1
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Ma L, Luo K, Liu Z, Ji M. Stain-Free Histopathology with Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7907-7925. [PMID: 38713830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minbiao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Huang X, Xue Z, Zhang D, Lee HJ. Pinpointing Fat Molecules: Advances in Coherent Raman Scattering Microscopy for Lipid Metabolism. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7945-7958. [PMID: 38700460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zexin Xue
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Delong Zhang
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, and School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hyeon Jeong Lee
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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3
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Hou G, Dong Z, Qin Y, Zhang Z, Liu M, Xia Y. Imaging and component analysis of pumpkin stem tissue with simultaneous SF-CARS and TPEF microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4862-4874. [PMID: 37791252 PMCID: PMC10545196 DOI: 10.1364/boe.497260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A multimodal nonlinear optical imaging platform based on a single femtosecond oscillator is built for simultaneous TPEF and SF-CARS imaging. TPEF microscopy and SF-CARS microscopy is utilized for mapping the distribution of the lignin component and the polysaccharide component, respectively. Visualization of vessel structure is realized. And the relative distribution of lignin and polysaccharide of vessel structure is mapped. Two pumpkin stem tissue areas with different degrees of lignification are observed with simultaneous TPEF and SF-CARS imaging, and two types of cell walls are identified. The different distribution patterns of lignin and polysaccharide in these two types of cell walls, induced by different degrees of lignification, are analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Hou
- Harbin Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin, 150080, China
- Hebei University of Technology, Center for Advanced Laser Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- Harbin Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yifan Qin
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Hebei University of Technology, Center for Advanced Laser Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Hebei University of Technology, School of Science, Tianjin, 300401, China
| | - Yuanqin Xia
- Harbin Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Tunable Laser, Harbin, 150080, China
- Hebei University of Technology, Center for Advanced Laser Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China
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4
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Knez D, Toulson BW, Chen A, Ettenberg MH, Nguyen H, Potma EO, Fishman DA. Spectral imaging at high definition and high speed in the mid-infrared. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade4247. [PMID: 36383646 PMCID: PMC9668290 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spectral imaging in the mid-infrared (MIR) range provides simultaneous morphological and chemical information of a wide variety of samples. However, current MIR technologies struggle to produce high-definition images over a broad spectral range at acquisition rates that are compatible with real-time processes. We present a novel spectral imaging technique based on nondegenerate two-photon absorption of temporally chirped optical MIR pulses. This approach avoids complex image processing or reconstruction and enables high-speed acquisition of spectral data cubes (xyω) at high-pixel density in under a second.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Knez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Toulson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anabel Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Martin H. Ettenberg
- Princeton Infrared Technologies Inc., 7 Deerpark Dr. Suite E, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA
| | - Hai Nguyen
- Princeton Infrared Technologies Inc., 7 Deerpark Dr. Suite E, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA
| | - Eric O. Potma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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5
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Brzozowski K, Matuszyk E, Pieczara A, Firlej J, Nowakowska AM, Baranska M. Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy in chemistry and life science - Development, innovation, perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108003. [PMID: 35690271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present a summary of the basics of the Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) phenomenon, methods of detecting the signal, and collection of the SRS images. We demonstrate the advantages of SRS imaging, and recent developments, but also the limitations, especially in image capture speeds and spatial resolution. We also compare the use of SRS microscopy in biological system studies with other techniques such as fluorescence microscopy, second-harmonic generation (SHG)-based microscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and spontaneous Raman, and we show the compatibility of SRS-based systems with other discussed methods. The review is also focused on indicating innovations in SRS microscopy, on the background of which we present the layout and performance of our homemade setup built from commercially available elements enabling for imaging of the molecular structure of single cells over the spectral range of 800-3600 cm-1. Methods of image analysis are discussed, including machine learning methods for obtaining images of the distribution of selected molecules and for the detection of pathological lesions in tissues or malignant cells in the context of clinical diagnosis of a wide range of diseases with the use of SRS microscopy. Finally, perspectives for the development of SRS microscopy are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brzozowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - E Matuszyk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Pieczara
