the system performances and capabilities are also discussed. The long-term goal of this line of study is to combine these optical systems to study brain pathophysiology in high spatiotemporal resolution using additional models of brain trauma. Such combined use of complementary algorithms should fill the gaps in each system's capabilities, toward the development of a noninvasive, quantitative tool to expand our knowledge of the principles underlying brain function following trauma, and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Abookasis
- Ariel University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Address all correspondence to: David Abookasis, E-mail:
| | - Boris Volkov
- Ariel University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Ariel Shochat
- Ariel University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Itamar Kofman
- Ariel University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ariel 40700, Israel
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16
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Saager RB, Balu M, Crosignani V, Sharif A, Durkin AJ, Kelly KM, Tromberg BJ. In vivo measurements of cutaneous melanin across spatial scales: using multiphoton microscopy and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:066005. [PMID: 26065839 PMCID: PMC4463032 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.6.066005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of nonlinear optical microscopy and broadband reflectance techniques to assess melanin concentration and distribution thickness in vivo over the full range of Fitzpatrick skin types is presented. Twelve patients were measured using multiphoton microscopy (MPM) and spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS) on both dorsal forearm and volar arm, which are generally sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed areas, respectively. Both MPM and SFDS measured melanin volume fractions between (skin type I non-sun-exposed) and 20% (skin type VI sun exposed). MPM measured epidermal (anatomical) thickness values ~30-65 μm, while SFDS measured melanin distribution thickness based on diffuse optical path length. There was a strong correlation between melanin concentration and melanin distribution (epidermal) thickness measurements obtained using the two techniques. While SFDS does not have the ability to match the spatial resolution of MPM, this study demonstrates that melanin content as quantified using SFDS is linearly correlated with epidermal melanin as measured using MPM (R² = 0.8895). SFDS melanin distribution thickness is correlated to MPM values (R² = 0.8131). These techniques can be used individually and/or in combination to advance our understanding and guide therapies for pigmentation-related conditions as well as light-based treatments across a full range of skin types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf B. Saager
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Rolf B. Saager, E-mail:
| | - Mihaela Balu
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Viera Crosignani
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Ata Sharif
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
| | - Kristen M. Kelly
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
- University of California, Department of Dermatology, Irvine, California, 92697, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California, Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Irvine, California, 92612, United States
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17
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Saito T, Yamaguchi H. Optical imaging of hemoglobin oxygen saturation using a small number of spectral images for endoscopic application. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:126011. [PMID: 26720878 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.126011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue hypoxia is associated with tumor and inflammatory diseases, and detection of hypoxia is potentially useful for their detailed diagnosis. An endoscope system that can optically observe hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) would enable minimally invasive, real-time detection of lesion hypoxia in vivo. Currently, point measurement of tissue StO2 via endoscopy is possible using the commercial fiber-optic oximeter T-Stat, which is based on visible light spectroscopy at many wavelengths. For clinical use, however, imaging of StO2 is desirable to assess the distribution of tissue oxygenation around a lesion. Here, we describe our StO2 imaging technique based on a small number of wavelength ranges in the visible range. By assuming a homogeneous tissue, we demonstrated that tissue StO2 can be obtained independently from the scattering property and blood concentration of tissue using four spectral bands. We developed a prototype endoscope system and used it to observe tissue-simulating phantoms. The StO2 (%) values obtained using our technique agreed with those from the T-Stat within 10%. We also showed that tissue StO2 can be derived using three spectral band if the scattering property is fixed at preliminarily measured values.
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18
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Gardner AR, Hayakawa CK, Venugopalan V. Coupled forward-adjoint Monte Carlo simulation of spatial-angular light fields to determine optical sensitivity in turbid media. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:065003. [PMID: 24972356 PMCID: PMC4073599 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.6.065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a coupled forward-adjoint Monte Carlo (cFAMC) method to determine the spatially resolved sensitivity distributions produced by optical interrogation of three-dimensional (3-D) tissue volumes. We develop a general computational framework that computes the spatial and angular distributions of the forward-adjoint light fields to provide accurate computations in mesoscopic tissue volumes. We provide full computational details of the cFAMC method and provide results for low- and high-scattering tissues probed using a single pair of optical fibers. We examine the effects of source-detector separation and orientation on the sensitivity distributions and consider how the degree of angular discretization used in the 3-D tissue model impacts the accuracy of the resulting absorption sensitivity profiles. We discuss the value of such computations for optical imaging and the design of optical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Gardner
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92697-3010
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, California 92697-2575
| | - Carole K. Hayakawa
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92697-3010
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, California 92697-2575
| | - Vasan Venugopalan
- Beckman Laser Institute, Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92697-3010
- University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 916 Engineering Tower, Irvine, California 92697-2575
- Address all correspondence to: Vasan Venugopalan, E-mail:
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19
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Nadeau KP, Durkin AJ, Tromberg BJ. Advanced demodulation technique for the extraction of tissue optical properties and structural orientation contrast in the spatial frequency domain. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:056013. [PMID: 24858131 PMCID: PMC4031437 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.5.056013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a method for extracting spatial frequency information content from biological tissue, which is used to calculate tissue optical properties and determine tissue structural orientation. This demodulation method employs a two-dimensional Hilbert transform using a spiral phase function in Fourier space. The approach presented here allows for the determination of tissue optical properties using a single frame of data for each modulation frequency, increasing imaging speed by two to threefold versus conventional, three-phase spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI). This new single-phase Hilbert transform approach recovers optical property and scattering orientation index values within 1% and 10% of three-phase SFDI, respectively. These results suggest that, using the Hilbert demodulation technique, SFDI data acquisition speed can be increased significantly while preserving data quality, which will help us move forward toward the implementation of a real-time SFDI platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P. Nadeau
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Anthony J. Durkin
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, California 92612
- Address all correspondence to: Bruce J. Tromberg, E-mail:
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