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Lee S, Lee E, Yang H, Park K, Min E, Jung W. Digital histological staining of tissue slide images from optical coherence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3807-3816. [PMID: 38867770 PMCID: PMC11166446 DOI: 10.1364/boe.520683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The convergence of staining-free optical imaging and digital staining technologies has become a central focus in digital pathology, presenting significant advantages in streamlining specimen preparation and expediting the rapid acquisition of histopathological information. Despite the inherent merits of optical coherence microscopy (OCM) as a staining-free technique, its widespread application in observing histopathological slides has been constrained. This study introduces a novel approach by combining wide-field OCM with digital staining technology for the imaging of histopathological slides. Through the optimization of the histology slide production process satisfying the ground growth for digital staining as well as pronounced contrast for OCM imaging, successful imaging of various mouse tissues was achieved. Comparative analyses with conventional staining-based bright field images were executed to evaluate the proposed methodology's efficacy. Moreover, the study investigates the generalization of digital staining color appearance to ensure consistent histopathology, considering tissue-specific and thickness-dependent variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibeom Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Min
- Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wijesinghe RE, Kahatapitiya NS, Lee C, Han S, Kim S, Saleah SA, Seong D, Silva BN, Wijenayake U, Ravichandran NK, Jeon M, Kim J. Growing Trend to Adopt Speckle Variance Optical Coherence Tomography for Biological Tissue Assessments in Pre-Clinical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:564. [PMID: 38793137 PMCID: PMC11122893 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Speckle patterns are a generic feature in coherent imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT). Although speckles are granular like noise texture, which degrades the image, they carry information that can be benefited by processing and thereby furnishing crucial information of sample structures, which can serve to provide significant important structural details of samples in in vivo longitudinal pre-clinical monitoring and assessments. Since the motions of tissue molecules are indicated through speckle patterns, speckle variance OCT (SV-OCT) can be well-utilized for quantitative assessments of speckle variance (SV) in biological tissues. SV-OCT has been acknowledged as a promising method for mapping microvasculature in transverse-directional blood vessels with high resolution in micrometers in both the transverse and depth directions. The fundamental scope of this article reviews the state-of-the-art and clinical benefits of SV-OCT to assess biological tissues for pre-clinical applications. In particular, focus on precise quantifications of in vivo vascular response, therapy assessments, and real-time temporal vascular effects of SV-OCT are primarily emphasized. Finally, SV-OCT-incorporating pre-clinical techniques with high potential are presented for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka;
- Center for Excellence in Intelligent Informatics, Electronics & Transmission (CIET), Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka
| | - Nipun Shantha Kahatapitiya
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (N.S.K.); (U.W.)
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School & Hwasun Hospital, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeob Han
- ICT Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinheon Kim
- ICT Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sm Abu Saleah
- ICT Convergence Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoon Seong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Bhagya Nathali Silva
- Center for Excellence in Intelligent Informatics, Electronics & Transmission (CIET), Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Computing, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka
| | - Udaya Wijenayake
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; (N.S.K.); (U.W.)
| | - Naresh Kumar Ravichandran
- Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148, Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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3
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Glandorf L, Marchand PJ, Lasser T, Razansky D. Digital aberration correction enhances field of view in visible-light optical coherence microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5088-5091. [PMID: 36181193 DOI: 10.1364/ol.464405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In optical coherence microscopy, optical aberrations commonly result in astigmatism-dominated wavefront errors in the peripheral regions of the optical objective, primarily elongating the microscope's point-spread function along the radial direction in the vicinity of the focal plane. We report on enhanced-field-of-view optical coherence microscopy through computational aberration correction in the visible-light range. An isotropic spatial resolution of 2.5 µm was achieved over an enhanced lateral field of view spanning 1.3 mm × 1.6 mm, as experimentally verified in a micro-bead phantom and further demonstrated in ex vivo tissue samples. The extended field of view achieved by the digital aberration correction facilitates the use of low-cost systems by averting the need for high-quality objectives.