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - J Firlej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - A M Nowakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
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6
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Touil M, Idlahcen S, Becheker R, Lebrun D, Rozé C, Hideur A, Godin T. Acousto-optically driven lensless single-shot ultrafast optical imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:66. [PMID: 35318313 PMCID: PMC8940908 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Driven by many applications in a wide span of scientific fields, a myriad of advanced ultrafast imaging techniques have emerged in the last decade, featuring record-high imaging speeds above a trillion-frame-per-second with long sequence depths. Although bringing remarkable insights into various ultrafast phenomena, their application out of a laboratory environment is however limited in most cases, either by the cost, complexity of the operation or by heavy data processing. We then report a versatile single-shot imaging technique combining sequentially timed all-optical mapping photography (STAMP) with acousto-optics programmable dispersive filtering (AOPDF) and digital in-line holography (DIH). On the one hand, a high degree of simplicity is reached through the AOPDF, which enables full control over the acquisition parameters via an electrically driven phase and amplitude spectro-temporal tailoring of the imaging pulses. Here, contrary to most single-shot techniques, the frame rate, exposure time, and frame intensities can be independently adjusted in a wide range of pulse durations and chirp values without resorting to complex shaping stages, making the system remarkably agile and user-friendly. On the other hand, the use of DIH, which does not require any reference beam, allows to achieve an even higher technical simplicity by allowing its lensless operation but also for reconstructing the object on a wide depth of field, contrary to classical techniques that only provide images in a single plane. The imaging speed of the system as well as its flexibility are demonstrated by visualizing ultrashort events on both the picosecond and nanosecond timescales. The virtues and limitations as well as the potential improvements of this on-demand ultrafast imaging method are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Touil
- CORIA, CNRS UMR6614-Université de Rouen Normandie-INSA Rouen, 76800, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Saïd Idlahcen
- CORIA, CNRS UMR6614-Université de Rouen Normandie-INSA Rouen, 76800, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Rezki Becheker
- CORIA, CNRS UMR6614-Université de Rouen Normandie-INSA Rouen, 76800, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Denis Lebrun
- CORIA, CNRS UMR6614-Université de Rouen Normandie-INSA Rouen, 76800, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Claude Rozé
- CORIA, CNRS UMR6614-Université de Rouen Normandie-INSA Rouen, 76800, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Ammar Hideur
- CORIA, CNRS UMR6614-Université de Rouen Normandie-INSA Rouen, 76800, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Thomas Godin
- CORIA, CNRS UMR6614-Université de Rouen Normandie-INSA Rouen, 76800, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France.
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7
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Koike K, Smith NI, Fujita K. Spectral focusing in picosecond pulsed stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:995-1004. [PMID: 35284158 PMCID: PMC8884224 DOI: 10.1364/boe.445640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We introduce spectral focusing of picosecond laser pulses in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy to improve spectral resolution, reduce nonlinear background signals, and decrease nonlinear photodamage. We produce a pair of 14 ps pump and Stokes laser pulses by spectral focusing of a 2 ps laser and achieve a spectral resolution of 2 cm-1. Due to instantaneous narrow-band excitation, we find that the chirped 14 ps laser pulses can be used to improve the signal-to-background ratio in SRS microscopy of various samples such as polymer particles and small molecules in HeLa cells. The lower peak powers produced by chirped picosecond laser pulses also reduce nonlinear photodamage, allowing long-term SRS imaging of living cells with higher SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Koike
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nicholas I. Smith
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Fujita
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- AIST-Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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8
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Beichert L, Binhammer Y, Andrade JRC, Mevert R, Kniggendorf AK, Roth B, Morgner U. Real-time stimulated Raman spectroscopy with a non-collinear optical parametric oscillator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:31499-31507. [PMID: 34615241 DOI: 10.1364/oe.436318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast detection of microplastic particles is becoming a vital problem, as these particles are found in water sources worldwide. Ideally, a live analysis in flow is desirable to directly monitor the water quality for contaminations. Therefore, coherent Raman spectroscopy techniques require fast and broadband tunable lasers to address all relevant spectral regions of the investigated samples. In our work, we combine a high power non-collinear optical parametric oscillator with a real-time stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopy setup. The light source is continously tunable from 700 nm to 1030 nm in less than 10 ms, delivering an average output power of more than 500 mW with sub-ps pulses. We show the immediate observation of mixing processes and the detection of microplastic particles in water solution with a spectral window of more than 2000 cm-1.
