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Hamrouni M, Jankowski M, Hwang AY, Flemens N, Mishra J, Langrock C, Safavi-Naeini AH, Fejer MM, Südmeyer T. Picojoule-level supercontinuum generation in thin-film lithium niobate on sapphire. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:12004-12011. [PMID: 38571035 DOI: 10.1364/oe.514649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate ultraviolet-to-mid-infrared supercontinuum generation (SCG) inside thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) on sapphire nanowaveguides. This platform combines wavelength-scale confinement and quasi-phasematched nonlinear interactions with a broad transparency window extending from 350 to 4500 nm. Our approach relies on group-velocity-matched second-harmonic generation, which uses an interplay between saturation and a small phase-mismatch to generate a spectrally broadened fundamental and second harmonic using only a few picojoules of in-coupled fundamental pulse energies. As the on-chip pulse energy is increased to tens of picojoules, these nanowaveguides generate harmonics up to the fifth order by a cascade of sum-frequency mixing processes. For in-coupled pulse energies in excess of 25 picojoules, these harmonics merge together to form a supercontinuum spanning 360-2660 nm. We use the overlap between the first two harmonic spectra to detect f-2f beatnotes of the driving laser directly at the waveguide output, which verifies the coherence of the generated harmonics. These results establish TFLN-on-sapphire as a viable platform for generating ultra-broadband coherent light spanning from the ultraviolet to mid-infrared spectral regions.
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2
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He C, Xiao X, Xu Y, Xiao Y, Zhang H, Guo H. Numerical and experimental investigations on the propagation property of a mid-infrared 7 × 1 multimode fiber combiner. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:22113-22126. [PMID: 37381293 DOI: 10.1364/oe.491674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared fiber combiners have great potential in power and spectral combination. However, studies on mid-infrared transmission optical field distributions using these combiners are limited. In this study, we designed and fabricated a 7 × 1 multimode fiber combiner based on sulfur-based glass fibers and observed approximately 80% per-port transmission efficiency at 4.778 µm wavelength. We investigated the propagation properties of the prepared combiners and explored the effects of transmission wavelength, output fiber length, and fusion deviation on the transmitted optical field and beam quality factor M2. Additionally, we assessed the effect of coupling on the excitation mode and spectral combination of the mid-infrared fiber combiner for multiple light sources. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the propagation properties of the mid-infrared multimode fiber combiners, which may find applications in high-beam-quality laser devices.
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Brès CS, Della Torre A, Grassani D, Brasch V, Grillet C, Monat C. Supercontinuum in integrated photonics: generation, applications, challenges, and perspectives. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:1199-1244. [PMID: 36969949 PMCID: PMC10031268 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Frequency conversion in nonlinear materials is an extremely useful solution to the generation of new optical frequencies. Often, it is the only viable solution to realize light sources highly relevant for applications in science and industry. In particular, supercontinuum generation in waveguides, defined as the extreme spectral broadening of an input pulsed laser light, is a powerful technique to bridge distant spectral regions based on single-pass geometry, without requiring additional seed lasers or temporal synchronization. Owing to the influence of dispersion on the nonlinear broadening physics, supercontinuum generation had its breakthrough with the advent of photonic crystal fibers, which permitted an advanced control of light confinement, thereby greatly improving our understanding of the underlying phenomena responsible for supercontinuum generation. More recently, maturing in fabrication of photonic integrated waveguides has resulted in access to supercontinuum generation platforms benefiting from precise lithographic control of dispersion, high yield, compact footprint, and improved power consumption. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of supercontinuum generation in chip-based platforms, from underlying physics mechanisms up to the most recent and significant demonstrations. The diversity of integrated material platforms, as well as specific features of waveguides, is opening new opportunities, as will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille-Sophie Brès
- Photonic Systems Laboratory (PHOSL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Della Torre
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
| | - Davide Grassani
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM), 2000Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Grillet
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
| | - Christelle Monat
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL) UMR CNRS 5270, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131Ecully, France
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4
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Annunziato A, Anelli F, Du Teilleul PLP, Cozic S, Poulain S, Prudenzano F. Fused optical fiber combiner based on indium fluoride glass: perspectives for mid-IR applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:44160-44174. [PMID: 36523097 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the design and characterization of a 3 × 1 fused fiber combiner based on multimode step-index fluoroindate optical fibers (InF3) has been performed. Several efforts to develop a well-consolidated normalization procedure and a fabrication protocol have been required due to the low melting temperature and the mechanical properties of fluoroindates. Fabrication results demonstrate repeatability and absence of crystallization. Therefore, the described fabrication process paves the way for manufacturing fluoroindate devices. The electromagnetic design of the combiner is carried out through modal investigation and beam propagation method by computing the transmission efficiency. The experimental results agree with the simulation and demonstrate the device feasibility to operate in the mid-infrared spectral range.
