1
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Geng Y, Xiao Y, Bai Q, Han X, Dong W, Wang W, Xue J, Yao B, Deng G, Zhou Q, Qiu K, Xu J, Zhou H. Wavelength-division multiplexing communications using integrated soliton microcomb laser source. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6129-6132. [PMID: 37219189 DOI: 10.1364/ol.475075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report an investigation of the feasibility and performance of wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical communications using an integrated perfect soliton crystal as the multi-channel laser source. First, we confirm that perfect soliton crystals pumped directly by a distributed-feedback (DFB) laser self-injection locked to the host microcavity has sufficiently low frequency and amplitude noise to encode advanced data formats. Second, perfect soliton crystals are exploited to boost the power level of each microcomb line, so that it can be directly used for data modulation, excluding preamplification. Third, in a proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate seven-channel 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) and 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) data transmissions using an integrated perfect soliton crystal as the laser carrier; excellent data receiving performance is obtained for various fiber link distances and amplifier configurations. Our study reveals that fully integrated Kerr soliton microcombs are viable and advantageous for optical data communications.
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2
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Wang W, Lu PK, Vinod AK, Turan D, McMillan JF, Liu H, Yu M, Kwong DL, Jarrahi M, Wong CW. Coherent terahertz radiation with 2.8-octave tunability through chip-scale photomixed microresonator optical parametric oscillation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5123. [PMID: 36045124 PMCID: PMC9433451 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-spectral-purity frequency-agile room-temperature sources in the terahertz spectrum are foundational elements for imaging, sensing, metrology, and communications. Here we present a chip-scale optical parametric oscillator based on an integrated nonlinear microresonator that provides broadly tunable single-frequency and multi-frequency oscillators in the terahertz regime. Through optical-to-terahertz down-conversion using a plasmonic nanoantenna array, coherent terahertz radiation spanning 2.8-octaves is achieved from 330 GHz to 2.3 THz, with ≈20 GHz cavity-mode-limited frequency tuning step and ≈10 MHz intracavity-mode continuous frequency tuning range at each step. By controlling the microresonator intracavity power and pump-resonance detuning, tunable multi-frequency terahertz oscillators are also realized. Furthermore, by stabilizing the microresonator pump power and wavelength, sub-100 Hz linewidth of the terahertz radiation with 10-15 residual frequency instability is demonstrated. The room-temperature generation of both single-frequency, frequency-agile terahertz radiation and multi-frequency terahertz oscillators in the chip-scale platform offers unique capabilities in metrology, sensing, imaging and communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Ping-Keng Lu
- Terahertz Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Abhinav Kumar Vinod
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Deniz Turan
- Terahertz Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James F McMillan
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mingbin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117865, Singapore
| | - Dim-Lee Kwong
- Institute of Microelectronics, A*STAR, Singapore, 117865, Singapore
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Terahertz Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Chee Wei Wong
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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3
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Anderson MH, Weng W, Lihachev G, Tikan A, Liu J, Kippenberg TJ. Zero dispersion Kerr solitons in optical microresonators. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4764. [PMID: 35963859 PMCID: PMC9376110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solitons are shape preserving waveforms that are ubiquitous across nonlinear dynamical systems from BEC to hydrodynamics, and fall into two separate classes: bright solitons existing in anomalous group velocity dispersion, and switching waves forming 'dark solitons' in normal dispersion. Bright solitons in particular have been relevant to chip-scale microresonator frequency combs, used in applications across communications, metrology, and spectroscopy. Both have been studied, yet the existence of a structure between this dichotomy has only been theoretically predicted. We report the observation of dissipative structures embodying a hybrid between switching waves and dissipative solitons, existing in the regime of vanishing group velocity dispersion where third-order dispersion is dominant, hence termed as 'zero-dispersion solitons'. They are observed to arise from the interlocking of two modulated switching waves, forming a stable solitary structure consisting of a quantized number of peaks. The switching waves form directly via synchronous pulse-driving of a Si3N4 microresonator. The resulting comb spectrum spans 136 THz or 97% of an octave, further enhanced by higher-order dispersive wave formation. This dissipative structure expands the domain of Kerr cavity physics to the regime near to zero-dispersion and could present a superior alternative to conventional solitons for broadband comb generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles H Anderson
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wenle Weng
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), and School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Grigory Lihachev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexey Tikan