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4
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Huang Y, Li X, Liu J, Qiao Z, Chen J, Hao Q. Robotic-arm-assisted flexible large field-of-view optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4596-4609. [PMID: 34457434 PMCID: PMC8367223 DOI: 10.1364/boe.431318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a three-dimensional non-invasive high-resolution imaging modality that has been widely used for applications ranging from medical diagnosis to industrial inspection. Common OCT systems are equipped with limited field-of-view (FOV) in both the axial depth direction (a few millimeters) and lateral direction (a few centimeters), prohibiting their applications for samples with large and irregular surface profiles. Image stitching techniques exist but are often limited to at most 3 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) scanning. In this work, we propose a robotic-arm-assisted OCT system with 7 DOF for flexible large FOV 3D imaging. The system consists of a depth camera, a robotic arm and a miniature OCT probe with an integrated RGB camera. The depth camera is used to get the spatial information of targeted sample at large scale while the RGB camera is used to obtain the exact position of target to align the image probe. Eventually, the real-time 3D OCT imaging is used to resolve the relative pose of the probe to the sample and as a feedback for imaging pose optimization when necessary. Flexible probe pose manipulation is enabled by the 7 DOF robotic arm. We demonstrate a prototype system and present experimental results with flexible tens of times enlarged FOV for plastic tube, phantom human finger, and letter stamps. It is expected that robotic-arm-assisted flexible large FOV OCT imaging will benefit a wide range of biomedical, industrial and other scientific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
- Equal contributors
| | - Xiaochen Li
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
- Equal contributors
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhengyu Qiao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qun Hao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
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5
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Cui J, Turcotte R, Hampson KM, Wincott M, Schmidt CC, Emptage NJ, Charalampaki P, Booth MJ. Compact and contactless reflectance confocal microscope for neurosurgery. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:4772-4785. [PMID: 32923077 PMCID: PMC7449734 DOI: 10.1364/boe.397832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Visual guidance at the cellular level during neurosurgical procedures is essential for complete tumour resection. We present a compact reflectance confocal microscope with a 20 mm working distance that provided <1.2 µm spatial resolution over a 600 µm × 600 µm field of view in the near-infrared region. A physical footprint of 200 mm × 550 mm was achieved using only standard off-the-shelf components. Theoretical performance of the optical design was first evaluated via commercial Zemax software. Then three specimens from rodents: fixed brain, frozen calvaria and live hippocampal slices, were used to experimentally assess system capability and robustness. Results show great potential for the proposed system to be translated into use as a next generation label-free and contactless neurosurgical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Cui
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Karen M. Hampson
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Wincott
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carla C. Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Emptage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Patra Charalampaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cologne Medical Center, University Witten-Herdecke, Witten 58455, Germany
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Min E, Ban S, Lee J, Vavilin A, Baek S, Jung S, Ahn Y, Park K, Shin S, Han S, Cho H, Lee-Kwon W, Kim J, Lee CJ, Jung W. Serial optical coherence microscopy for label-free volumetric histopathology. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6711. [PMID: 32317719 PMCID: PMC7174280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation of histopathology using optical microscope is an essential procedure for examination of tissue biopsies or surgically excised specimens in biological and clinical laboratories. However, slide-based microscopic pathology is not suitable for visualizing the large-scale tissue and native 3D organ structure due to its sampling limitation and shallow imaging depth. Here, we demonstrate serial optical coherence microscopy (SOCM) technique that offers label-free, high-throughput, and large-volume imaging of ex vivo mouse organs. A 3D histopathology of whole mouse brain and kidney including blood vessel structure is reconstructed by deep tissue optical imaging in serial sectioning techniques. Our results demonstrate that SOCM has unique advantages as it can visualize both native 3D structures and quantitative regional volume without introduction of any contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Min
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sungbea Ban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrey Vavilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyee Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibeom Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - SoHyun Han
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, 02129, United States