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Ibnoussina M, Coillet A, Dory JB, Jager JB, Colman P, Noé P, Cluzel B. Heterodyne interferometry applied to the characterization of nonlinear integrated waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5053-5056. [PMID: 32932451 DOI: 10.1364/ol.399512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that heterodyne interferometry makes it possible to accurately measure minute nonlinear phase shifts with little constraint on the propagation loss or chromatic dispersion. We apply this technique to characterize the effective nonlinearity of silicon nitride rib waveguides in the normal and anomalous dispersion regimes.
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6
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Aktas O, Oo SZ, MacFarquhar SJ, Mittal V, Chong HMH, Peacock AC. Laser-Driven Phase Segregation and Tailoring of Compositionally Graded Microstructures in Si-Ge Nanoscale Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9457-9467. [PMID: 32008314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate the composition of semiconductor alloys on demand and at nanometer-scale resolutions is a powerful tool that could be exploited to tune key properties such as the electronic band gap, mobility, and refractive index. However, existing methods to modify the composition involve altering the stoichiometry by temporal or spatial modulation of the process parameters during material growth, limiting the scalability and flexibility for device fabrication. Here, we report a laser processing method for localized tailoring of the composition in amorphous silicon-germanium (a-SiGe) nanoscale thin films on silicon substrates, postdeposition, by controlling phase segregation through the scan speed of the laser-induced molten zone. Laser-driven phase segregation at speeds adjustable from 0.1 to 100 mm s-1 allows access to previously unexplored solidification dynamics. The steady-state spatial distribution of the alloy constituents can be tuned directly by setting the laser scan speed constant to achieve indefinitely long Si1-xGex microstructures, exhibiting the full range of compositions (0 < x < 1). To illustrate the potential, we demonstrate a photodetection application by exploiting the laser-written polycrystalline SiGe microstripes, showing tunability of the optical absorption edge over a wavelength range of 200 nm. Our method can be applied to pseudobinary alloys of ternary semiconductors, metals, ceramics, and organic crystals, which have phase diagrams similar to those of SiGe alloys. This study opens a route for direct laser writing of novel devices made of alloy microstructures with tunable composition profiles, including graded-index waveguides and metasurfaces, multispectral photodetectors, full-spectrum solar cells, and lateral heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Aktas
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Swe Z Oo
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
- School of Electronics and Computer Science , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Stuart J MacFarquhar
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Vinita Mittal
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
| | - Harold M H Chong
- School of Electronics and Computer Science , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
- School of Materials Science , Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology , Nomi , Ishikawa 923-1292 , Japan
| | - Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre , University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , U.K
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7
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Zheng A, Sun Q, Wang L, Liu M, Zeng C, Wang G, Zhang L, Fan W, Zhao W, Zhang W. Impact of third-order dispersion and three-photon absorption on mid-infrared time magnification via four-wave mixing in Si 0.8Ge 0.2 waveguides. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:1187-1192. [PMID: 32225259 DOI: 10.1364/ao.379232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of third-order dispersion of dispersive elements, three-photon absorption and free-carrier effects on mid-infrared time magnification via four-wave mixing (FWM) in ${{\rm Si}_{0.8}}{{\rm Ge}_{0.2}}$Si0.8Ge0.2 waveguides. It is found that the magnified waveform is seriously distorted by these factors, and conversion efficiency is decreased, mainly because of nonlinear absorption. A time lens based on FWM in ${{\rm Si}_{0.8}}{{\rm Ge}_{0.2}}$Si0.8Ge0.2 waveguides is proposed for time magnification of mid-infrared ultrashort pulses, in which the low-distortion, high-magnification in the time domain could be obtained by optimizing system parameters. These results make it possible to analyze the transient dynamic process through oscilloscopes and detectors with gigahertz bandwidth and have important applications in ultrafast process analysis, optical pulse sampling, and optical communications.