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhong K, Zhou X, Tsang HK. Broadband high-Q multimode silicon concentric racetrack resonators for widely tunable Raman lasers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3534. [PMID: 35725566 PMCID: PMC9209424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimode silicon resonators with ultralow propagation losses for ultrahigh quality (Q) factors have been attracting attention recently. However, conventional multimode silicon resonators only have high Q factors at certain wavelengths because the Q factors are reduced at wavelengths where fundamental modes and higher-order modes are both near resonances. Here, by implementing a broadband pulley directional coupler and concentric racetracks, we present a broadband high-Q multimode silicon resonator with average loaded Q factors of 1.4 × 106 over a wavelength range of 440 nm (1240–1680 nm). The mutual coupling between the two multimode racetracks can lead to two supermodes that mitigate the reduction in Q factors caused by the mode coupling of the higher-order modes. Based on the broadband high-Q multimode resonator, we experimentally demonstrated a broadly tunable Raman silicon laser with over 516 nm wavelength tuning range (1325–1841 nm), a threshold power of (0.4 ± 0.1) mW and a slope efficiency of (8.5 ± 1.5) % at 25 V reverse bias. The authors demonstrate a new approach for multimode resonators to maintain high-quality-factor resonances across a broad wavelength range using the detuning between the symmetric and anti-symmetric supermodes in concentric racetrack resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojing Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Keyi Zhong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Xuetong Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Hon Ki Tsang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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5
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Tikan A, Tusnin A, Riemensberger J, Churaev M, Ji X, Komagata KN, Wang RN, Liu J, Kippenberg TJ. Protected generation of dissipative Kerr solitons in supermodes of coupled optical microresonators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6982. [PMID: 35363514 PMCID: PMC10938571 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A photonic dimer composed of two evanescently coupled high-Q microresonators is a fundamental element of multimode soliton lattices. It has demonstrated a variety of emergent nonlinear phenomena, including supermode soliton generation and soliton hopping. Here, we present another aspect of dissipative soliton generation in coupled resonators, revealing the advantages of this system over conventional single-resonator platforms. Namely, we show that the accessibility of solitons markedly varies for symmetric and antisymmetric supermode families. Linear measurements reveal that the coupling between transverse modes, giving rise to avoided mode crossings, can be substantially suppressed. We explain the origin of this phenomenon and show its influence on the dissipative Kerr soliton generation in lattices of coupled resonators of any type. Choosing an example of the topological Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model, we demonstrate how the edge state can be protected from the interaction with higher-order modes, allowing for the formation of topological Kerr solitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tikan
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandr Tusnin
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johann Riemensberger
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mikhail Churaev
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xinru Ji
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J. Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Yang Z, Jahanbozorgi M, Jeong D, Sun S, Pfister O, Lee H, Yi X. A squeezed quantum microcomb on a chip. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4781. [PMID: 34362920 PMCID: PMC8346494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The optical microresonator-based frequency comb (microcomb) provides a versatile platform for nonlinear physics studies and has wide applications ranging from metrology to spectroscopy. The deterministic quantum regime is an unexplored aspect of microcombs, in which unconditional entanglements among hundreds of equidistant frequency modes can serve as critical ingredients to scalable universal quantum computing and quantum networking. Here, we demonstrate a deterministic quantum microcomb in a silica microresonator on a silicon chip. 40 continuous-variable quantum modes, in the form of 20 simultaneously two-mode squeezed comb pairs, are observed within 1 THz optical span at telecommunication wavelengths. A maximum raw squeezing of 1.6 dB is attained. A high-resolution spectroscopy measurement is developed to characterize the frequency equidistance of quantum microcombs. Our demonstration offers the possibility to leverage deterministically generated, frequency multiplexed quantum states and integrated photonics to open up new avenues in fields of spectroscopy, quantum metrology, and scalable, continuous-variable-based quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mandana Jahanbozorgi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Dongin Jeong
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Shuman Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Olivier Pfister
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hansuek Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Xu Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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7
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Kim C, Yvind K, Pu M. Suppression of avoided resonance crossing in microresonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3508-3511. [PMID: 34329211 DOI: 10.1364/ol.431667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Kerr frequency comb generation in microresonators is enabled by notable developments in fabrication technology and novel nonlinear material platforms. However, even in a low loss and highly nonlinear microresonator, the avoided resonance crossing may hamper reliable frequency comb generation. We present a method to suppress the avoided resonance crossing induced by polarization mode coupling. Our approach employs a filter waveguide coupled to a microring resonator for selective filtering of the TM00 mode while keeping the operational TE00 mode with low loss. We experimentally demonstrate an avoided-crossing-suppressed microresonator in the AlGaAs-on-insulator platform.