| | - Hyungjoon Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Whaseon Lee-Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Baek K, Jung S, Lee J, Min E, Jung W, Cho H. Quantitative assessment of regional variation in tissue clearing efficiency using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A feasibility study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2923. [PMID: 30814611 PMCID: PMC6393517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue clearing has gained attention as a pioneering research tool for imaging of large tissue samples. This technique improves light transmission by reducing light scattering within tissues, either by removing lipids or by replacing water with a high refractive index solution. Although various clearing techniques have been developed, quantitative assessments on clearing efficacy depending on tissue properties are rare. In this study, we developed the quantitative mapping of regional clearing efficacy using mean free path in optical coherence tomography (OCT) and proton density in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and demonstrated its feasibility in the brain sample with four representative clearing techniques (benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate [BABB], ClearT, Scale, and passive CLARITY technique [PACT]). BABB (solvent-based clearing), involving both refractive index matching and lipid removal, exhibited best optical clearing performance with the highest proton density reduction both in gray and white matter. Lipid-removing techniques such as Scale (aqueous hyperhydration) and PACT (hydrogel embedding) showed higher clearing efficiency in white matter than gray matter in accordance with larger proton density increase in white matter. For ClearT (aqueous-based simple immersion), we observed lowest clearing efficiency in the white matter as well as poor lipid removal reflected in low proton density reduction. Our results showed the feasibility of the regional mapping of clearing efficacy and correlating optical transparency and proton density changes using OCT and MRI from existing tissue clearing techniques. This novel quantitative mapping of clearing efficacy depending on tissue types and clearing methods may be helpful in the development of optimized clearing methods for different biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangyeol Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Sunwoo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Junwon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Eunjung Min
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
| | - Hyungjoon Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.
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8
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Choi G, Lee J, Kim H, Jang J, Im C, Jeon N, Jung W. Image-guided recording system for spatial and temporal mapping of neuronal activities in brain slice. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700243. [PMID: 29215208 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce the novel image-guided recording system (IGRS) for efficient interpretation of neuronal activities in the brain slice. IGRS is designed to combine microelectrode array (MEA) and optical coherence tomography at the customized upright microscope. It allows to record multi-site neuronal signals and image of the volumetric brain anatomy in a single body configuration. For convenient interconnection between a brain image and neuronal signals, we developed the automatic mapping protocol that enables us to project acquired neuronal signals on a brain image. To evaluate the performance of IGRS, hippocampal signals of the brain slice were monitored, and corresponding with two-dimensional neuronal maps were successfully reconstructed. Our results indicated that IGRS and mapping protocol can provide the intuitive information regarding long-term and multi-sites neuronal signals. In particular, the temporal and spatial mapping capability of neuronal signals would be a very promising tool to observe and analyze the massive neuronal activity and connectivity in MEA-based electrophysiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongeun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemyung Jang
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkyun Im
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nooli Jeon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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9
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Merkle CW, Chong SP, Kho AM, Zhu J, Dubra A, Srinivasan VJ. Visible light optical coherence microscopy of the brain with isotropic femtoliter resolution in vivo. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:198-201. [PMID: 29328237 PMCID: PMC5953552 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Most flying-spot optical coherence tomography and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) systems use a symmetric confocal geometry, where the detection path retraces the illumination path starting from and ending with the spatial mode of a single-mode optical fiber. Here we describe a visible light OCM instrument that breaks this symmetry to improve transverse resolution without sacrificing collection efficiency in scattering tissue. This was achieved by overfilling a water immersion objective on the illumination path while maintaining a conventional Gaussian mode detection path (1/e2 intensity diameter ∼0.82 Airy disks), enabling ∼1.1 μm full width at half-maximum (FWHM) transverse resolution. At the same time, a ∼0.9 μm FWHM axial resolution in tissue, achieved by a broadband visible light source, enabled femtoliter volume resolution. We characterized this instrument according to paraxial coherent microscopy theory and, finally, used it to image the meningeal layers, intravascular red blood cell-free layer, and myelinated axons in the mouse neocortex in vivo through the thinned skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad William Merkle
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Shau Poh Chong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Aaron Michael Kho
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94303, USA
| | - Vivek Jay Srinivasan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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10
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Morphological evaluation for diagnosis of dry eye related to meibomian gland dysfunction. Exp Eye Res 2017; 163:72-77. [PMID: 28950940 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of morphological changes of the acini in the meibomian glands is important for the diagnosis and management of dry eye related to meibomian gland dysfunction. While several tools have been developed to detect meibomian gland structure, infrared imaging is generally used in clinical settings. Unlike the lipid component analysis of tear film in which quantitative analysis is possible, the meibomian glands are limited to qualitative analysis because of the low image quality of the diagnostic tools. This review describes diagnostic tools, especially in terms of morphological evaluation of the acini, which are visualized by the existence of lipid within them.
