1
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Takahashi S, Oguchi K, Kamei K, Mizuguchi T, Spratt SJ, Ozeki Y. Widely tunable fiber optical parametric oscillator synchronized with a Ti:sapphire laser for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3191-3199. [PMID: 38855684 PMCID: PMC11161345 DOI: 10.1364/boe.515446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a powerful vibrational imaging technique with high chemical specificity. However, the insufficient tuning range or speed of light sources limits the spectral range of SRS imaging and, hence, the ability to identify molecular species. Here, we present a widely tunable fiber optical parametric oscillator with a tuning range of 1470 cm-1, which can be synchronized with a Ti:sapphire laser. By using the synchronized light sources, we develop an SRS imaging system that covers the fingerprint and C-H stretching regions, without balanced detection. We validate its broadband imaging capability by visualizing a mixed polymer sample in multiple vibrational modes. We also demonstrate SRS imaging of HeLa cells, showing the applicability of our SRS microscope to biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Takahashi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kento Kamei
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takaha Mizuguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Spencer J. Spratt
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ozeki
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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2
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Gao M, Lüpken NM, Fallnich C. Highly efficient and widely tunable Si 3N 4 waveguide-based optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10899-10909. [PMID: 38570952 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate an efficient and widely tunable synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO) exploiting four-wave mixing (FWM) in a silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguide with inverted tapers. At a pump pulse duration of 2 ps, the waveguide-based OPO (WOPO) exhibited a high external pump-to-idler conversion efficiency of up to -7.64 dB at 74% pump depletion and a generation of up to 387 pJ output idler pulse energy around 1.13 μm wavelength. Additionally, the parametric oscillation resulted in a 64 dB amplification of idler power spectral density in comparison to spontaneous FWM, allowing for a wide idler wavelength tunability of 191 nm around 1.15 μm. Our WOPO represents a significant improvement of conversion efficiency as well as output energy among χ3 WOPOs, rendering an important step towards a highly efficient and widely tunable chip-based light source for, e.g., coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering.
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3
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Würthwein T, Wallmeier K, Brinkmann M, Hellwig T, Lüpken NM, Lemberger NS, Fallnich C. Multi-color stimulated Raman scattering with a frame-to-frame wavelength-tunable fiber-based light source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6228-6236. [PMID: 34745731 PMCID: PMC8547978 DOI: 10.1364/boe.436299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present multi-color imaging by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) enabled by an ultrafast fiber-based light source with integrated amplitude modulation and frame-to-frame wavelength tuning. With a relative intensity noise level of -153.7 dBc/Hz at 20.25 MHz the light source is well suited for SRS imaging and outperforms other fiber-based light source concepts for SRS imaging. The light source is tunable in under 5 ms per arbitrary wavelength step between 700 cm-1 and 3200 cm-1, which allows for addressing Raman resonances from the fingerprint to the CH-stretch region. Moreover, the compact and environmentally stable system is predestined for fast multi-color assessments of medical or rapidly evolving samples with high chemical specificity, paving the way for diagnostics and sensing outside of specialized laser laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Würthwein
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kristin Wallmeier
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Tim Hellwig
- Refined Laser Systems GmbH, Mendelstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Niklas M. Lüpken
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nick S. Lemberger
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Fallnich
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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4
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Becheker R, Touil M, Idlahcen S, Tang M, Haboucha A, Barviau B, Grisch F, Camy P, Godin T, Hideur A. High-energy normal-dispersion fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse oscillator. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6398-6401. [PMID: 33258821 DOI: 10.1364/ol.408367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse oscillator (FOPCPO) pumped in the normal-dispersion regime by chirped pulses at 1.036 µm. Highly chirped idler pulses tunable from 1210 nm to 1270 nm with energies higher than 250 nJ are generated from our system, along with signal pulses tunable from 870 nm to 910 nm. Numerical simulations demonstrate that further energy scaling is possible and paves the way for the use of such FOPCPOs for applications requiring high-energy, compact, and low-noise sources, such as in biophotonics or spectroscopy.