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8
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Kippenberg TJ, Gaeta AL, Lipson M, Gorodetsky ML. Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators. Science 2018; 361:361/6402/eaan8083. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Trocha P, Karpov M, Ganin D, Pfeiffer MHP, Kordts A, Wolf S, Krockenberger J, Marin-Palomo P, Weimann C, Randel S, Freude W, Kippenberg TJ, Koos C. Ultrafast optical ranging using microresonator soliton frequency combs. Science 2018; 359:887-891. [PMID: 29472477 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao3924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Light detection and ranging is widely used in science and industry. Over the past decade, optical frequency combs were shown to offer advantages in optical ranging, enabling fast distance acquisition with high accuracy. Driven by emerging high-volume applications such as industrial sensing, drone navigation, or autonomous driving, there is now a growing demand for compact ranging systems. Here, we show that soliton Kerr comb generation in integrated silicon nitride microresonators provides a route to high-performance chip-scale ranging systems. We demonstrate dual-comb distance measurements with Allan deviations down to 12 nanometers at averaging times of 13 microseconds along with ultrafast ranging at acquisition rates of 100 megahertz, allowing for in-flight sampling of gun projectiles moving at 150 meters per second. Combining integrated soliton-comb ranging systems with chip-scale nanophotonic phased arrays could enable compact ultrafast ranging systems for emerging mass applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Trocha
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Karpov
- Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Ganin
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M H P Pfeiffer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Kordts
- Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Wolf
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Krockenberger
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Marin-Palomo
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C Weimann
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Randel
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Freude
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - T J Kippenberg
- Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - C Koos
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Electronics (IPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. .,Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Karpov M, Pfeiffer MHP, Liu J, Lukashchuk A, Kippenberg TJ. Photonic chip-based soliton frequency combs covering the biological imaging window. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1146. [PMID: 29559634 PMCID: PMC5861103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr solitons (DKS) in optical microresonators provide a highly miniaturised, chip-integrated frequency comb source with unprecedentedly high repetition rates and spectral bandwidth. To date, such frequency comb sources have been successfully applied in the optical telecommunication band for dual-comb spectroscopy, coherent telecommunications, counting of optical frequencies and distance measurements. Yet, the range of applications could be significantly extended by operating in the near-infrared spectral domain, which is a prerequisite for biomedical and Raman imaging applications, and hosts commonly used optical atomic transitions. Here we show the operation of photonic-chip-based soliton Kerr combs driven with 1 micron laser light. By engineering the dispersion properties of a Si3N4 microring resonator, octave-spanning soliton Kerr combs extending to 776 nm are attained, thereby covering the optical biological imaging window. Moreover, we show that soliton states can be generated in normal group–velocity dispersion regions when exploiting mode hybridisation with other mode families. Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators provide excellent optical frequency comb sources for precision metrology and imaging techniques. Here, Karpov et al. demonstrate a chipscale octave-spanning soliton-based comb, operating at 1 μm wavelength that covers the biological imaging window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Karpov
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin H P Pfeiffer
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anton Lukashchuk
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Photonics and Quantum Measurements (LPQM), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Fülöp A, Mazur M, Lorences-Riesgo A, Eriksson TA, Wang PH, Xuan Y, Leaird DE, Qi M, Andrekson PA, Weiner AM, Torres-Company V. Long-haul coherent communications using microresonator-based frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:26678-26688. [PMID: 29092153 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.026678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator-based frequency combs are strong contenders as light sources for wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). Recent experiments have shown the potential of microresonator combs for replacing a multitude of WDM lasers with a single laser-pumped device. Previous demonstrations have however focused on short-distance few-span links reaching an impressive throughput at the expense of transmission distance. Here we report the first long-haul coherent communication demonstration using a microresonator-based comb source. We modulated polarization multiplexed (PM) quadrature phase-shift keying-data onto the comb lines allowing transmission over more than 6300 km in a single-mode fiber. In a second experiment, we reached beyond 700 km with the PM 16 quadrature amplitude modulation format. To the best of our knowledge, these results represent the longest fiber transmission ever achieved using an integrated comb source.