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11
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Huang Y, Badar M, Nitkowski A, Weinroth A, Tansu N, Zhou C. Wide-field high-speed space-division multiplexing optical coherence tomography using an integrated photonic device. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3856-3867. [PMID: 28856055 PMCID: PMC5560846 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Space-division multiplexing optical coherence tomography (SDM-OCT) is a recently developed parallel OCT imaging method in order to achieve multi-fold speed improvement. However, the assembly of fiber optics components used in the first prototype system was labor-intensive and susceptible to errors. Here, we demonstrate a high-speed SDM-OCT system using an integrated photonic chip that can be reliably manufactured with high precisions and low per-unit cost. A three-layer cascade of 1 × 2 splitters was integrated in the photonic chip to split the incident light into 8 parallel imaging channels with ~3.7 mm optical delay in air between each channel. High-speed imaging (~1s/volume) of porcine eyes ex vivo and wide-field imaging (~18.0 × 14.3 mm2) of human fingers in vivo were demonstrated with the chip-based SDM-OCT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyang Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Mudabbir Badar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Arthur Nitkowski
- Tornado Spectral Systems, Inc., 555 Richmond Street West, Suite 402, Toronto, ON, M5V 3(B)1, Canada
| | - Aaron Weinroth
- Tornado Spectral Systems, Inc., 555 Richmond Street West, Suite 402, Toronto, ON, M5V 3(B)1, Canada
| | - Nelson Tansu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Center for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, Lehigh University, 27 Memorial Drive W, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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12
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Structural Analysis of Polymer Composites Using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051155. [PMID: 28524105 PMCID: PMC5470901 DOI: 10.3390/s17051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The structural analysis of nylon/graphene oxide (NY/GO) and polyetherblockamide/ trisilinolphenyl-polyhederal oligomeric silsesquioxane (PEBA/t-POSS) composites were performed using high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). This optical technology revealed both cross-sectional, as well as sub-layer depth information of sample. The non-destructive real-time imaging demonstrated the nature of defects in the composites. The thickness and location of each defect point in the composites were measured using A-scan analysis on the SD-OCT images. The cross-sectional and volumetric images clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of SD-OCT for composite research, as well as the for industrial quality assurance of polymer materials.
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13
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Label-free, multi-scale imaging of ex-vivo mouse brain using spatial light interference microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39667. [PMID: 28009019 PMCID: PMC5180101 DOI: 10.1038/srep39667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain connectivity spans over broad spatial scales, from nanometers to centimeters. In order to understand the brain at multi-scale, the neural network in wide-field has been visualized in detail by taking advantage of light microscopy. However, the process of staining or addition of fluorescent tags is commonly required, and the image contrast is insufficient for delineation of cytoarchitecture. To overcome this barrier, we use spatial light interference microscopy to investigate brain structure with high-resolution, sub-nanometer pathlength sensitivity without the use of exogenous contrast agents. Combining wide-field imaging and a mosaic algorithm developed in-house, we show the detailed architecture of cells and myelin, within coronal olfactory bulb and cortical sections, and from sagittal sections of the hippocampus and cerebellum. Our technique is well suited to identify laminar characteristics of fiber tract orientation within white matter, e.g. the corpus callosum. To further improve the macro-scale contrast of anatomical structures, and to better differentiate axons and dendrites from cell bodies, we mapped the tissue in terms of its scattering property. Based on our results, we anticipate that spatial light interference microscopy can potentially provide multiscale and multicontrast perspectives of gross and microscopic brain anatomy.