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9
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Weigel A, Jacob P, Gröters D, Buberl T, Huber M, Trubetskov M, Heberle J, Pupeza I. Ultra-rapid electro-optic sampling of octave-spanning mid-infrared waveforms. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:20747-20764. [PMID: 34266157 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ultra-rapid electro-optic sampling (EOS) of octave-spanning mid-infrared pulses centered at 9 μm, implemented by mechanically scanning a mirror with a sonotrode resonating at 19 kHz (forward and backward acquisition at 38 kHz). The instrument records the infrared waveform with a spectral intensity dynamic range of 1.6 × 105 for a single scan over a 1.6-ps delay range, acquired within 26 μs. The purely reflective nature of the delay scanning technique is compatible with broad optical bandwidths, short pulse durations (16 fs, centered at 1030 nm) and high average powers (Watt-level). Interferometric tracking of the sonotrode motion in combination with a predictor-corrector algorithm allows for delay-axis determination with down to single-digit attosecond precision. Ultra-rapid mid-infrared EOS will advance applications such as molecular fingerprinting of static samples as well as tracking of biological processes and chemical reactions and is likely to find new fields of application such as infrared-spectroscopic flow cytometry.
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10
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Prince RC, Potma EO. Coherent Raman scattering microscopy: capable solution in search of a larger audience. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210102-PER. [PMID: 34085436 PMCID: PMC8174578 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.6.060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy is an optical imaging technique with capabilities that could benefit a broad range of biomedical research studies. AIM We reflect on the birth, rapid rise, and inescapable growing pains of the technique and look back on nearly four decades of developments to examine where the CRS imaging approach might be headed in the next decade to come. APPROACH We provide a brief historical account of CRS microscopy, followed by a discussion of the challenges to disseminate the technique to a larger audience. We then highlight recent progress in expanding the capabilities of the CRS microscope and assess its current appeal as a practical imaging tool. RESULTS New developments in Raman tagging have improved the specificity and sensitivity of the CRS technique. In addition, technical advances have led to CRS microscopes that can capture hyperspectral data cubes at practical acquisition times. These improvements have broadened the application space of the technique. CONCLUSION The technical performance of the CRS microscope has improved dramatically since its inception, but these advances have not yet translated into a substantial user base beyond a strong core of enthusiasts. Nonetheless, new developments are poised to move the unique capabilities of the technique into the hands of more users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Prince
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Eric O. Potma
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Chemistry, Irvine, California, United States
- Address all correspondence to Eric O. Potma,
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11
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Shi L, Fung AA, Zhou A. Advances in stimulated Raman scattering imaging for tissues and animals. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1078-1101. [PMID: 33654679 PMCID: PMC7829158 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged in the last decade as a powerful optical imaging technology with high chemical selectivity, speed, and subcellular resolution. Since the invention of SRS microscopy, it has been extensively employed in life science to study composition, structure, metabolism, development, and disease in biological systems. Applications of SRS in research and the clinic have generated new insights in many fields including neurobiology, tumor biology, developmental biology, metabolomics, pharmacokinetics, and more. Herein we review the advances and applications of SRS microscopy imaging in tissues and animals, as well as envision future applications and development of SRS imaging in life science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andy Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Lee M, Herrington CS, Ravindra M, Sepp K, Davies A, Hulme AN, Brunton VG. Recent advances in the use of stimulated Raman scattering in histopathology. Analyst 2021; 146:789-802. [PMID: 33393954 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01972k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman histopathology (SRH) utilises the intrinsic vibrational properties of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids to generate contrast providing rapid image acquisition that allows visualisation of histopathological features. It is currently being trialled in the intraoperative setting, where the ability to image unprocessed samples rapidly and with high resolution offers several potential advantages over the use of conventional haematoxylin and eosin stained images. Here we review recent advances in the field including new updates in instrumentation and computer aided diagnosis. We also discuss how other non-linear modalities can be used to provide additional diagnostic contrast which together pave the way for enhanced histopathology and open up possibilities for in vivo pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Manasa Ravindra
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Kristel Sepp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK. and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Amy Davies
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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13
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Li Y, Shen B, Li S, Zhao Y, Qu J, Liu L. Review of Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy Techniques and Applications in the Biosciences. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2020; 5:e2000184. [PMID: 33724734 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical imaging method for visualizing chemical content based on molecular vibrational bonds. Featuring high speed, high resolution, high sensitivity, high accuracy, and 3D sectioning, SRS microscopy has made tremendous progress toward biochemical information acquisition, cellular function investigation, and label-free medical diagnosis in the biosciences. In this review, the principle of SRS, system design, and data analysis are introduced, and the current innovations of the SRS system are reviewed. In particular, combined with various bio-orthogonal Raman tags, the applications of SRS microscopy in cell metabolism, tumor diagnosis, neuroscience, drug tracking, and microbial detection are briefly examined. The future prospects for SRS microscopy are also shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Binglin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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14
