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Wang Y, Bi Z, Song Y, Duan L, Chen SC. Selective activation of photoactivatable fluorescent protein based on binary holography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3382-3393. [PMID: 38855656 PMCID: PMC11161383 DOI: 10.1364/boe.519531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The ability to deliver laser doses to different target locations with high spatial and temporal resolution has been a long-sought goal in photo-stimulation and optogenetics research via, for example, photoactivatable proteins. These light-sensitive proteins undergo conformational changes upon photoactivation, serving functions such as triggering fluorescence, modulating ion channel activities, or initiating biochemical reactions within cells. Conventionally, photo-stimulation on light-sensitive proteins is performed by serially scanning a laser focus or via 2D projection, which is limited by relatively low spatiotemporal resolution. In this work, we present a programmable two-photon stimulation method based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) and binary holography to perform the activation of photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PAGFP) in live cells. This method achieved grayscale and 3D selective PAGFP activation with subcellular resolution. In the experiments, we demonstrated the 3D activation capability and investigated the diffusion dynamics of activated PAGFP on the cell membrane. A regional difference in cell membrane diffusivity was observed, indicating the great potential of our approach in interrogating the spatiotemporal dynamics of cellular processes inside living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Perceptual and Interactive Intelligence (CPII), Hong Kong Science Park, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhenyu Bi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yutong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liting Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shih-Chi Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Perceptual and Interactive Intelligence (CPII), Hong Kong Science Park, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhang Q, Hu Q, Berlage C, Kner P, Judkewitz B, Booth M, Ji N. Adaptive optics for optical microscopy [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1732-1756. [PMID: 37078027 PMCID: PMC10110298 DOI: 10.1364/boe.479886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is widely used to visualize fine structures. When applied to bioimaging, its performance is often degraded by sample-induced aberrations. In recent years, adaptive optics (AO), originally developed to correct for atmosphere-associated aberrations, has been applied to a wide range of microscopy modalities, enabling high- or super-resolution imaging of biological structure and function in complex tissues. Here, we review classic and recently developed AO techniques and their applications in optical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrong Zhang
- Department of Physics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Caroline Berlage
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Biology, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin Judkewitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Na Ji
- Department of Physics, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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A one-photon endoscope for simultaneous patterned optogenetic stimulation and calcium imaging in freely behaving mice. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 7:499-510. [PMID: 35970930 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics and calcium imaging can be combined to simultaneously stimulate and record neural activity in vivo. However, this usually requires two-photon microscopes, which are not portable nor affordable. Here we report the design and implementation of a miniaturized one-photon endoscope for performing simultaneous optogenetic stimulation and calcium imaging. By integrating digital micromirrors, the endoscope makes it possible to activate any neuron of choice within the field of view, and to apply arbitrary spatiotemporal patterns of photostimulation while imaging calcium activity. We used the endoscope to image striatal neurons from either the direct pathway or the indirect pathway in freely moving mice while activating any chosen neuron in the field of view. The endoscope also allows for the selection of neurons based on their relationship with specific animal behaviour, and to recreate the behaviour by mimicking the natural neural activity with photostimulation. The miniaturized endoscope may facilitate the study of how neural activity gives rise to behaviour in freely moving animals.
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Wu YC, Chang JC, Chang CY. Adaptive optics for dynamic aberration compensation using parallel model-based controllers based on a field programmable gate array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21129-21142. [PMID: 34265906 DOI: 10.1364/oe.428247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) is an effective technique for compensating the aberrations in optical systems and restoring their performance for various applications such as image formation, laser processing, and beam shaping. To reduce the controller complexity and extend the compensation capacity from static aberrations to dynamic disturbances, the present study proposes an AO system consisting of a self-built Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWS), a deformable mirror (DM), and field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based controllers. This AO system is developed for tracking static and dynamic disturbances and tuning the controller parameters as required to achieve rapid compensation of the incoming wavefront. In the proposed system, the FPGA estimates the coefficients of the eight Zernike modes based on the SHWS with CameraLink operated at 200 Hz. The estimated coefficients are then processed by eight parallel independent discrete controllers to generate the voltage vectors to drive the DM to compensate the aberrations. To have the DM model for controller design, the voltage vectors are identified offline and are optimized by closed-loop controllers. Furthermore, the controller parameters are tuned dynamically in accordance with the main frequency of the aberration as determined by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) process. The experimental results show that the AO system provides a low complexity and effective means of compensating both static aberrations and dynamic disturbance up to 20 Hz.