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5
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Hua Y, Zhou G, Liu W, Xin M, Kärtner FX, Chang G. Femtosecond two-color source synchronized at 100-as-precision based on SPM-enabled spectral selection. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3410-3413. [PMID: 32630858 DOI: 10.1364/ol.391161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate both numerically and experimentally that self-phase modulation-enabled spectral selection generates wavelength tunable energetic pulses that are tightly synchronized to the excitation pulses. The synchronization quantified by relative timing jitter is at the 100-as precision level, at least 10 times lower than can be achieved by Raman soliton pulses derived from the same source laser. This ultrafast two-color source is suitable for many important applications that require tight pulse synchronization.
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6
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Li Y, Zhao K, Cao B, Xiao X, Yang C. Carbon nanotube-synchronized dual-color fiber laser for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3329-3332. [PMID: 32538975 DOI: 10.1364/ol.393449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we present a passively synchronized dual-color fiber laser at 1.03 and 1.53 µm for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. This fiber laser consists of both Yb- and Er-doped laser cavities, combined by an ∼1.2m common branch with a single-walled carbon-nanotube-based saturable absorber. Stable passively synchronized mode-locked state is obtained within a total cavity length mismatch of 50 µm. We demonstrate the capability of the synchronized dual-color fiber laser for CARS spectroscopy in both low- and high-wavenumber regions, with a resolution of 6.6cm-1. Furthermore, a CARS image in the field of view 150×60µm2 of polystyrene at the Raman shift of 3041cm-1 has also been achieved. The results show the feasibility of our passively synchronized dual-color fiber laser to be employed as a stable and low-cost ultrafast laser source for CARS.
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7
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Uckermann O, Hirsch J, Galli R, Bendig J, Later R, Koch E, Schackert G, Steiner G, Tanaka E, Kirsch M. Label-free Imaging of Tissue Architecture during Axolotl Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Comparison to Functional Recovery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12641. [PMID: 31477751 PMCID: PMC6718386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral nerves hold the potential to regenerate after injuries; however, whether a successful axonal regrowth was achieved can be elucidated only months after injury by assessing function. The axolotl salamander is a regenerative model where nerves always regenerate quickly and fully after all types of injury. Here, de- and regeneration of the axolotl sciatic nerve were investigated in a single and double injury model by label-free multiphoton imaging in comparison to functional recovery. We used coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering to visualize myelin fragmentation and axonal regeneration. The presence of axons at the lesion site corresponded to onset of functional recovery in both lesion models. In addition, we detected axonal regrowth later in the double injury model in agreement with a higher severity of injury. Moreover, endogenous two-photon excited fluorescence visualized macrophages and revealed a similar timecourse of inflammation in both injury models, which did not correlate with functional recovery. Finally, using the same techniques, axonal structure and status of myelin were visualized in vivo after sciatic nerve injury. Label-free imaging is a new experimental approach that provides mechanistic insights in animal models, with the potential to be used in the future for investigation of regeneration after nerve injuries in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortrud Uckermann
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Joana Hirsch
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roberta Galli
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Bendig
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Later
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edmund Koch
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerald Steiner
- Clinical Sensoring and Monitoring, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elly Tanaka
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Neurosurgery, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- CRTD/DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden - Cluster of Excellence, Dresden, Germany
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8
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Brinkmann M, Fast A, Hellwig T, Pence I, Evans CL, Fallnich C. Portable all-fiber dual-output widely tunable light source for coherent Raman imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4437-4449. [PMID: 31565500 PMCID: PMC6757451 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a rapidly tunable dual-output all-fiber light source for coherent Raman imaging, based on a dispersively matched mode-locked laser pumping a parametric oscillator. Output pump and Stokes pulses with a maximal power of 170 and 400 mW, respectively, and equal durations of 7 ps could be generated. The tuning mechanism required no mechanical delay line, enabling all-electronic arbitrary wavelength switching across more than 2700 cm - 1 in less than 5 ms. The compact setup showed a reliable operation despite mechanical shocks of more than 25 m / s 2 and is, thus, well suited for operation in a mobile cart. Imaging mouse and human skin tissue with both the portable light source and a commercial laboratory-bound reference system yielded qualitatively equal results and verified the portable light source being well suited for coherent Raman microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Brinkmann
- Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Refined Laser Systems UG (haftungsbeschränkt), Münster, Germany
- Shared first author
| | - Alexander Fast
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Shared first author
| | - Tim Hellwig
- Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Refined Laser Systems UG (haftungsbeschränkt), Münster, Germany
| | - Isaac Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carsten Fallnich
- Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstr. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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9
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Yang K, Zheng S, Ye P, Hao Q, Huang K, Zeng H. Fiber-based optical parametric oscillator with flexible repetition rates by rational harmonic pumping. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:4897-4906. [PMID: 30876099 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.004897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated a fiber-based synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO) with flexible repetition rates while retaining the cavity length. In contrast to conventional free-space SPOPO, the repetition rate of output signal pulses was solely determined by the repetition rate of the pump source in harmonic, fractional and rational operations. The relevant mechanism relies on synchronous pumping and intrinsic losses in our fiber resonator. The novel scheme enabled us to flexibly tune the repetition rate from 0.5 to 6.0 MHz without altering the resonator configuration. The resulting pulse properties were systematically analyzed at various operation conditions, and particularly showed that a wavelength tuning range of 157 nm was obtained. Such rational harmonic resonance implemented in our SPOPO provides not only a simple yet effective way to tune the repetition rate, but also a feasible approach to narrow down the spectral bandwidth. The presented SPOPO could be useful in nonlinear biomedical imaging by offering a convenient approach to optimize the pulse repetition rate for different biomedical samples with minimum photodamage.