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De la Cadena A, Valensise CM, Marangoni M, Cerullo G, Polli D. Broadband stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with wavelength-scanning detection. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2020; 51:1951-1959. [PMID: 33132486 PMCID: PMC7586786 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.5816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a high-sensitivity broadband stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) setup featuring wide spectral coverage (up to 500 cm-1) and high-frequency resolution (≈20 cm-1). The system combines a narrowband Stokes pulse, obtained by spectral filtering an Yb laser, with a broadband pump pulse generated by a home-built optical parametric oscillator. A single-channel lock-in amplifier connected to a single-pixel photodiode measures the stimulated Raman loss signal, whose spectrum is scanned rapidly using a galvanometric mirror after the sample. We use the in-line balanced detection approach to suppress laser fluctuations and achieve close to shot-noise-limited sensitivity. The setup is capable of measuring accurately the SRS spectra of several solvents and of obtaining hyperspectral data cubes consisting in the broadband SRS microscopy images of polymer beads test samples as well as of the distribution of different biological substances within plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Marangoni
- IFN‐CNR, Dipartimento di FisicaPolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN‐CNR, Dipartimento di FisicaPolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly
| | - Dario Polli
- IFN‐CNR, Dipartimento di FisicaPolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly
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15
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Lipkin M, Nixdorf J, Gilch P. Optimized amplitude modulation in femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4204-4207. [PMID: 32735259 DOI: 10.1364/ol.397589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy, two laser pulses (Raman pump and probe) interact at the focus of a scanning microscope. To retrieve the Raman signature of the sample, an amplitude modulation of the pump pulses is necessary. Here, different methods to achieve this modulation are presented and compared.
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16
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Audier X, Forget N, Rigneault H. High-speed chemical imaging of dynamic and histological samples with stimulated Raman micro-spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15505-15514. [PMID: 32403577 DOI: 10.1364/oe.390850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a shot noise limited high-speed stimulated Raman microscopy platform allowing to acquire molecular vibrational spectra over 200 cm-1 in 12 µs at a scan rate of 40kHz. Using spectral focusing together with optimized acousto-optics programmable dispersive filters, the designed low noise imaging platform performs chemical imaging of dynamical processes such as Mannitol crystal hydration and reaches a signal to noise ratio sufficient to perform label free histological imaging on frozen human colon tissue slides.
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17
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Choi Y, Lim S, Shim JW, Chon B, Lim JM, Cho M. Shot-Noise-Limited Two-Color Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy with a Balanced Detection Scheme. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2591-2599. [PMID: 32176510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has been considered a useful technique for investigating chemical components by selectively targeting the vibration mode of chemical structures. Its practical application to the observation of molecular structures and dynamics in complicated biological environments requires broad spectral coverage with both high resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Here, we demonstrate a two-color SRS microscopy employing a balanced detection scheme and a spectral focusing method. Two different SRS signals are generated with pump and Stokes laser pulse pairs in perpendicular polarization, where each of them acts as an intensity reference for the other, significantly reducing the background noise level close to the shot-noise limit even with a fiber-based femtosecond laser system. The high spectral resolution comparable to that of spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy is achieved with the spectral focusing method. The two-color SRS images are obtained for a mixture of polymer beads and for the distributions of lipids and proteins in U2OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Choi
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Deparment of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Lim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Deparment of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Won Shim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Deparment of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonghwan Chon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Lim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Deparment of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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18