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Yamanaka M, Teranishi T, Kawagoe H, Nishizawa N. Optical coherence microscopy in 1700 nm spectral band for high-resolution label-free deep-tissue imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31715. [PMID: 27546517 PMCID: PMC4992836 DOI: 10.1038/srep31715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a label-free, high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal microscopy. Here, we report that the 1700-nm spectral band has the great potential to improve the imaging depth in high-resolution OCM imaging of animal tissues. Recent studies to improve the imaging depth in OCT revealed that the 1700-nm spectral band is a promising choice for imaging turbid scattering tissues due to the low attenuation of light in the wavelength region. In this study, we developed high-resolution OCM by using a high-power supercontinuum source in the 1700-nm spectral band, and compared the attenuation of signal-to-noise ratio between the 1700-nm and 1300-nm OCM imaging of a mouse brain under the condition of the same sensitivity. The comparison clearly showed that the 1700-nm OCM provides larger imaging depth than the 1300-nm OCM. In this 1700-nm OCM, the lateral resolution of 1.3 μm and the axial resolution of 2.8 μm, when a refractive index was assumed to be 1.38, was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Yamanaka
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Teranishi
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawagoe
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Norihiko Nishizawa
- Department of Quantum Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
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15
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Label-free optical quantification of structural alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31034. [PMID: 27485313 PMCID: PMC4971571 DOI: 10.1038/srep31034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a wide-field quantitative label-free imaging of mouse brain tissue slices with sub-micrometre resolution, employing holographic microscopy and an automated scanning platform. From the measured light field images, scattering coefficients and anisotropies are quantitatively retrieved by using the modified the scattering-phase theorem, which enables access to structural information about brain tissues. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that these scattering parameters enable us to quantitatively address structural alteration in the brain tissues of mice with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Wang H, Akkin T, Magnain C, Wang R, Dubb J, Kostis WJ, Yaseen MA, Cramer A, Sakadžić S, Boas D. Polarization sensitive optical coherence microscopy for brain imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:2213-6. [PMID: 27176965 PMCID: PMC5357322 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) have demonstrated the ability to investigate cyto- and myelo-architecture in the brain. Polarization-sensitive OCT provides sensitivity to additional contrast mechanisms, specifically the birefringence of myelination and, therefore, is advantageous for investigating white matter fiber tracts. In this Letter, we developed a polarization-sensitive optical coherence microscope (PS-OCM) with a 3.5 μm axial and 1.3 μm transverse resolution to investigate fiber organization and orientation at a finer scale than previously demonstrated with PS-OCT. In a reconstructed mouse brain section, we showed that at the focal depths of 20-70 μm, the PS-OCM reliably identifies the neuronal fibers and quantifies the in-plane orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
- Corresponding author:
| | - Taner Akkin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Caroline Magnain
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ruopeng Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jay Dubb
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - William J Kostis
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Mohammad A Yaseen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Avilash Cramer
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - David Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
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Magnain C, Wang H, Sakadžić S, Fischl B, Boas DA. En face speckle reduction in optical coherence microscopy by frequency compounding. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1925-8. [PMID: 27128040 PMCID: PMC5350630 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of frequency compounding to significantly reduce speckle noise in optical coherence microscopy, more specifically on the en face images. This method relies on the fact that the speckle patterns recorded from different wavelengths simultaneously are independent; hence their summation yields significant reduction in noise, with only a single acquisition. The results of our experiments with microbeads show that the narrow confocal parameter, due to a high numerical aperture objective, restricts the axial resolution loss that would otherwise theoretically broaden linearly with the number of optical frequency bands used. This speckle reduction scheme preserves the lateral resolution since it is performed on individual A-scans. Finally, we apply this technique to images of fixed human brain tissue, showing significant improvements in contrast-to-noise ratio with only moderate loss of axial resolution, in an effort to improve automatic three-dimensional detection of cells and fibers in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Magnain
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - Hui Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Sava Sakadžić
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
- Computer Science and AI Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David A. Boas
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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