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12
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Abstract
Dissipative solitons are self-localised structures resulting from the double balance of dispersion by nonlinearity and dissipation by a driving force arising in numerous systems. In Kerr-nonlinear optical resonators, temporal solitons permit the formation of light pulses in the cavity and the generation of coherent optical frequency combs. Apart from shape-invariant stationary solitons, these systems can support breathing dissipative solitons exhibiting a periodic oscillatory behaviour. Here, we generate and study single and multiple breathing solitons in coherently driven microresonators. We present a deterministic route to induce soliton breathing, allowing a detailed exploration of the breathing dynamics in two microresonator platforms. We measure the relation between the breathing frequency and two control parameters—pump laser power and effective-detuning—and observe transitions to higher periodicity, irregular oscillations and switching, in agreement with numerical predictions. Using a fast detection, we directly observe the spatiotemporal dynamics of individual solitons, which provides evidence of breather synchronisation. Dissipative Kerr solitons enable optical frequency comb generation in microresonators, but these solitons can undergo a breathing transition which impacts the stability of such microcombs. Here, Lucas et al. deterministically induce soliton breathing and directly observe the spatiotemporal dynamics.
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13
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Silicon Nitride Photonic Integration Platforms for Visible, Near-Infrared and Mid-Infrared Applications. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092088. [PMID: 28895906 PMCID: PMC5620990 DOI: 10.3390/s17092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Silicon nitride photonics is on the rise owing to the broadband nature of the material, allowing applications of biophotonics, tele/datacom, optical signal processing and sensing, from visible, through near to mid-infrared wavelengths. In this paper, a review of the state of the art of silicon nitride strip waveguide platforms is provided, alongside the experimental results on the development of a versatile 300 nm guiding film height silicon nitride platform.
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14
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Kim S, Han K, Wang C, Jaramillo-Villegas JA, Xue X, Bao C, Xuan Y, Leaird DE, Weiner AM, Qi M. Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microresonators. Nat Commun 2017; 8:372. [PMID: 28851874 PMCID: PMC5575100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kerr nonlinearity-based frequency combs and solitons have been generated from on-chip microresonators. The initiation of the combs requires global or local anomalous dispersion which leads to many limitations, such as material choice, film thickness, and spectral ranges where combs can be generated, as well as fabrication challenges. Using a concentric racetrack-shaped resonator, we show that such constraints can be lifted and resonator dispersion can be engineered to be anomalous over moderately broad bandwidth. We demonstrate anomalous dispersion in a 300 nm thick silicon nitride film, suitable for semiconductor manufacturing but previously thought to result in waveguides with high normal dispersion. Together with a mode-selective, tapered coupling scheme, we generate coherent mode-locked frequency combs. Our method can realize anomalous dispersion for resonators at almost any wavelength and simultaneously achieve material and process compatibility with semiconductor manufacturing.Kerr frequency comb generation from microresonators requires anomalous dispersion, imposing restrictions on materials and resonator design. Here, Kim et al. propose a concentric racetrack-resonator design where the dispersion can be engineered to be anomalous via resonant mode coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsik Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Kyunghun Han
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jose A Jaramillo-Villegas
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, RIS, 660003, Colombia
| | - Xiaoxiao Xue
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chengying Bao
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yi Xuan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel E Leaird
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Andrew M Weiner
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Minghao Qi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
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15
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Marin-Palomo P, Kemal JN, Karpov M, Kordts A, Pfeifle J, Pfeiffer MHP, Trocha P, Wolf S, Brasch V, Anderson MH, Rosenberger R, Vijayan K, Freude W, Kippenberg TJ, Koos C. Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications. Nature 2017; 546:274-279. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Ramirez JM, Vakarin V, Frigerio J, Chaisakul P, Chrastina D, Le Roux X, Ballabio A, Vivien L, Isella G, Marris-Morini D. Ge-rich graded-index Si 1-xGex waveguides with broadband tight mode confinement and flat anomalous dispersion for nonlinear mid-infrared photonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:6561-6567. [PMID: 28381003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.006561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the use of Ge-rich graded-index Si1-xGex rib waveguides as building blocks to develop integrated nonlinear optical devices for broadband operation in the mid-IR. The vertical Ge gradient concentration in the waveguide core renders unique properties to the guided optical mode, providing tight mode confinement over a broadband mid-IR wavelength range from λ = 3 µm to 8 µm. Additionally, the gradual vertical confinement pulls the optical mode upwards in the waveguide core, overlapping with the Ge-rich area where the nonlinear refractive index is larger. Moreover, the Ge-rich graded-index Si1-xGex waveguides allow efficient tailoring of the chromatic dispersion curves, achieving flat anomalous dispersion for the quasi-TM optical mode with D ≤ 14 ps/nm/km over a ~1.4 octave span while retaining an optimum third-order nonlinear parameter, γeff. These results confirm the potential of Ge-rich graded-index Si1-xGex waveguides as an attractive platform to develop mid-IR nonlinear approaches requiring broadband dispersion engineering.