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8
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Singh N, Vermulen D, Ruocco A, Li N, Ippen E, Kärtner FX, Watts MR. Supercontinuum generation in varying dispersion and birefringent silicon waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31698-31712. [PMID: 31684397 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ability to selectively enhance the amplitude and maintain high coherence of the supercontinuum signal with long pulses is gaining significance. In this work, an extra degree of freedom afforded by varying the dispersion profile of a waveguide is utilized to selectively enhance supercontinuum. As much as 16 dB signal enhancement in the telecom window and 100 nm of wavelength extension is achieved with a cascaded waveguide, compared to a fixed dispersion waveguide. Waveguide tapering, in particular with increasing width, is determined to have a flatter and more coherent supercontinuum than a fixed dispersion waveguide when longer input pulses are used. Furthermore, due to the strong birefringence of an asymmetric silicon waveguide the supercontinuum signal is broadened by pumping simultaneously with both quasi-transverse electric (TE) and quasi-transverse magnetic (TM) mode in the anomalous dispersion regime. Thus, selective signal generation is obtained by controlling the dispersion for the two modes. Such waveguides offer several advantages over optical fiber as the variation in dispersion can be controlled with greater flexibility in an integrated platform. This work paves the way forward for various applications in fields ranging from medicine to telecom where specific wavelength windows need to be targeted.
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9
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Benderov O, Nechepurenko I, Stepanov B, Tebeneva T, Kotereva T, Snopatin G, Skripachev I, Spiridonov M, Rodin A. Broadband mid-IR chalcogenide fiber couplers. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:7222-7226. [PMID: 31503997 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.007222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a broadband As2S3-based fiber coupler operating up to the 5.4 μm wavelength range developed by using a fused biconical tapering technique. During the manufacturing process, real-time data monitoring of the coupling ratio was at 2.64 μm. The measurement of minimal excess loss was at less than 1 dB in the range of 5-5.4 μm. Also, fiber bend loss was numerically analyzed to determine optimal coupler geometric parameters.
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10
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Gonzalez GFC, Malinowski M, Honardoost A, Fathpour S. Design of a hybrid chalcogenide-glass on lithium-niobate waveguide structure for high-performance cascaded third- and second-order optical nonlinearities. APPLIED OPTICS 2019; 58:D1-D6. [PMID: 31044813 DOI: 10.1364/ao.58.0000d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion engineering for efficient supercontinuum generation (SCG) is investigated in a hybrid nonlinear photonic platform that allows cascaded third- and second-order optical nonlinearities in transverse-electric (TE) guided modes. The highly nonlinear chalcogenide waveguides enable SCG spanning over 1.25 octaves (from about 1160 nm to more than 2800 nm at 20 dB below maximum power), while the TE polarization attained is compatible with efficient second-harmonic generation in a subsequent thin-film lithium niobate waveguide integrated monolithically on the same chip. A low-energy pump pulsed laser source of only 25 pJ with 250 fs duration, centered at a wavelength of 1550 nm, can achieve such wideband SCG. The design presented is suitable for the f-to-2f carrier-envelope offset detection technique of stabilized optical frequency comb sources.
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11
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Liu Q, Ramirez JM, Vakarin V, Le Roux X, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Simola ET, Alonso-Ramos C, Benedikovic D, Bouville D, Vivien L, Isella G, Marris-Morini D. On-chip Bragg grating waveguides and Fabry-Perot resonators for long-wave infrared operation up to 8.4 µm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:34366-34372. [PMID: 30650859 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.034366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taking advantage of unique molecular absorption lines in the mid-infrared fingerprint region and of the atmosphere transparency window (3-5 µm and 8-14 µm), mid-infrared silicon photonics has attracted more research activities with a great potential for applications in different areas, including spectroscopy, remote sensing, free-space communication and many others. However, the demonstration of resonant structures operating at long-wave infrared wavelengths still remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate Bragg grating-based Fabry-Perot resonators based on Ge-rich SiGe waveguides with broadband operation in the mid-infrared. Bragg grating waveguides are investigated first at different wavelengths from 5.4 µm up to 8.4 µm, showing a rejection band up to 21 dB. Integrated Fabry-Perot resonators are then demonstrated for the first time in the 8 µm-wavelength range, showing Q-factors as high as 2200. This first demonstration of integrated mid-infrared Fabry-Perot resonators paves the way towards resonance-enhanced sensing circuits and non-linear based devices at these wavelengths.