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10
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Yang S, Yang Y, Li J, Ding S, Chen H, Chen M, Xie S. Opto-electronic oscillator mediated by acoustic wave in a photonic crystal fiber stimulated in 1 μm band. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4879-4882. [PMID: 30320773 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An opto-electronic oscillator based on guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) stimulated by a light wave in 1 μm band is proposed and demonstrated. A short length of a homemade PCF stimulated by relatively low pump power leads to strong coupling between the pump and probe waves. The oscillation is realized in a feedback loop, in which the acoustic wave bridges the pump and probe. Oscillation is achieved at 1.237 GHz, which matches the resonance of the acoustic mode, in a single-longitudinal-mode operation of the hybrid cavity. It has a high side mode suppression ratio of over 60 dB.
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11
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Yang K, Zheng S, Wu Y, Ye P, Huang K, Hao Q, Zeng H. Low-repetition-rate all-fiber integrated optical parametric oscillator for coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:17519-17528. [PMID: 30119563 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.017519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
All-fiber optical parametric oscillator (OPO), offering advantages like robustness, compactness and low lost, has attracted intense interest in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. In typical fiber-based OPO configurations, detrimental nonlinear effects due to intense pump field in fiber coupling devices would inevitably degrade the spectral purity and conversion efficiency, especially when the OPO operated at low repetition rates. Here we demonstrated a new OPO design by placing the main amplifier inside the cavity, where the amplified pump pulses were directly coupled into the nonlinear fiber. Consequently, lower threshold, higher output power and narrower spectrum were obtained. In particular, effective suppression of spectral noise was experimentally observed, resulting in threshold reductions of 37.5%, 17.2%, and 5.2% with a comparison to a conventional OPO operating at repetition rates of 1, 2 and 3 MHz, respectively. Furthermore, the generated synchronized two-color laser sources at a low repetition rate were then employed to detect CH vibrational bands in an ethanol sample. This spectral tailored cavity design is expected to greatly promote the spread of compact all-fiber laser source to nonlinear biomedical imaging.
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12
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Gottschall T, Meyer T, Schmitt M, Popp J, Limpert J, Tünnermann A. Advances in laser concepts for multiplex, coherent Raman scattering micro-spectroscopy and imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Qiu Y, Wei X, Du S, Wong KKY, Tsia KK, Xu Y. Short pulse generation from a passively mode-locked fiber optical parametric oscillator with optical time-stretch. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:9565-9572. [PMID: 29715905 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.009565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a passively mode-locked fiber optical parametric oscillator assisted with optical time-stretch. Thanks to the lately developed optical time-stretch technique, the onset oscillating spectral components can be temporally dispersed across the pump envelope and further compete for the parametric gain with the other parts of onset oscillating sidebands within the pump envelope. By matching the amount of dispersion in optical time-stretch with the pulse width of the quasi-CW pump and oscillating one of the parametric sidebands inside the fiber cavity, we numerically show that the fiber parametric oscillator can be operated in a single pulse regime. By varying the amount of the intracavity dispersion, we further verify that the origin of this single pulse mode-locking regime is due to the optical pulse stretching and compression.