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Laptenok SP, Rajamanickam VP, Genchi L, Monfort T, Lee Y, Patel II, Bertoncini A, Liberale C. Fingerprint-to-CH stretch continuously tunable high spectral resolution stimulated Raman scattering microscope. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900028. [PMID: 31081280 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a label-free method generating images based on chemical contrast within samples, and has already shown its great potential for high-sensitivity and fast imaging of biological specimens. The capability of SRS to collect molecular vibrational signatures in bio-samples, coupled with the availability of powerful statistical analysis methods, allows quantitative chemical imaging of live cells with sub-cellular resolution. This application has substantially driven the development of new SRS microscopy platforms. Indeed, in recent years, there has been a constant effort on devising configurations able to rapidly collect Raman spectra from samples over a wide vibrational spectral range, as needed for quantitative analysis by using chemometric methods. In this paper, an SRS microscope which exploits spectral shaping by a narrowband and rapidly tunable acousto-optical tunable filter (AOTF) is presented. This microscope enables spectral scanning from the Raman fingerprint region to the Carbon-Hydrogen (CH)-stretch region without any modification of the optical setup. Moreover, it features also a high enough spectral resolution to allow resolving Raman peaks in the crowded fingerprint region. Finally, application of the developed SRS microscope to broadband hyperspectral imaging of biological samples over a large spectral range from 800 to 3600 cm-1 , is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Laptenok
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijayakumar P Rajamanickam
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luca Genchi
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tual Monfort
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yeonwoo Lee
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran I Patel
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Bertoncini
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlo Liberale
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Hu F, Shi L, Min W. Biological imaging of chemical bonds by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. Nat Methods 2019; 16:830-842. [PMID: 31471618 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
All molecules consist of chemical bonds, and much can be learned from mapping the spatiotemporal dynamics of these bonds. Since its invention a decade ago, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has become a powerful modality for imaging chemical bonds with high sensitivity, resolution, speed and specificity. We introduce the fundamentals of SRS microscopy and review innovations in SRS microscopes and imaging probes. We highlight examples of exciting biological applications, and share our vision for potential future breakthroughs for this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lixue Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Cellular imaging is an active area of research that enables researchers to monitor cellular dynamics, as well as responses to various external stimuli (physiological stress, exogenous compounds, etc.). Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is one popular experimental tool used to image cells, largely because of its chemical specificity, high spatial resolution, and high image acquisition speed. In this Perspective, the theoretical background and experimental implementation of SRS microscopy are discussed and recent developments in the field of cellular imaging with SRS are highlighted and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Hill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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21
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Valensise CM, Kumar V, De la Cadena A, De Silvestri S, Cerullo G, Polli D. Vibrational phase imaging by stimulated Raman scattering via polarization-division interferometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19407-19417. [PMID: 31503700 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) allows chemical identification of substances based on their third-order nonlinear vibrational susceptibility χ(3)(ω). In its standard single-frequency implementation, SRS can only access the imaginary part of χ(3)(ω). Here we introduce interferometric SRS (iSRS), which has the capability to measure both the real and the imaginary parts of the nonlinear susceptibility. With respect to a standard SRS setup, iSRS simply requires the insertion of a few optical elements in the Stokes(pump) beam pathway to generate an intrinsically phase-coherent local oscillator. While preserving the acquisition speed and the simplicity of single-frequency SRS, iSRS considerably increases its information content by providing access to the vibrational phase, which allows one to distinguish overlapping species in congested spectra and is more robust with respect to noise.
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22
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Seto K, Yamada H, Kobayashi T, Tokunaga E. Demonstration of wavelength-scan-free action spectroscopy in pump/probe measurement with supercontinuum pump light. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:6976-6995. [PMID: 30876272 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.006976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We devise and introduce the principle of wavelength-scan-free spectroscopy for the pump light in pump/probe measurement (action spectroscopy) using supercontinuum light; we demonstrate its implementation by measuring transmission spectra. We use the supercontinuum light noise as a code in order to discriminate wavelength. We extract the stimulation at the desired wavelength by correlating the noise at that wavelength observed separately and the observed total stimulation carried by the probe light. The wavelength-scan-free spectroscopy is enabled with a simultaneous procedure for multiple wavelengths.
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Abstract
The combination of next generation sequencing (NGS) and automated liquid handling platforms has led to a revolution in single-cell genomic studies. However, many molecules that are critical to understanding the functional roles of cells in a complex tissue or organs, are not directly encoded in the genome, and therefore cannot be profiled with NGS. Lipids, for example, play a critical role in many metabolic processes but cannot be detected by sequencing. Recent developments in quantitative imaging, particularly coherent Raman scattering (CRS) techniques, have produced a suite of tools for studying lipid content in single cells. This article reviews CRS imaging and computational image processing techniques for non-destructive profiling of dynamic changes in lipid composition and spatial distribution at the single-cell level. As quantitative CRS imaging progresses synergistically with microfluidic and microscopic platforms for single-cell genomic analysis, we anticipate that these techniques will bring researchers closer towards combined lipidomic and genomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Gupta
- UC Berkeley-UC San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley Graduate Division, Berkeley, California, USA.