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12
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Octave Spanning Supercontinuum in Titanium Dioxide Waveguides. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Singh N, Xin M, Vermeulen D, Shtyrkova K, Li N, Callahan PT, Magden ES, Ruocco A, Fahrenkopf N, Baiocco C, Kuo BPP, Radic S, Ippen E, Kärtner FX, Watts MR. Octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum generation in silicon on insulator from 1.06 μm to beyond 2.4 μm. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17131. [PMID: 30839639 PMCID: PMC6107049 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Efficient complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-based nonlinear optical devices in the near-infrared are in strong demand. Due to two-photon absorption in silicon, however, much nonlinear research is shifting towards unconventional photonics platforms. In this work, we demonstrate the generation of an octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum in a silicon waveguide covering the spectral region from the near- to shortwave-infrared. With input pulses of 18 pJ in energy, the generated signal spans the wavelength range from the edge of the silicon transmission window, approximately 1.06 to beyond 2.4 μm, with a -20 dB bandwidth covering 1.124-2.4 μm. An octave-spanning supercontinuum was also observed at the energy levels as low as 4 pJ (-35 dB bandwidth). We also measured the coherence over an octave, obtaining , in good agreement with the simulations. In addition, we demonstrate optimization of the third-order dispersion of the waveguide to strengthen the dispersive wave and discuss the advantage of having a soliton at the long wavelength edge of an octave-spanning signal for nonlinear applications. This research paves the way for applications, such as chip-scale precision spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, optical frequency metrology, frequency synthesis and wide-band wavelength division multiplexing in the telecom window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetesh Singh
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ming Xin
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Diedrik Vermeulen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Katia Shtyrkova
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nanxi Li
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Patrick T Callahan
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emir Salih Magden
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alfonso Ruocco
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Fahrenkopf
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Christopher Baiocco
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Bill P-P Kuo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Stojan Radic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Erich Ippen
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Franz X Kärtner
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Centre for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL)-DESY and University of Hamburg, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Michael R Watts
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Serna S, Vakarin V, Ramirez JM, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Le Roux X, Vivien L, Isella G, Cassan E, Dubreuil N, Marris-Morini D. Nonlinear Properties of Ge-rich Si 1-xGe x Materials with Different Ge Concentrations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14692. [PMID: 29116201 PMCID: PMC5677089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon photonics is a large volume and large scale integration platform for applications from long-haul optical telecommunications to intra-chip interconnects. Extension to the mid-IR wavelength range is now largely investigated, mainly driven by absorption spectroscopy applications. Germanium (Ge) is particularly compelling as it has a broad transparency window up to 15 µm and a much higher third-order nonlinear coefficient than silicon which is very promising for the demonstration of efficient non-linear optics based active devices. Si1−xGex alloys have been recently studied due to their ability to fine-tune the bandgap and refractive index. The material nonlinearities are very sensitive to any modification of the energy bands, so Si1−xGex alloys are particularly interesting for nonlinear device engineering. We report on the first third order nonlinear experimental characterization of Ge-rich Si1−xGex waveguides, with Ge concentrations x ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. The characterization performed at 1580 nm is compared with theoretical models and a discussion about the prediction of the nonlinear properties in the mid-IR is introduced. These results will provide helpful insights to assist the design of nonlinear integrated optical based devices in both the near- and mid-IR wavelength ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Serna
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France. .,Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127, Palaiseau cedex, France.
| | - Vladyslav Vakarin
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Joan-Manel Ramirez
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Jacopo Frigerio
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Xavier Le Roux
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Laurent Vivien
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Giovanni Isella
- L-NESS, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Polo di Como, Via Anzani 42, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Eric Cassan
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Dubreuil
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 2 Avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91127, Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Delphine Marris-Morini
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, C2N - Orsay, 91405, Orsay cedex, France
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15
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Vakarin V, Ramírez JM, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Le Roux X, Liu Q, Bouville D, Vivien L, Isella G, Marris-Morini D. Ultra-wideband Ge-rich silicon germanium integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer for mid-infrared spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3482-3485. [PMID: 28957068 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This Letter explores the use of Ge-rich Si0.2Ge0.8 waveguides on graded Si1-xGex substrate for the demonstration of ultra-wideband photonic integrated circuits in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelength range. We designed, fabricated, and characterized broadband Mach-Zehnder interferometers fully covering a range of 3 μm in the mid-IR band. The fabricated devices operate indistinctly in quasi-TE and quasi-TM polarizations, and have an extinction ratio higher than 10 dB over the entire operating wavelength range. The obtained results are in good correlation with theoretical predictions, while numerical simulations indicate that the device bandwidth can reach one octave with low additional losses. This Letter paves the way for further realization of mid-IR integrated spectrometers using low-index-contrast Si1-xGex waveguides with high germanium concentration.
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16
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Ettabib MA, Lacava C, Liu Z, Bogris A, Kapsalis A, Brun M, Labeye P, Nicoletti S, Syvridis D, Richardson DJ, Petropoulos P. Wavelength conversion of complex modulation formats in a compact SiGe waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:3252-3258. [PMID: 28241541 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.003252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a nonlinear signal processing system based on a SiGe waveguide suitable for high spectral efficiency data signals. Four-wave-mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion of 10-Gbaud 16-Quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) and 64-QAM signals is demonstrated with less than -10-dB conversion efficiency (CE), 36-dB idler optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), negligible bit error ratio (BER) penalty and a 3-dB conversion bandwidth exceeding 30nm. The SiGe device was CW-pumped and operated in a passive scheme without giving rise to any two-photon absorption (TPA) effects.