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17
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Li Q, Briles TC, Westly DA, Drake TE, Stone JR, Ilic BR, Diddams SA, Papp SB, Srinivasan K. Stably accessing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs in the soliton regime. OPTICA 2017; 4:193-203. [PMID: 28603754 PMCID: PMC5460676 DOI: 10.1364/optica.4.000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator frequency combs can be an enabling technology for optical frequency synthesis and timekeeping in low size, weight, and power architectures. Such systems require comb operation in low-noise, phase-coherent states such as solitons, with broad spectral bandwidths (e.g., octave-spanning) for self-referencing to detect the carrier-envelope offset frequency. However, accessing such states is complicated by thermo-optic dispersion. For example, in the Si3N4 platform, precisely dispersion-engineered structures can support broadband operation, but microsecond thermal time constants often require fast pump power or frequency control to stabilize the solitons. In contrast, here we consider how broadband soliton states can be accessed with simple pump laser frequency tuning, at a rate much slower than the thermal dynamics. We demonstrate octave-spanning soliton frequency combs in Si3N4 microresonators, including the generation of a multi-soliton state with a pump power near 40 mW and a single-soliton state with a pump power near 120 mW. We also develop a simplified two-step analysis to explain how these states are accessed without fast control of the pump laser, and outline the required thermal properties for such operation. Our model agrees with experimental results as well as numerical simulations based on a Lugiato-Lefever equation that incorporates thermo-optic dispersion. Moreover, it also explains an experimental observation that a member of an adjacent mode family on the red-detuned side of the pump mode can mitigate the thermal requirements for accessing soliton states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Travis C. Briles
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daron A. Westly
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Tara E. Drake
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jordan R. Stone
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - B. Robert Ilic
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Scott A. Diddams
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Scott B. Papp
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Kartik Srinivasan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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18
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Brasch V, Geiselmann M, Pfeiffer MHP, Kippenberg TJ. Bringing short-lived dissipative Kerr soliton states in microresonators into a steady state. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:29312-29320. [PMID: 27958591 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.029312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr solitons have recently been generated in optical microresonators, enabling ultrashort optical pulses at microwave repetition rates, that constitute coherent and numerically predictable Kerr frequency combs. However, the seeding and excitation of the temporal solitons is associated with changes in the intracavity power that can lead to large thermal resonance shifts and render the soliton states in most commonly used resonator platforms short lived. Here we describe a "power kicking" method to overcome this instability by modulating the power of the pump laser. With this method also initially very short-lived (of the order of 100 ns) soliton states can be brought into a steady state in contrast to techniques reported earlier which relied on an adjustment of the laser scan speed only. Once the soliton state is in a steady state it can persist for hours and is thermally self-locked.
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19
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Webb KE, Erkintalo M, Coen S, Murdoch SG. Experimental observation of coherent cavity soliton frequency combs in silica microspheres. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4613-4616. [PMID: 28005849 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of coherent cavity soliton frequency combs in silica microspheres. Specifically, we demonstrate that careful alignment of the microsphere relative to the coupling fiber taper allows for the suppression of higher-order spatial modes, reducing mode interactions and enabling soliton formation. Our measurements show that the temporal cavity solitons have sub-100-fs durations, exhibit considerable Raman self-frequency shift, and generally come in groups of three or four, occasionally with equidistant spacing in the time domain. RF amplitude noise measurements and spectral interferometry confirm the high coherence of the observed soliton frequency combs, and numerical simulations show good agreement with experiments.
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20
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Liu J, Brasch V, Pfeiffer MHP, Kordts A, Kamel AN, Guo H, Geiselmann M, Kippenberg TJ. Frequency-comb-assisted broadband precision spectroscopy with cascaded diode lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:3134-3137. [PMID: 27367120 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Frequency-comb-assisted diode laser spectroscopy, employing both the accuracy of an optical frequency comb and the broad wavelength tuning range of a tunable diode laser, has been widely used in many applications. In this Letter, we present a novel method using cascaded frequency agile diode lasers, which allows us to extend the measurement bandwidth to 37.4 THz (1355-1630 nm) at megahertz resolution with scanning speeds above 1 THz/s. It is demonstrated as a useful tool to characterize a broadband spectrum for molecular spectroscopy, and in particular it enables us to characterize the dispersion of integrated microresonators up to the 4th-order.
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