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24
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Bae K, Zheng W, Lin K, Lim SW, Chong YK, Tang C, King NK, Ti Ang CB, Huang Z. Epi-Detected Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy for Label-Free Molecular Subtyping of Glioblastomas. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10249-10255. [PMID: 30070837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the development and implementation of an epi-detected spectral-focusing hyperspectral stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) imaging technique for label-free biomolecular subtyping of glioblastomas (GBMs). The hyperspectral SRS imaging technique developed generates SRS image stacks (from 2800 to 3020 cm-1 at 7 cm-1 intervals) within 30 s through controlling the time delay between the chirped pump and Stokes beams. SRS images at representative Raman shifts (e.g., 2845, 2885, and 2935 cm-1) delineate the biochemical variations and morphological differences between proneural and mesenchymal subtypes of GBMs. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) analysis on hyperspectral SRS images enables the quantification of major biomolecule distributions in mesenchymal and proneural GBMs. Further principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) together with leave-one SRS spectrum-out, cross-validation (LOOCV) yields a diagnostic sensitivity of 96.7% (29/30) and specificity of 88.9% (28/36) for differentiation between mesenchymal and proneural subtypes of GBMs. This study shows great potential of applying hyperspectral SRS imaging technique developed for rapid, label-free molecular subtyping of GBMs in neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kideog Bae
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576
| | - Wei Zheng
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 119260
| | - Kan Lin
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 119260
| | - See Wee Lim
- National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433
| | | | - Carol Tang
- National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore 169857.,Division of Cellular and Molecular Research , Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre , Singapore 169610
| | - Nicolas K King
- National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore 169857
| | - Christopher Beng Ti Ang
- National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore 169857.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore 117609
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- Optical Bioimaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117576
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Heuke S, Sarri B, Audier X, Rigneault H. Simultaneous dual-channel stimulated Raman scattering microscopy demultiplexed at distinct modulation frequencies. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3582-3585. [PMID: 30067629 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To increase the information per pixel in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy as well as to correct from artifacts, it is valuable to acquire images at two different Raman shifts. We present a three-color SRS approach acquiring two perfectly registered SRS images where both pump beams are modulated at distinct frequencies while demodulating the Stokes beam. Our implementation uses two optical parametric oscillators that can be tuned to an almost arbitrary energy difference of Raman shifts, allowing investigation of fingerprint resonances simultaneously to CH-stretch vibrations.
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26
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Abstract
Histopathology plays a central role in diagnosis of many diseases including solid cancers. Efforts are underway to transform this subjective art to an objective and quantitative science. Coherent Raman imaging (CRI), a label-free imaging modality with sub-cellular spatial resolution and molecule-specific contrast possesses characteristics which could support the qualitative-to-quantitative transition of histopathology. In this work we briefly survey major themes related to modernization of histopathology, review applications of CRI to histopathology and, finally, discuss potential roles for CRI in the transformation of histopathology that is already underway.
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27
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Hashimoto K, Omachi J, Ideguchi T. Ultra-broadband rapid-scan Fourier-transform CARS spectroscopy with sub-10-fs optical pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:14307-14314. [PMID: 29877471 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.014307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate ultra-broadband Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (FT-CARS) spectroscopy spanning over 3,000 cm-1 with a rapid-scan Michelson interferometer at a scan rate of 24,000 spectra/s. Using sub-10-fs optical pulses from a mode-locked laser, we measure broad CARS spectrum covering both the fingerprint region (500-1,800 cm-1) and the C-H, N-H, O-H stretching region (2,700-3,600 cm-1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of coherent Raman scattering spectroscopy covering over 3,000 cm-1 at a scan rate of more than 10,000 spectra/s. Our system holds the potential for high-speed or high-throughput label-free chemical analysis, such as investigating non-repetitive chemical dynamics, taking large area images of materials or biological specimens, or counting and sorting a large number of heterogeneous cells.
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28
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Mohseni M, Polzer C, Hellerer T. Resolution of spectral focusing in coherent Raman imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:10230-10241. [PMID: 29715963 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we present a detailed investigation of the impact of dispersion on the spectral resolution achievable by the application of spectral focusing in coherent Raman imaging. Our results reveal the detrimental effect of third order dispersion that limits the resolution for group delay dispersion of 100 000 fs2 and more. Experimental examples for the exact determination of the described effects are given as well as a condensed presentation of the known equations. We introduce useful approximations to the latter, which serve to facilitate the straightforward integration of spectral focusing into any multimodal microscope.