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17
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Nonlinear Silicon Photonic Signal Processing Devices for Future Optical Networks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Coucheron DA, Fokine M, Patil N, Breiby DW, Buset OT, Healy N, Peacock AC, Hawkins T, Jones M, Ballato J, Gibson UJ. Laser recrystallization and inscription of compositional microstructures in crystalline SiGe-core fibres. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13265. [PMID: 27775066 PMCID: PMC5079062 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Glass fibres with silicon cores have emerged as a versatile platform for all-optical processing, sensing and microscale optoelectronic devices. Using SiGe in the core extends the accessible wavelength range and potential optical functionality because the bandgap and optical properties can be tuned by changing the composition. However, silicon and germanium segregate unevenly during non-equilibrium solidification, presenting new fabrication challenges, and requiring detailed studies of the alloy crystallization dynamics in the fibre geometry. We report the fabrication of SiGe-core optical fibres, and the use of CO2 laser irradiation to heat the glass cladding and recrystallize the core, improving optical transmission. We observe the ramifications of the classic models of solidification at the microscale, and demonstrate suppression of constitutional undercooling at high solidification velocities. Tailoring the recrystallization conditions allows formation of long single crystals with uniform composition, as well as fabrication of compositional microstructures, such as gratings, within the fibre core. Using SiGe in the core of optical fibres extends the wavelength range and potential optical functionality, but fabrication challenges exist. Here, Coucheron et al. report the fabrication and tailoring of SiGe-core optical fibres using CO2 laser irradiation to heat the glass cladding and recrystallize the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Coucheron
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Michael Fokine
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbackan 21, Stockholm 100-44, Sweden
| | - Nilesh Patil
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Dag Werner Breiby
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Micro- and Nano System Technology, University College of Southeast Norway, Campus Vestfold, Raveien 215 N-3184 Borre, Norway
| | - Ole Tore Buset
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Noel Healy
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.,Physics Department, Emerging Technology and Materials Group, Newcastle University, Merz Court, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anna C Peacock
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Thomas Hawkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Max Jones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - John Ballato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ursula J Gibson
- Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.,Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbackan 21, Stockholm 100-44, Sweden
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Visible to near-infrared supercontinuum generation in yttrium orthosilicate bulk crystal and ion implanted planar waveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31612. [PMID: 27527662 PMCID: PMC4985816 DOI: 10.1038/srep31612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the supercontinuum generation in yttrium orthosilicate bulk crystal and 6-mm-long ion implanted planar waveguide. The waveguide is fabricated by 6 MeV oxygen ions implantation with fluence of 5 × 1014 ions/cm2 at room temperature. The yttrium orthosilicate bulk crystal and waveguide are pumped using a mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser with a center wavelength of 800 nm. The generated broadest supercontinuum spans 720 nm (at −30 dB points) from 380 to 1100 nm in bulk crystal and 510 nm (at −30 dB points) from 490 to 1000 nm in ion implanted waveguide, respectively. Compared to the bulk crystal, the ion implanted waveguide requires almost three orders of magnitude lower pump power to achieve a similar level of broadening. The supercontinuum is generated in the normal dispersion regime and exhibits a relatively smooth spectral shape. Our research findings indicate that ion implantation is an efficient method to produce waveguide in yttrium orthosilicate crystal for low-threshold supercontinuum generation.
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Carletti L, Sinobad M, Ma P, Yu Y, Allioux D, Orobtchouk R, Brun M, Ortiz S, Labeye P, Hartmann JM, Nicoletti S, Madden S, Luther-Davies B, Moss DJ, Monat C, Grillet C. Mid-infrared nonlinear optical response of Si-Ge waveguides with ultra-short optical pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:32202-32214. [PMID: 26699010 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We characterize the nonlinear optical response of low loss Si(0.6)Ge(0.4) / Si waveguides in the mid-infrared between 3.3 μm and 4 μm using femtosecond optical pulses. We estimate the three and four-photon absorption coefficients as well as the Kerr nonlinear refractive index from the experimental measurements. The effect of multiphoton absorption on the optical nonlinear Kerr response is evaluated and the nonlinear figure of merit estimated providing some guidelines for designing nonlinear optical devices in the mid-IR. Finally, we compare the impact of free-carrier absorption at mid-infrared wavelengths versus near-infrared wavelengths for these ultra-short pulses.
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