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14
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In-line balanced detection stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10745. [PMID: 28878228 PMCID: PMC5587718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel configuration for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, called In-line Balanced Detection (IBD), which employs a birefringent plate to generate a time-delayed polarization-multiplexed collinear replica of the probe, acting as a reference. Probe and reference cross the sample at the same position, thus maintaining their balance during image acquisition. IBD can be implemented in any conventional SRS setup, by adding a few simple elements, bringing its sensitivity close to the shot-noise limit even with a noisy laser. We tested IBD with a fiber-format laser system and observed signal-to-noise ratio improvement by up to 30 dB.
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15
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Brinkmann M, Hellwig T, Fallnich C. Optical parametric chirped pulse oscillation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12884-12895. [PMID: 28786640 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A concept to flexibly adjust the spectral bandwidth of the output pulses of a fiber optical parametric oscillator is presented. By adjusting the chirp of the pump pulses appropriate to the chirp of the resonant pulses, the energy of the output pulses can be transferred into a user-defined spectral bandwidth. For this concept of optical parametric chirped pulse oscillation, we present numerical simulations of a parametric oscillator, which is able to convert pump pulses with a spectral bandwidth of 3.3 nm into output pulses with an adjustable spectral bandwidth between 9 and 0.05 nm. Combined with a wavelength tunability between 1200 and 1300 nm and pulse energies of up to 100 nJ, the concept should allow to adapt a single all-fiber parametric oscillator to a variety of applications, e.g., in multimodal nonlinear microscopy.
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16
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Krafft C, Schie IW, Meyer T, Schmitt M, Popp J. Developments in spontaneous and coherent Raman scattering microscopic imaging for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:1819-49. [PMID: 26497570 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00564g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
First, the potential role of Raman-based techniques in biomedicine is introduced. Second, an overview about the instrumentation for spontaneous and coherent Raman scattering microscopic imaging is given with a focus of recent developments. Third, imaging strategies are summarized including sequential registration with laser scanning microscopes, line imaging and global or wide-field imaging. Finally, examples of biomedical applications are presented in the context of single cells, laser tweezers, tissue sections, biopsies and whole animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krafft
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - I W Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - T Meyer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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17
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Zlobina EA, Kablukov SI, Babin SA. All-PM CW fiber optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:25409-25414. [PMID: 27828479 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.025409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate for the first time a CW all-polarization maintaining (PM) all-fiber optical parametric oscillator (FOPO) based on a birefringent photonic crystal fiber pumped by a tunable linearly polarized ytterbium-doped fiber laser. The all-PM FOPO features polarization-adjustment-free tunable operation in wavelength range from 920 to 1000 nm for both the slow and the fast fiber axes with output power reaching 1.3 W.
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18
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Steinle T, Kumar V, Floess M, Steinmann A, Marangoni M, Koch C, Wege C, Cerullo G, Giessen H. Synchronization-free all-solid-state laser system for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16149. [PMID: 30167121 PMCID: PMC6059832 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an extremely simple and highly stable system for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. An 8-W, 450-fs Yb:KGW bulk oscillator with 41 MHz repetition rate pumps an optical parametric amplifier, which is seeded by a cw tunable external cavity diode laser. The output radiation is frequency doubled in a long PPLN crystal and generates 1.5-ps long narrowband pump pulses that are tunable between 760 and 820 nm with >50 mW average power. Part of the oscillator output is sent through an etalon and creates Stokes pulses with 100 mW average power and 1.7 ps duration. We demonstrate SRS microscopy at a 30-μs pixel dwell time with high chemical contrast, signal-to-noise ratio in excess of 45 and no need for balanced detection, thanks to the favorable noise properties of the bulk solid-state system. Cw seeding intrinsically ensures low spectral drift. We discuss its application to chemical contrast microscopy of freshly prepared plant tissue sections at different vibrational bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Steinle
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vikas Kumar
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Moritz Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andy Steinmann
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco Marangoni
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Koch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Dpt. of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Dpt. of Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Velázquez-Ibarra L, Díez A, Silvestre E, Andrés MV. Wideband tuning of four-wave mixing in solid-core liquid-filled photonic crystal fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2600-2603. [PMID: 27244424 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study of parametric four-wave mixing generation in photonic crystal fibers that have been infiltrated with ethanol. A silica photonic crystal fiber was designed to have the proper dispersion properties after ethanol infiltration for the generation of widely spaced four-wave mixing (FWM) bands under 1064 nm pumping. We demonstrate that the FWM bands can be tuned in a wide wavelength range through the thermo-optic effect. Band shifts of 175 and over 500 nm for the signal and idler bands, respectively, are reported. The reported results can be of interest in many applications, such as CARS microscopy.