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29
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Tomita K, Kojima Y, Kannari F. Selective Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy Employing Dual-Wavelength Nanofocused Ultrafast Plasmon Pulses. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1366-1372. [PMID: 29376374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast surface plasmon polariton (SPP) nanofocusing on a plasmonic metal tapered tip with femtosecond laser pulses enables background-free localized excitation beyond the diffraction limit. We demonstrate simultaneous nanofocusing of ultrafast SPP pulses at 440 and 800 nm, which were coupled with a common diffraction grating structure fabricated on an aluminum (Al) tapered tip, to the tip apex with a radius of ∼35 nm. We achieved selective coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy that combined an 800 nm (ω) SPP pump pulse, which achieves selective vibrational excitation by spectral focusing, and a 440 nm (2ω) SPP probe pulse. Raman intensity of this novel 2ω-CARS increased by a factor of 3.96 at the G-band and 4.00 at the 2D-band compared with that with ω-CARS for the monolayer graphene. The 2ω-CARS imaging method was applied for imaging a multiwalled carbon nanotube at the D-, G-, and 2D-bands. This dual-wavelength nanofocusing will open up new nanoscale microspectroscopy and optical excitation at the tip apex, such as sum frequency mixing, two-photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tomita
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University , 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kojima
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University , 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kannari
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Keio University , 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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30
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Huang KC, McCall J, Wang P, Liao CS, Eakins G, Cheng JX, Yang C. High-Speed Spectroscopic Transient Absorption Imaging of Defects in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1489-1497. [PMID: 29342361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene grain boundaries (GBs) and other nanodefects can deteriorate electronic properties. Here, using transient absorption (TA) microscopy we directly visualized GBs by TA intensity increase due to change in density of state. We also observed a faster decay due to defect-accelerated carrier relaxation in the GB area. By line-illumination and parallel detection, we increased the TA intensity imaging speed to 1000 frames per second, which is 6 orders of magnitude faster than Raman microscopy. Combined with a resonant optical delay tuner which scans a 5.3 ps temporal delay within 92 μs, our system enabled spectroscopic TA imaging, at a speed of 50 stacks per second, to probe and characterize graphene nanodefects based on the TA decay rate. Finally, we demonstrate real-time nondestructive characterization of graphene at a rolling speed of 0.3 m/min, which matches the fastest roll-to-roll manufacturing process reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chih Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jeremy McCall
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Pu Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University , Beijing 102402, China
| | - Chien-Sheng Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Gregory Eakins
- Jonathan Amy Facility for Chemical Instrumentation, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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31
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Rentchler EC, Xie R, Hui R, Johnson CK. Two-frequency CARS imaging by switching fiber laser excitation. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:413-418. [PMID: 29322588 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To fully exploit the power of coherent Raman imaging, techniques are needed to image more than one vibrational frequency simultaneously. We describe a method for switching between two vibrational frequencies based on a single fiber-laser source. Stokes pulses were generated by soliton self-frequency shifting in a photonic crystal fiber. Pump and Stokes pulses were stretched to enhance vibrational resolution by spectral focusing. Stokes pulses were switched between two wavelengths on the millisecond time scale by a liquid-crystal retarder. Proof-of-principle is demonstrated by coherent anti-Stokes Raman imaging of polystyrene beads embedded in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The Stokes shift was switched between 3,050 cm-1 , where polystyrene has a Raman transition, and 2,950 cm-1 , where both polystyrene and PMMA have Raman resonances. The method can be extended to multiple vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Rentchler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Ruxin Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Rongqing Hui
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Carey K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
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32
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Chen K, Wu T, Chen T, Wei H, Yang H, Zhou T, Li Y. Spectral focusing dual-comb coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:3634-3637. [PMID: 28914920 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coherent Raman microscopy provides label-free imaging by interrogating the intrinsic vibration of molecules. Here, we present a concept in a 100 MHz dual-comb scheme to facilitate high-speed and broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopic imaging based on down-converted, automatically varying delay-time in spectral focusing excitation. A rapid measurement of vibrational microspectroscopy on submicrosecond scale over a spectral span ∼700 cm-1 with a refresh rate of 1.2 kHz provides access to well-resolved molecular signatures within the fingerprint region. We demonstrate hyperspectral images of a mixture of spatially inhomogeneous distributions of chemical substances.
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