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Dong X, Tong G, Song X, Xiao X, Yu Y. DMD-based hyperspectral microscopy with flexible multiline parallel scanning. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:68. [PMID: 34567780 PMCID: PMC8433375 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most common hyperspectral microscopy (HSM) techniques, line-scanning HSM is currently utilized in many fields. However, its scanning efficiency is still considered to be inadequate since many biological and chemical processes occur too rapidly to be captured. Accordingly, in this work, a digital micromirror device (DMD) based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is utilized to demonstrate a flexible multiline scanning HSM system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first line-scanning HSM system in which the number of scanning lines N can be tuned by simply changing the DMD's parallel scanning units according to diverse applications. This brilliant strategy of effortless adjustability relies only on on-chip scanning methods and totally exploits the benefits of parallelization, aiming to achieve nearly an N-time improvement in the detection efficiency and an N-time decrease in the scanning time and data volume compared with the single-line method under the same operating conditions. To validate this, we selected a few samples of different spectral wavebands to perform reflection imaging, transmission imaging, and fluorescence imaging with varying numbers of scanning lines. The results show the great potential of our DMD-based HSM system for the rapid development of cellular biology, material analysis, and so on. In addition, its on-chip scanning process eliminates the inherent microscopic architecture, making the whole system compact, lightweight, portable, and not subject to site constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Geng Tong
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Xuankun Song
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Xingchen Xiao
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
| | - Yiting Yu
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518057 China
- Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace (Ministry of Education), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 China
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Chen D, Ren M, Zhang D, Chen J, Gu S, Chen SC. Design of a multi-modality DMD-based two-photon microscope system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:30187-30198. [PMID: 33114902 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the modular design and characterization of a multi-modality video-rate two-photon excitation (TPE) microscope based on integrating a digital micromirror device (DMD), which functions as an ultrafast beam shaper and random-access scanner, with a pair of galvanometric scanners. The TPE microscope system realizes a suite of new imaging functionalities, including (1) multi-layer imaging with 3D programmable imaging planes, (2) DMD-based wavefront correction, and (3) multi-focus optical stimulation (up to 22.7 kHz) with simultaneous TPE imaging, all in real-time. We also report the detailed optomechanical design and software development that achieves high level system automation. To verify the performance of different microscope functions, we have devised and performed imaging experiments on Drosophila brain, mouse kidney and human stem cells. The results not only show improved imaging resolution and depths via the DMD-based adaptive optics, but also demonstrate fast multi-focus stimulation for the first time. With the new imaging capabilities, e.g., tools for optogenetics, the multi-modality TPE microscope may play a critical role in the applications pertinent to neuroscience and biophotonics.
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Wang Y, Li H, Hu Q, Cheng X, Chen R, Lv X, Zeng S. Aberration-corrected three-dimensional non-inertial scanning for femtosecond lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:29904-29917. [PMID: 33114879 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large aberrations are induced by non-collimated light when the convergence or divergence of the incident beam on the back-pupil plane of the objective lens is adjusted for 3D non-inertial scanning. These aberrations significantly degrade the focus quality and decrease the peak intensity of the femtosecond laser focal spot. Here, we describe an aberration-corrected 3D non-inertial scanning method for femtosecond lasers based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) that is used for both beam scanning and aberration correction. An imaging setup is used to detect the focal spot in the 3D space, and an iterative optimization algorithm is used to optimize the focal spot. We demonstrate the application of our proposed approach in two-photon imaging. With correction for the 200-µm out-of-focal plane, the optical axial resolution improves from 7.67 to 3.25 µm, and the intensity of the fluorescence signal exhibits an almost fivefold improvement when a 40× objective lens is used. This aberration-corrected 3D non-inertial scanning method for femtosecond lasers offers a new approach for a variety of potential applications, including nonlinear optical imaging, microfabrication, and optical storage.
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