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Brinkmann M, Janfrüchte S, Hellwig T, Dobner S, Fallnich C. Electronically and rapidly tunable fiber-integrable optical parametric oscillator for nonlinear microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2193-6. [PMID: 27176960 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a fiber-based optical parametric oscillator (FOPO) pumped by a fiber-coupled laser diode. The FOPO consisted of a photonic crystal fiber to convert the pump pulses via four-wave mixing and a dispersive resonator formed by a single-mode fiber. Via dispersion filtering, output pulses with a bandwidth of about 3 nm, a temporal duration of about 8 ps and a pulse energy of up to 22 nJ could be generated. By changing the repetition frequency of the pump laser diode by about ±1 kHz, the wavelength of the output pulses could be tuned between 1130 and 1310 nm within 8 μs, without the need to change the length of the resonator. Therewith, the FOPO should especially be suited for hyperspectral imaging, while its all-electronic control constitutes a promising approach to a turnkey and alignment-free light source.
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Abstract
Advancements in coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy have enabled label-free visualization and analysis of functional, endogenous biomolecules in living systems. When compared with spontaneous Raman microscopy, a key advantage of CRS microscopy is the dramatic improvement in imaging speed, which gives rise to real-time vibrational imaging of live biological samples. Using molecular vibrational signatures, recently developed hyperspectral CRS microscopy has improved the readout of chemical information available from CRS images. In this article, we review recent achievements in CRS microscopy, focusing on the theory of the CRS signal-to-noise ratio, imaging speed, technical developments, and applications of CRS imaging in bioscience and clinical settings. In addition, we present possible future directions that the use of this technology may take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
| | - Delong Zhang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907;
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Zhang L, Tuan TH, Kawamura H, Suzuki T, Ohishi Y. Optical parametric oscillator based on degenerate four-wave mixing in suspended core tellurite microstructured optical fiber. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:26299-26304. [PMID: 26480143 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.026299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on a suspended core tellurite microstructured optical fiber (TMOF) based optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The intracavity gain is provided by the degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) occurred in a 1.5-m-long TMOF synchronously pumped by a mode-locked picosecond erbium-doped fiber laser. The oscillated signal can be generated from 1606 nm to 1743.5 nm, and the idler can be emited from 1526.8 nm to 1395 nm by adjusting the pump wavelength from 1565.4 nm to 1551 nm. A total intenal conversion efficiency of -17.2 dB has been achieved.
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Lamb ES, Wise FW. Multimodal fiber source for nonlinear microscopy based on a dissipative soliton laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3248-55. [PMID: 26417497 PMCID: PMC4574653 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in high energy femtosecond fiber lasers have enabled robust and lower-cost sources for multiphoton-fluorescence and harmonic-generation imaging. However, picosecond pulses are better suited for Raman scattering microscopy, so the ideal multimodal source for nonlinear microcopy needs to provide both durations. Here we present spectral compression of a high-power femtosecond fiber laser as a route to producing transform-limited picosecond pulses. These pulses pump a fiber optical parametric oscillator to yield a robust fiber source capable of providing the synchronized picosecond pulse trains needed for Raman scattering microscopy. Thus, this system can be used as a multimodal platform for nonlinear microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S. Lamb
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853,
USA
| | - Frank W. Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853,
USA
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Zlobina EA, Kharenko DS, Kablukov SI, Babin SA. Four wave mixing of conventional and Raman dissipative solitons from single fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:16589-16594. [PMID: 26191671 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.016589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional (1015 nm) and Raman (1055 nm) dissipative solitons generated in an all-fiber Yb laser are mixed in an external photonic crystal fiber (PCF) at pulse energy of up to 4 nJ at the input. It has been found that red-shifted ~20 ps pulses with energy up to 1 nJ are generated in the parametric process. Their peak wavelength is tunable from 1084 to 1102 nm by means of the delay variation between the input pulses. At that, the parametric pulses are shown to be coherent with the input ones and compressible to ~2 ps that is useful in applications. The performed modeling explains the main features of generated pulses.
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Steinle T, Kumar V, Steinmann A, Marangoni M, Cerullo G, Giessen H. Compact, low-noise, all-solid-state laser system for stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:593-596. [PMID: 25680158 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly stable and compact laser source for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. cw-seeding of an optical parametric amplifier pumped by a bulk femtosecond Yb-oscillator and self-phase modulation in a tapered fiber allow for broad tunability without any optical or electronic synchronization. The source features noise levels of the Stokes beam close to the shot-noise limit at MHz modulation frequencies. We demonstrate the superior performance of our system by SRS imaging of micrometer-sized polymer beads.
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Gottschall T, Meyer T, Baumgartl M, Dietzek B, Popp J, Limpert J, Tünnermann A. Fiber-based optical parametric oscillator for high resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:21921-8. [PMID: 25321567 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Imaging based on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) relies on the interaction of high peak-power, synchronized picosecond pulses with narrow bandwidths and a well-defined frequency difference. Recently a new type of fiber-based CARS laser source based on four-wave-mixing (FWM) has been developed. In order to enhance its spectral resolution and efficiency, a FWM based fiber optical parametric oscillator (FOPO) is proposed in this work. The source delivers 180 mW with 5.6 kW peak power for the CARS pump and 130 mW with 2.9 kW peak power for the Stokes signal. CARS resonances around 2850 and 2930 cm(-1) can be resolved with a resolution of 1 cm(-1) enabling high-contrast, spectrally resolved CARS imaging of biological tissue.
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Xie R, Su J, Rentchler EC, Zhang Z, Johnson CK, Shi H, Hui R. Multi-modal label-free imaging based on a femtosecond fiber laser. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:2390-6. [PMID: 25071972 PMCID: PMC4102372 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.002390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate multi-mode microscopy based on a single femtosecond fiber laser. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and photothermal images can be obtained simultaneously with this simplified setup. Distributions of lipid and hemoglobin in sliced mouse brain samples and blood cells are imaged. The dependency of signal amplitude on the pump power and pump modulation frequency is characterized, which allows to isolate the impact from different contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Xie
- Department Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Jue Su
- Department Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Eric C. Rentchler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Carey K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Honglian Shi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Rongqing Hui
- Department Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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Coluccelli N, Kumar V, Cassinerio M, Galzerano G, Marangoni M, Cerullo G. Er/Tm:fiber laser system for coherent Raman microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:3090-3. [PMID: 24875984 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.003090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel architecture for a fiber-based hybrid laser system for coherent Raman microscopy, combining an amplified Er:fiber femtosecond oscillator with a Tm:fiber amplifier boosting the power of the 2-μm portion of a supercontinuum up to 300 mW. This is enough to obtain, by means of nonlinear spectral compression, sub-20-cm(-1) wide pump and Stokes pulses with 2500-3300 cm(-1) frequency detuning and average power at the 100-mW level. Application of this system to stimulated Raman scattering microscopy is discussed.
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Epping JP, Kues M, van der Slot PJM, Lee CJ, Fallnich C, Boller KJ. Integrated CARS source based on seeded four-wave mixing in silicon nitride. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:32123-32129. [PMID: 24514806 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.032123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical investigation of an integrated nonlinear light source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) based on silicon nitride waveguides. Wavelength tunable and temporally synchronized signal and idler pulses are obtained by using seeded four-wave mixing. We find that the calculated input pump power needed for nonlinear wavelength generation is more than one order of magnitude lower than in previously reported approaches based on optical fibers. The tuning range of the wavelength conversion was calculated to be 1418 nm to 1518 nm (idler) and 788 nm to 857 nm (signal), which corresponds to a coverage of vibrational transitions from 2350 cm-1 to 2810 cm-1. A maximum conversion efficiency of 19.1% at a peak pump power of 300 W is predicted.
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Xu C, Wise FW. Recent Advances in Fiber Lasers for Nonlinear Microscopy. NATURE PHOTONICS 2013; 7:10.1038/nphoton.2013.284. [PMID: 24416074 PMCID: PMC3887125 DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy techniques developed over the past two decades have provided dramatic new capabilities for biological imaging. The initial demonstrations of nonlinear microscopies coincided with the development of solid-state femtosecond lasers, which continue to dominate applications of nonlinear microscopy. Fiber lasers offer attractive features for biological and biomedical imaging, and recent advances are leading to high-performance sources with the potential for robust, inexpensive, integrated instruments. This article discusses recent advances, and identifies challenges and opportunities for fiber lasers in nonlinear bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - F W Wise
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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